成人专升本临床医学组织胚胎学神经组织课件.ppt

1、神 经 组 织Nervous tissue 泰山医学院回顾上一章Questions:1.Describe the composition of blood and state the normal value and functions of each formed element in adult humans.2.What are the structural differences among the different type of WBCs.3.Compare the microstructure of the three types of muscle tissue.4.Desc

2、ribe the ultrastructure of skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle.Introduction:Nervous tissue is the principal element of the nervous system and consists of two classes of cells:nerve cells(neuron)and glial cells(neuroglia).Within the nervous system,neurons make contact with each other to form chain of

3、neurons.现代脑科学研究的基本目标1.揭示N元之间的连接方式，阐明N活动的基本过程。2.揭示脑的高级功能机制，包括意识的产生和控制，学习、记忆的工作原理，思维和智力的产生等。3.阐明NS疾患的病因、机理，探索新的治疗手段4.开拓更广的应用前景：NS疾患的诊断和治疗，脑工作原理为人工智能的发展提供启示。神经组织（Nervous tissue)Composition：1.Cells：nerve cells(neuron)are highly specialized to receive stimulations and conduct nerve impulses（神经冲动）（神经冲动）.2

4、.Intercellular material：（1）Neuroglial or glial cells(神经胶质细神经胶质细胞胞)which support，protect,insulate,and nourish neurons,also participate in neurons activity。（2）Loose connective tissue.一、神经元神经元(neuron)(neuron)Composition：Cell body dendriteProcesses axon（一）（一）Structure：1、Cell membrane2、Cell body：(1）Cytop

5、lasm(胞质胞质)：尼氏小体（尼氏小体（Nissl body):LM：it is found large clumps of basophilic material,once though to be unique to neurons.EM：the rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes。Functions：合成更新细胞器所：合成更新细胞器所需要的结构蛋白，合成需要的结构蛋白，合成神经递神经递质质所需要的酶，以及所需要的酶，以及肽类神经肽类神经调质调质。神经原纤维（neurofibril）LM：硝酸银染色：硝酸银染色EM：neurofi

6、laments,microfilaments and microtubules.（2）细胞核）细胞核Neucleus：大、圆淡、核仁明显。大、圆淡、核仁明显。A typical neuron has a big round pale-stainning neucleus with a conspicuous neucleolus and relatively little heterochromatin2、Processes(1)Dendrite：(2)Axon：区别轴丘（axon hillock)：。轴突终末：轴突末端分支。轴膜：轴突细胞膜。轴浆：轴突内胞质。顺向轴突运输逆向轴突运输Alzh

7、eimers disease One of the most common of the degenerative disease of the CNS in the aging population is Alzheimers disease.Neurons in the cerebral cortex accumulate tangled masses of filaments in their cytoplasm and ultimated degenerate.There is little or no involvement of the motor system.It begins

8、 with loss of memory and progresses to loss of intellectual capacity.It cause is unknown.（二）神经元的 分类 1.根据突起数目分：（1）多极神经元 （2）双极神经元 （3）假单极神经元2、根据功能分:（1）感觉神经元 （2）中间神经元 （3）运动神经元3、根据神经元轴突长短：（1）高尔基 I 型 （2）高尔基II 型4、根据神经递质分 如：（1）胆碱能神经元（乙酰胆碱）（2）肾上腺素能神经元（3）氨基酸能神经元 (4）胺能（多巴胺神经元与帕金森氏病）（5）肽能神经元 二、突触(synapse)(一)Def

9、inition：A sites where nerve impulses are transmitted from a neuron to other neuron(or muscle cells or gland cell).(二)Classification(三)突触 chemical synapse1、突触前成分（presynaptic element)2、突触间隙(synaptic cleft)3 突触后成分(postsynaptic element)（四）突触的传导过程三、Glial cell（一）Central NS：1、星形胶质细胞：（1）原浆型：形态、功能（2）纤维型：形态、功

10、能2、少突胶质细胞：形态：功能：形成髓鞘。*血血脑屏障脑屏障（blood brain barrier,BBB）1、组成（1）连续性毛细血管内皮，（2）完整的基膜，(3)星形胶质细胞突起形成的胶质膜。2、功能：屏障作用。*特殊部位的BBB及其意义:3、小胶质细胞：形态：功能：4、室管膜细胞：形态：功能：（二）周围神经系统内：1、神经膜细胞：施万细胞（Schwann cell)。功能：绝缘功能：绝缘(insulation),secretion2、神经节内胶质细胞：被囊细胞。四、神经纤维和神经（一）神经纤维定义：分类：1、有髓神经纤维：组成：神经膜、髓鞘、轴突、郎飞氏结、结间体。传导方式为跳跃式传导

11、。（1）周围神经系统：（2）中枢神经系统：2、无髓神经纤维（）周围无髓神经纤维：（）中枢无髓神经纤维：Clinical correlations Multiple sclerosis（多发性硬化症）（多发性硬化症）is a relatively common disease affecting myelin.The principal pathology of the disease is demyelination（脱髓鞘）（脱髓鞘）in the CNS such as optic nerve（视神（视神经）经）,cerebellum（小脑）（小脑）,and spinal cord脊髓脊髓.

12、The loss of function depends on where in the CNS areas of demyelinization.It usually occurs between 1545 years of age and the cause is unknown.五、神经末梢（一）感觉神经末梢、游离神经末梢：.有被囊的神经末梢（1）触觉小体（tactile corpuscle)分布于皮肤真皮乳头层。感受触觉。（2）环层小体(lamellar corpuscle)分布：皮下、肠系膜等处。功能：感受压觉（3）肌梭分布：骨骼肌功能：感受肌肉的舒缩状态，即本体觉。（二）运动神经末

13、梢、内脏运动神经末梢：分布于心肌、各种内脏及血管的平滑肌和腺体等处。2、躯体运动神经末梢分布于骨骼肌运动终板（N-M接头）。进展：运动终板与重症肌无力:1530胸腺肿瘤（多为良性）；70%90的病人乙酰胆碱受体减少。病人血浆中可查到乙酰胆碱抗体。Nerve system一、CNS：1、大脑皮质(cerebral cortex)：分子层、外颗粒层、外锥体细胞、内颗粒层、内锥体细胞层、多形层。2、小脑皮质(cerebellar cortex)分子层、梨状神经元层、颗粒层3、脊髓脊髓(spinal cord)白质灰质Clinical correlations One of the most comm

14、on of the degenerative（退化性）diseases of CNS in the aging population is Alzheimers disease（阿尔茨海默病）.Neurons in the cerebral cortex accumulate tangled（缠结）masses of filaments in their cytoplasm and ultimately degenerate.It begins with loss of memory and progresses to loss of intellectual capacity.The cau

15、se of this disorder（紊乱）is unknown.二、周围神经系统 1、神经干、神经干 2、神经节、神经节 自学自学 本次课目的要求：本次课目的要求：1.Histologic structure and ultrastructural features of the neuron.2.Classification of the neurons.3.Ultrastructural features of the synapse.4.Classification and functions of the glial cells.5.Microstrutural features

16、of peripheral myelinated nerve fibers.6.Basic structures of CNS.阶段测试：绪论神经系统阶段测试：绪论神经系统Questions 1.What are Nissle bodies?What is synapse？2.How many structure characters are there in the neurons?What are they?3.Neurons can be classified according to4.How many kinds of neuroglia?What are they?5.How many kinds of nervous ending What are they？6.How many layers are there in the cerebral cortex?What are they?7.How many layers are there in the cerebellar cortex?What are they?