医学精品课件:原发性肝癌 课件.ppt
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1、Primary carcinoma of the liver (Hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC),Department of Gastroentology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Hui Yang PhD,The normal liver,The largest organ inside the body Located just below the ribs on the right side Liver cells are called hepatocytes
2、Has many functions (filter, produces enzymes and bile ),Numbers about HCC,Number 5 in the world Number 3 among cancer mortality 5 year survival rate is approximately 6.9% About 50% of the worlds cases occur in China,The king of cancer,Global Incidence of HCC Distribution,Definition,A primary maligna
3、ncy of hepatocellular origin,CT image,HCC,Risk factors,Hepatitis B:an infectious disease caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) Hepatitis C,HBV,HCV,Evidence of association between HBV and HCC,Prevention of HBV reduces risk of subsequent HCC HBV carriers have shown very high relative risks for HCC HBV seq
4、uences are present in HCC tissues High mortality rates for HCC also have high HBV infection rates,Global Incidence of Hepatitis B Distribution,Risk factors,Cirrhosis of the liver(肝硬化) A consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrosis(纤维化), scar tissue an
5、d regenerative nodules(再生结节).,Which one is normal?,Basic Mechanism of Liver Fibrosis,Alcohol Hepatitis Virus Congenital Disorders Cholestasis Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis,Chronic Inflammation,肌纤维母细胞,细胞外基质,Aflatoxin(黄曲霉素) Toxic and carcinogenic substances Metabolized by the liver,Risk factors,Peanut,
6、Risk factors,Water pollution:blue-green algae,blue-green algae(蓝绿藻),Alcohol Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Type 2 Diabetes Obesity Gender,Risk factors,GASTROENTEROLOGY 2004;127,GASTROENTEROLOGY 2007;132:25572576,The development of hepatocellular carcinoma in human,Pathology(病理),Three morphologic t
7、ypes Block type (块状型)Diameter 5 ,associated with cirrhosis Nodular type(结节型)Diameter5 , associated with noncirrhotic liver Diffuse type(弥漫型) less common Cytological types Hepatoma(肝细胞癌) Cholangiocarcinomas(胆管癌),大小 21 14 12 CM,巨块型,癌块的直径在厘米以上,大小 4.5 3 3 CM,结节型,大小1.51.0 CM,小肝癌,弥漫型,不易与肝硬化区分,病理,细胞分型 肝细胞型
8、:占90%,由肝细胞发展而来 胆管细胞型:少见,由胆管上皮细胞发展而来 混合型:更少见,癌细胞呈过渡形态,Liver metastasis pathway,Intrahepatic metastasis(肝内转移) Out hepatic metastasis (肝外转移),主要临床表现: 1、肝区疼痛:最常见 性质:持续性胀痛或钝痛 机制:肿瘤增长快,肝包膜受牵拉 疼痛的有无、早晚及程度:与肿瘤生长速 度和所在部位有关 剧痛:癌结节破裂,临床表现,起病隐匿,早期缺乏典型症状。就诊 时多为中晚期,2、肝肿大:为重要基本体征 特点:进行性肿大 典型体征:质硬、凹凸不平、有结节或 巨块、边缘不整、
9、有压痛。 血管杂音:肝癌动脉血管丰富而纡曲,粗动脉突然变细;巨大癌肿压迫肝动脉或腹主动脉 肝肋下不大非典型体征 早期;癌肿位于膈面,临床表现,3、黄疸晚期征象 肝细胞性黄疸;阻塞性黄疸 机制:肝细胞大面积损害 癌肿压迫或侵犯肝门胆道 癌组织堵塞胆道 4、肝硬化征象:脾大、腹水、食道胃底静脉曲张 腹水特点:增长快、血性,临床表现,5、恶性肿瘤全身表现 发热:低热肿瘤代谢旺盛;肿瘤坏死产物吸收 高热并发胆道感染 食欲不振,乏力,进行性消瘦,恶病质 6、转移灶症状 7、伴癌综合症 表现:自发性低血糖症 红细胞增多症 高钙血症、高脂血症、类癌综合症,临床表现,Caput medusae(脐周静脉曲张,
10、海蛇头),Spider Angiomas(蜘蛛志),Palmar Erythema (肝掌),Jaundice(黄疸),Ascites(腹水),Accumulation of plasma in the peritoneal cavity Caused by increased pressure forcing fluid out of intravascular space into cavity Plasma contains albumin, so circulating proteins decreased serum osmotic pressure Intravascular fl
11、uid depletion stimulates kidney to conserve sodium and water,Ascites(腹水),Complications,Hepatic encephalopathy(肝性脑病) Usually protein breaks down into ammonia in GI tract, then ammonia into urea - excreted by the kidneys Liver cannot convert ammonia into urea, Results in serum ammonia levels Toxic to
12、the central nervous system Treatments Low protein diet Control GI bleeding,Gastrointestinal bleeding(消化道出血) Treatments,Complications,Blakemore Tube 三腔二囊管,Sclerosing Procedure 硬化剂注射止血,Liver cancer rupture and bleeding(肝癌结节破裂出血) Treatment:surgery Infection,Complications,1、肝性脑病 (占1/3死因,提示预后差) 2、上消化道出血
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