大学精品课件：写作技巧2.doc

1、英语的句型英语的句型 第一， 定语从句。这应该算是写作中最常用的一种句型之一。适当地运用定语从句可以给 你的文章增色不少。 例如， 下面的这两个句子用上定语从句马上就变成了一个漂亮的复杂句。 Bad books contain evil thoughts. In them, there might be much description about violence, superstition, and sex. Bad books, in which there might be much description about violence, superstition, and sex,

2、contain evil thoughts. 第二， 状语从句。在写作当中运用的最多的是以下五种状语从句，即原因状语从句，让步 状语从句，条件状语从句，时间状语从句和目的状语从句。 1. 原因状语从句：常由 because, as, since 和 for 引导 Nonetheless, I am still in favor of space travel, for its merits far outweigh demerits. 尽管如此，我还是赞成太空探险，因为它的好处远远大于坏处 2. 让步状语从句：常由 although, though, even though/ if, as l

3、ong 和 as not with standing 引导 Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place. 尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。 3. 条件状语从句：常由 if, on the condition that 和 providing that 引导 If you want to achieve something or intend to fulfill o

4、ne of your ambitions, you must work hard, make efforts and get prepared. 假如你要取得成就或要实现你的雄心壮志，你必须努力工作、艰苦奋斗、准备好条件。 4. 时间状语从句：常由 when 和 while 引导 When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study. 说 到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。 目的状语从句: 常由 so that 和 in order that 引导 Mil

5、lions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market. 成千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识， 使得他们在就业市场能 保持优势。 第三， 宾语从句。 Some people claim that government should be mainly responsible for the environmental pollution.

6、 一些人认为政府应对环境污染负主要责任。 Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it. 许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果，无法避免。 第四， 同位语从句。 It is an undeniable fact that environmental pollution becomes increasingly serious. 环境污染变得越来越严重是不可否认的事实。 No

7、 one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily. 没有人能否认这一基本事实：对于一般工人来讲，轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。 第五，主语从句。 What has caught our attention is /It is noticeable that the environment in both the rural and urban areas is deteriorating. 值得注意的是农村和城市的

8、生态环境都在不断恶化。 It is universally acknowledged that environmental pollution becomes one of the most serious problems in China or even the world as a whole. 众所周知，环境污染问题是中国乃至世界面临的最为严重的问题之一。 第六，强调句。It is + 被强调的内容 + that It is cars and factories that release a great deal of gases, polluting the environment.

9、 汽车和工厂排放大量的废气，使得环境被污染。 第七，倒装句。 Only if the government will take some appropriate measures, will this intractable problem be tackled. 有政府采取适当的措施，这个棘手的问题才能被解决。 第八，被动语态。 Every means should be tried to protect the environment on which people live.? 人们应竭尽全力来保护我们赖以生存的环境。 第九， 分词结构。包括现在分词和过去分词。 Tourism, whi

10、ch is a rising industry, has become the major source of economy, playing crucial role in many Asian countries. 旅游业是一个新兴的行业，它成为经济的主要来源, 在很多东南亚国家起着尤为重要的作 用。 To be more specific, government should stage some relevant laws or regulations to severely punish the factory producing a great number of polluta

11、nts and the people littering or spitting deliberately. 具体来说， 政府应该出台相关法律法规对制造大量污染物的工厂及故意乱扔垃圾随地吐痰的 人进行严惩. 第十， 插入语。 一种独立成分,与句子的其它成分一般没有语法上的关系,大都是对一句话作 一些附加说明或解释。它通常由一个词、一个短语或一个句子构成,位置较为灵活,可置于句 首、句中或句末,一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。 Computer, an indispensable part in our life, has brought us great conveniences. 电脑，我们生

12、活中必不可少的一部分，给我们带来了极大的方便。 ? College students, lacking social experience, are easily cheated. 大学生，没有社会经验，容易上当受骗。 段落的衔接手段段落的衔接手段 1. 列举法 列举时常用列举时常用 for example, for instance, such as, like, as proof, thus, takeas an example, to illustrate 等词语等词语. Nonverbal communication, or “body language.“ is communicat

13、ion by facial expressions, head or eye movements, hand signals, and body postures. It can be just as important to understanding as words are. Misunderstandings often amusing but sometimes serious-can arise between people from different culture if they misinterpret nonverbal signals. Take for example

14、, the differences in meaning of gesture very common in the United States: a circle made with the thumb and index finger. To an American, it means that everything is ok. To a Japanese, it means that you are talking about money. In France,“ it means that something is worthless, and in Greece, it is an

15、 obscene gesture. Therefore, an American could unknowingly offend a Greek by using that particular hand signal. 2. 分类法 一般是在主题句之后，依次罗列段落指示词所表达的几个部分或几个方面。然后，选用丰富 的事例对所罗列的各个部分或各个方面进行具体地说明或解释。 分类时常用：分类时常用：most of all， next，moreover， in addition，besides，furthermore，to begin with，to start with，first of al

16、l，first，second，third There are three basic kinds of materials that can“ be found in any good library. First, there are books on all subjects, both in English and in many other languages. These books are organized according to subject, title, and author in a central file caned the card catalog. Books

17、 can generally be checked out of the library and taken home for a period of two to four weeks. Second, there are reference works. which include encyclopedias, dictionaries, bibliography, atlases, etc., and which generally must be used in the library itself. Third, there are periodicals- magazines, n

18、ewspapers, pamphlets-which are flied alphabetically in racks, or which have been filmed to conserve space. Like reference works, periodicals cannot usually be removed from the library. 3. 因果关系 在段落一开头，就用主题句点明其因果关系，然后选用有关材料，客观的罗列某些原因或结 果，以证阐述的中心思想。 因果关系常用语汇: because of, so, owing to, thanks to, thus,

19、as a result of, hence, for this reason, consequently, is caused by, lead to, result in Growing numbers of well-to-do Americans are making the decision to move abroad. They find it impossible in America to walk the streets at night without fear of being raped, mugged, or murdered, nor do they see a w

20、ay to escape the poisonous air of the cities. They maintain that even American food has become increasingly dangerous to eat. Last but not least, they insist that they are sick of the pace of American life, a pace that leaves no time for relaxation or pleasure. 4比较法 主题句必须明确表明所要比较的对象和所要比较的范围， 实际上就是罗列

21、两个或两个以上比 较对象的相同点。 常用语汇：at the same time, similar to, accordingly, both, show a degree of similarity, similarly, lie and so , the same as, and too, in the same way, in a like manner Learning English is like building a house. Laying a solid foundation is the first and most important step. In other wor

22、ds, you should reads, you should read and speak English every day. Memorizing new words and phrases is also helpful. Like building a house, learning English takes some time. So dont be impatient. Remember, Rome wasnt built in a day. 5举例法 列举事实或举出实例来说明中心思想, 是简单易行、具有说服力的写作方法。 Communicating with other p

23、eople by telephone is very convenient, especially when you have something urgent. For example, if one of your family members is seriously ill at right, and you dont know how to deal with it and where to find a doctor, what can you do? A telephone is the answer. Dial 120 and you will get services from the hospital very soon.