句子成分和结构课件.ppt

1、词类词类 I wish you .Im sure well .It was a party.We crossed the river.success succeedsuccessfulsuccessfully成功成功必须弄清每一个词的词类，必须弄清每一个词的词类，要从要从头树立词类概念。头树立词类概念。*词类词类(parts of speech)词类 英语名称作 用例 词名词形容词数词表示人和事物的名称表示人和事物的名称人和事物的特征人和事物的特征表示数目和顺序表示数目和顺序book gunbrave bignine third n.a.,adj.num.代词动词副词代替名称代替名称 动词等动

2、词等表示动作和状态表示动作和状态动作特征或性状特征动作特征或性状特征pron.v.adv.they manyfight knowbravely very实义词实义词*词类词类英语英语名称名称 作作 用用例例 词词冠词冠词介词介词连词连词感叹词感叹词art.prep.conj.interj.用在名称前，帮助说用在名称前，帮助说明其意义明其意义在名称，代词前，说明在名称，代词前，说明它与别的词之间的关系它与别的词之间的关系用来连接词与词或句与用来连接词与词或句与句句说话时的感情或口气说话时的感情或口气a,an,the,for,from with withoutand,if.asoh,ah不能独立担

3、当成分不能独立担当成分虚词虚词*句子成分句子成分主谓宾表主谓宾表定状补定状补同位语同位语*Different parts of a sentence 概概 念念 句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的.组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语宾语（直接和间接宾语）、（直接和间接宾语）、宾语补足语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（部分（在英语中，一般句子必须在英语中，一般句子必须有主语和谓语有主语和谓语），表语、宾

4、语和宾），表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。*1.1.主语主语表示所说的对象是表示所说的对象是“谁谁”或者是或者是“什什么么”.主语一般由主语一般由名词、代词名词、代词或相当于或相当于名词的词名词的词,短语或从句充当。短语或从句充当。I like English.Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.What he said upset me.（主语从句）（主语从句）It hasnt been decided whether the s

5、ports game will be held.(主主语从句语从句)*2.2.谓语谓语位置一般在主语之后，说明主语的位置一般在主语之后，说明主语的动作动作或或状状态态。谓语只能由动词或动词短语充当谓语只能由动词或动词短语充当。Nobody knows him.The rich are not always happy.I am getting off at the next station.Will you have to go tomorrow?I wonder if it is because I havent been able to be outdoors for so long th

6、at Ive grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.*3.宾语宾语 宾语是宾语是及物动词及物动词所表示的动作的所表示的动作的对象对象，或或介词介词所支配的所支配的对象对象。名词、代词。名词、代词（宾格）、数词或相当于名词的词、（宾格）、数词或相当于名词的词、短语或从句都可以作宾语。短语或从句都可以作宾语。We love our motherland.He gave up smoking last year.Do you understand what I mean?He bought me a gift.We must fight

7、for peace.*4.4.表语表语 表语放在系动词表语放在系动词(be(be等等)之后，用来说明之后，用来说明主主语的特征、性质、身份或状态语的特征、性质、身份或状态等。名词、等。名词、形容词、副词、代词、分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、代词、分词、动词不定式、动名词、介词短语或从句都可以用作表语。动名词、介词短语或从句都可以用作表语。That sounds good.He became angry.My dream has come true.Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.This is where he lives.*5.5.定语定语

8、 主要由形容词或与之相当的其他词类，短语或从主要由形容词或与之相当的其他词类，短语或从句充当。定语用来句充当。定语用来修饰名词或代词修饰名词或代词.You are hard-working students.A broken heart/a swimming poolA baby girl Anne was a strong girl who was very found of nature.Lots of machines were made which used this kind of power.*6.6.状语状语 主要由副词，或与之相当的其他词类，短主要由副词，或与之相当的其他词类，

9、短语或从句充当。状语用来语或从句充当。状语用来修饰动词、形容修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。词、副词或整个句子。They are working hard.Surely,we will help you.Have you ever tried any adventure travel?He was reading yesterday afternoon.He was reading when his mother came in.*7.7.补语补语补充说明主语或宾语。由形容词，名词，补充说明主语或宾语。由形容词，名词，代词，数词等充当。代词，数词等充当。The bad news made u

10、s upset.We call her Jenny.They found him out.Tired and sleepy,I went to bed.*8.8.同位语同位语对前面名词或代词做进一步解释说明。由名词，对前面名词或代词做进一步解释说明。由名词，数词，代词或从句充当。数词，代词或从句充当。This is Miss Cao,our English teacher.She herself said so.Are you two ready?9.插入语插入语 Parenthesis He,I think,is a good student.By the way,what time is

11、it by your watch*（简单句）*英语句子有长在短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千英语句子有长在短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型列式如下：英语五种基本句型列式如下：基本句型一：基本句型一：+（主谓）（主谓）基本

12、句型二：基本句型二：+（主系表）（主系表）基本句型三：基本句型三：+（主谓宾）（主谓宾）基本句型四：基本句型四：+IO+DO（主谓间宾直宾（主谓间宾直宾）基本句型五：基本句型五：+O+OC（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）*基本句型 一 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词（Vi），后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。*i （不及物动词）（不及物动词）1.Time 2.The moon 3.The man4.We all 5.Everybody 6.I 7.They 8.He 9.He10.Theyflies.rose.cooked.eat,and

13、 drink.laughed?woke.talked(for half an hour).walked(yesterday)is playinghave gone*基本句型 二 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。系动词：*Linking-V系动系动词）词）(表语表语)1.This 2.The dinner3.He 4.Everything5.He 6.The book 7.The weather 8.His face is smellsfell looks is is becameturne

14、d an English dictionary.good.happy.different.tall and strong.interesting.warmer.red.*基本句型 三 此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词（Vt）。*t（实义动词）（实义动词）(宾语宾语)1.Who 2.She 3.He 8.He 5.They 6.Danny 7.I 4.He knows laugh at understands made ate likes want said the ans

15、wer?her.English.cakes.some apples.donuts.to have a cup of tea.Good morning.*基本句型 四 此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。*（及（及物）物）IO（多（多指人）指人）DO（多指物）（多指物）1.She2.She 3.He 4.He 5.I 6.I 7.I 8.He passed cooked brought bought showed gave told showed himher husband you her him

16、him mea new dress.a delicious meal.a dictionary.nothing.my pictures.a hand.how to run the machine.that the bus was late.*1.give,pass,tell,teach,send,write,show,bring,offer 等 sth.to sb.2.buy,get,fetch,build,choose,make,save 等 sth.for sb.搭配不同要记准*基本句型 五 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补

17、充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。*（及物）（及物）（宾语）（宾语）（宾补）（宾补）1.We 2.They3.They 4.They5.What 6.We 7.He 8.I keep painted call found makes saw asked saw the table the door supper the house him him me them clean.green.dinner.dirty.sad?out.to come back soon.getting on the bus.*（二）*1.They work hard.主主 +谓谓 2.The flower is de

18、ad.主主+系系+表表 3.Plants need water.主主+谓谓+宾宾 4.He gives me some seeds.主主+谓谓+直宾直宾+间宾间宾 5.We should keep the plants in the shade.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补 6.Many animals live in trees.主主 +谓谓*1.They work hard.主主 +谓谓 2.The flower is dead.主主+系系+表表 3.Plants need water.主主+谓谓+宾宾 4.He gives me some seeds.主主+谓谓+直宾直宾+间宾间宾 5.W

19、e should keep the plants in the shade.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补 6.Many animals live in trees.主主 +谓谓*1)make/let/have/get 四个使役动词四个使役动词 make sb.do Sb.be made to do make sb./sth.done Sb./Sth.be made done let sb.do have sb.do/doing/done get sb.to do/doing/done 2)leave/keep sb./sth.doing/done 3)一感觉，二听，六七看一感觉，二听，六七看 f

20、eel,listen to/hear,see/watch/notice/find/observe/catch see sb.do Sb.be seen to do see sb.doing Sb.be seen doing see sb.done Sb.be seen done help，call,tell，ask，think，want sb.to do 4)6123 consider/think/find/feel/make/believe it+n./adj.+to do/doing/that*用括号内的词适当形式填空用括号内的词适当形式填空 1.The teacher caught he

21、r _(cheat)in the monthly exam.2.Suddenly,she felt some water _(flow)over her right leg.3.Can you notice some clouds _(move)fast?4.In order to make herself _(hear),the teacher had to raise her voice.5.The boss makes his workers _ all day.*6.Dont leave todays work _(undo)until tomorrow.7.She is always

22、 keeping others _(wait)for her.8.Do you want your child _(study)hard?9.I want to have my hair _(cut).10.The harvest had all the machines _(work)all day.*只包含一个主谓结构只包含一个主谓结构 Mary opened the door.两个主语和一个谓语两个主语和一个谓语 Steve and his friend are coming to dinner.一个主语和一个主语和并列谓语并列谓语 Mary opened the door and gr

23、eeted the guests.*and,bothand,neither nornot only but also,but,however,while,yetfor,so or,eitheror*1.I turned on the TV.I watched it.I turned on the TV and watched it.2.I bought my sister a present.She didnt like it.I bought my sister a present,but she didnt like it.*and,bothand,neither nornot only

24、but also,but,however,while,yetfor,so or,eitheror*1.He was tired.He went to bed.2.The child hid behind his mothers skirt.He was afraid of the dog.He was tired,so he went to bed.The child hid behind his mothers skirt,for he was afraid of the dog.*3.He made a promise.He didnt keep it.He made a promise,

25、but He didnt keep it.4.Mary is opening the door.John is greeting her guests.Mary is opening the door,and John is greeting her guests.*I wonder if you could give me a hand.。从句主句*Anne wished she could tell people everything that she had gone through in the concentration camp（集中营）（集中营）.复合句中，主句只有一个，从句可以

26、复合句中，主句只有一个，从句可以有有n个个.(n 1)She said that she was unhappy and that she would tell my manager about this.*2）*vI hope that everything is all right.vShe was reading the newspaper when I came in.vShe is the girl who sings best of all.宾语从句宾语从句状语从句状语从句定语从定语从句句*vIt is such a big box that nobody can move it.

27、vHe didnt come yesterday because he was ill.vIll give the letter to him when I see him.vWell go to the great wall if its fine tomorrow.vAlthough the place is quite pleasant,we should not go there all the time.*He has found out.She was late.(why)I still remember the day.I first came to Beijing on tha

28、t day.(when)I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.He has found out why she was late.*1.My roommate was sleeping,we didnt want to wake her up.*改正：改正：My roommate was sleeping.We didnt want to wake her up.My roommate was sleeping,so we didnt want to wake her up.*2.I went to bed.Because I was tired.改正：改正：I went to bed because I was tired.*