[最新]土木工程专业英语第3课lesson-3-components-of-a-building课件.ppt
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1、English for Special Purposes in Civil Engineering作者:蒲万丽 西南石油大学土木工程学院 2007年10月土木工程专业英语Lesson 3Text:Components of A Building教学要求:1、掌握有关专业术语;2、熟悉一些常见的表达方式;3、延伸了解一些有名的建筑、建筑师、工程师;4、拓展专业知识;5、能正确、流畅地翻译 Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building,including the load
2、-carrying frame,skin,floors,and partitions.The building also has mechanical and electrical systems,such as elevators,heating and cooling systems,and lighting systems.The superstructure is that part of a building above ground,and the substructure and foundation is that part of a buildingload-carrying
3、 frame:承重骨架;load-bearing framepartition p:tin :隔墙,隔断;heating and cooling systems:供热制冷系统below ground.材料和结构形式结合在一起组成的建筑的各个部分,包括承重的框架、围护结构、楼板和隔板。建筑还包含机电系统,如电梯、供热制冷系统以及照明系统。上部结构是建筑的地上部分,下部结构和基础则位于地面以下。The skyscraper owes its existence to two developments of the 19th century:steel skeleton construction a
4、nd the passenger elevator.Steel as a construction material dates from the introduction of the Bessemer converter in 1855.Gustave Eiffel(1832-1923)introduced steel construction in France.His designs for the Galerie des Machines and the Tower for the Paris Exposition of 1889 expressed the lightness of
5、 the steel framework.The Eiffel Tower,984 feet(300 meters)high,was the tallest structure built by man and was not surpassed until 40 years later by a series of Americanskyscrapers.Bessemer converter:贝色明转炉;Galerie des Machines:机械馆;摩天大厦的存在归功于19世纪的两大发明:钢结构和载人电梯。钢结构作为建筑材料起源于1885年贝色麦转炉法的推广。Gustave Eiffel
6、在法国率先使用了钢结构。他为1889年巴黎博览设计的机械馆和铁塔展现了钢结构的轻巧。埃菲尔铁塔高984英尺(300米),是当时最高的建筑,直到40年后,才被美国的一系列摩天大楼超过了它的高度。Alexandre Gustave Eiffel(18321923)was a French engineer and architect and a specialist of metallic structures.He is famous for designing the Eiffel Tower,built for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris,F
7、rance,and the armature for the Statue of Liberty,New York Harbor,USA.InformationCompleted in 1889Statusdemolished(1909)Structural Type truss roof three-hinged arch truss Part of World Exposition 1889faadeglass buildingstructure wrought iron(熟铁)width115 m height 43.50 mlength 420 mGalerie des Machine
8、s 机械馆是1889年的巴黎世界博览会上最重要的建筑之一,它运用当时最先进的结构和施工技术,采用钢制三铰拱桁架(three-hinged arch truss),跨度达到115米,堪称跨度方面的大跃进!陈列馆共有20榀这样的钢拱,形成宽115米、长420米,内部毫无阻挡的庞大室内空间。Information Location Paris,FranceStatus CompleteConstructed 1889UseObservation tower,Radio broadcasting towerHeightAntenna/Spire324 m(1,063 ft)Roof300.65 m(9
9、86 ft)Companies Architect Gustave EiffelStructuralEngineerGustave EiffelServicesEngineer Gustave Eiffel The Eiffel Tower had a huge impact on France.The tower was the focal point of the Exposition Universelle(1889)and drew millions of people to Paris.Nearly two million people visited the Eiffel Towe
10、r in 1889 alone.The tower quickly became a tourist attraction and brought large amounts of money into Frances economy.After originally being thought of as an eyesore,the tower quickly became a national symbol of France and brought a sense of pride to the people who live there.In 1910 Gustave Eiffel
11、accomplished extraordinary outcomes in determining the wind resistance of a flat plate;Gustave used the Eiffel Tower as his test platform.Eiffel Tower under construction in July 1888 The first elevator was installed by Elisha Otis in a department store in New York in 1857.In 1889,Eiffel installed th
12、e first elevator on a grand scale in the Eiffel Tower,whose hydraulic elevators could transport 2,350 passengers to the summit every hour.hydraulic haidr:lik :水力的,水压的;summit:smit :顶点;比较:电梯 elevator eliveit lift 自动扶梯 escalator eskleit 步行楼梯 stairs Elisha Graves Otis(1811.8.-1861.4)invented a safety de
13、vice that prevented elevators from falling if the hoisting cable broke.He worked on this device while living in Yonkers,New York in 1852,and had a finished product in 1854.Load-Carrying Frame.Until the late 19th century,the exterior walls of a building were used as bearing walls to support the floor
14、s.This construction is essentially a post and lintel type,and it is still used in frame construction for houses.Bearing-wall construction limited the height of buildings because of the enormous wall thickness required;for instance,the 16-story Monadnock Building built in the 1880s in Chicago had wal
15、ls 5 feet(1.5 meters)thick at thelower floors.Load-Carrying Frame:承重框架,load-bearing frameexterior walls:外墙;bearing-wall:承重墙;承重结构。直到19世纪后叶,外墙依然被用来做承重墙来支承楼板。这种结构本质上是一种过梁柱,现在依然在住宅结构中使用。由于墙体的厚度,承重墙限制了建筑的高度。例如,建于19世纪80年代的芝加哥Monadnock大楼底层墙厚达5英尺(1.5米)。Monadnock BuildingIn 1883,William Le Baron Jenney(1832-
16、1907)supported floors on cast-iron columns to form a cage-like construction.Skeleton construction,consisting of steel beams and columns,was first used in 1889.As a consequence of skeleton construction,the enclosing walls become a“curtain wall”rather than serving a supporting function.Masonry was the
17、 curtain wall material until the 1930s,when light metal and glass curtain walls were used.After the introduction of the steel skeleton,the height ofcast-iron:k:stain 铸铁;masonry meisnri :砖石、砌体;buildings continued to increase rapidly.William Le Baron Jenney芝加哥学派(Chicago School 18831893 高层、铁框架、横向大窗、简单)
18、的创始人。William Le Baron Jenney(1832-1907)William Le Baron Jenney is a civil engineering,an architect.He is known as the Father of the American Skyscraper.代表作品:1、迪瑞威曼住宅 Deere-Wiman House2、家庭保险大楼 Home Insurance Building All tall buildings were built with a skeleton of steel until World War II.After the
19、war,the shortage of steel and the improved quality of concrete led to tall buildings being built of reinforced concrete.Marina Towers(1962)in Chicago is the tallest concrete building in the United States;its height-588feet(179 metes)-is exceeded by the 650-foot(198-meter)Post Office Tower in London
20、and by other towers.reinforced concrete:钢筋混凝土;二战以前,所有的高层建筑都是采用钢结构。战后,钢材的短缺以及混凝土质量的发展,产生了钢筋混凝土高层建筑。芝加哥的Marina Towers(1962)是美国最高的混凝土建筑,高588英尺,后来伦敦650英尺高的Post Office Tower以及其他塔式建筑超过了他的高度。Marina Towers.61层,有城中之城之称,又被称为Marina City。The architecture combines the function of an office block with the functio
21、n of a radio tower,producing a structure which is strangely thinner in the middle than at the top and bottom.This wasp waist effect has always had style and may look futuristic in some ways,but at the time it was built in the 1960s*it was an astonishing futuristic architectural statement.A change in
22、 attitude about skyscraper construction has brought a return to the use of the bearing wall.In New York City,the Columbia Broadcasting System Building,designed by Eero Saarinen in 1962,has a perimeter wall consisting of 5-foot(1.5-meter)wide concrete columns spaced 10feet(3 meters)from column center
23、 to center.This perimeter wall,in effect,constitutes a bearing wall.One reason for this trend is that stiffness against the action of wind can be economically obtained by using the walls of the building as a tube;the World Trade Center buildings are another example of this tube approach.In contrast,
24、rigid frames or vertical trusses are usuallyprovided to give lateral stability.Columbia Broadcasting System Building:哥伦比亚广播公司大楼;perimeter wall:primit 围墙;bearing wall:承重墙;stiffness:刚度;rigid frames:刚架;truss:trs 桁架;lateral stability:侧向稳定性;而后,人们摩天大楼的结构形式,有了不同的看法,又回归到采用墙承重。1962年,由Eero Saarinen设计的在纽约建成的哥伦
25、比亚广播大厦,5英尺宽、间距为10英尺的混凝土柱子构成了一个环形墙。这种环形墙实际上组成了一个承重墙。产生这种趋势,是因为将建筑的墙体作为一个筒体,其刚度可以非常经济地抵抗风荷载。世贸大厦是另一个采用这种方式的例子。相比之下,刚架或者垂直桁架常用来保证侧向稳定性。Eero Saarinen(沙里宁):(August 20,1910,in Kirkkonummi,Finland September 1,1961,Ann Arbor,Michigan,United States)was a Finnish American architect and product designer of the
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