第四章果蔬成熟衰老生理课件.ppt
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- 第四 章果蔬 成熟 衰老 生理 课件
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1、第四章 果蔬成熟衰老生理第一节 成熟与衰老的概念一、成熟与衰老的几个概念 成熟和衰老是有机体生命活动过程中的两成熟和衰老是有机体生命活动过程中的两个阶段个阶段。成熟在词典中的解释是指达到完成生物某系统的代表性阶段的状态。如植物的果实或谷物生长到可收获可收获的程度。在英文中,maturation,ripening 都可翻译为成熟。但二者在程度上有实质性的差异。Maturation/mturen/:是指果实最后达到充分大小可以采摘(但不一定是食用品质最佳)的过程,也可以称为初熟或可采成熟度;Ripening熟成完熟:则指果实经过一系列质变,达到完全可以食用的阶段,一般将其称为“完熟”或“鲜食成熟度
2、”。Ripening is a process in fruits that causes them to become more edible.In general,a fruit becomes sweeter,less green,and softer as it ripens.Watada等把成熟定义为:果实达到生理学和园艺学成熟度的一个发育阶段一个发育阶段;完熟则定义为:生长发育末期即衰老早期所发生的、导致果实美学特性或食用品质变化的一系列事件一系列事件。These trends represent the generalised behaviour of fruit maturat
3、ion with relative accuracy 成熟与完熟是两个不同质的生育过程。在成熟后期,果实一面继续成熟,一面深化而开始完熟进程。这里的成熟过程是指果实停止生长之后进行的一系列生物化学变化,即从maturation 向 ripening 阶段转化的过程。maturation ripeningINTRODUCTION to INTRODUCTION to Fruit development Fruit and vegetable development starts with formation of an edible partfruit setting,seedling emer
4、gence,tuber development,or stalk developmentand ends with loss of edible character through physiological deterioration,development of fibrous character,or spoilage through microbiological intervention.座果出苗 Maturation is the stage of development leading to the attainment of physiological or horticult
5、ural maturity.Physiological maturityPhysiological maturity is the stage of development when a plant or plant part will continue ontogeny even if detached.Horticultural maturityHorticultural maturity is the stage of development when a plant or plant part possesses the prerequisites for utilisation by
6、 consumers for a particular purpose.分离 生理成熟度园艺成熟度个体发育 Maturation at harvest is the most Maturation at harvest is the most important factor that determines important factor that determines storage-life and final fruit quality.storage-life and final fruit quality.RipeningRipening is the composite of t
7、he processes that occur from the latter stages of growth and development through the early stages of senescence and that results in characteristic aesthetic美学的 and/or food quality,as evidenced by changes in composition,colour,texture,or other sensory attributes./isetk/综合 Fruits can be divided into t
8、wo groups:1)fruits that are not capable of continuing their ripening process once removed from the plant,and 2)fruits that can be harvested mature and ripened off the plant.Following are examples from each groupFollowing are examples from each group:Group 1:berries(such as blackberry,raspberry,straw
9、berry),cherry,citrus(grapefruit,lemon,lime,orange,mandarin,and tangerine),grape,lychee,pineapple,pomegranate,tamarillo.Group 2:apple,pear,quince,persimmon,apricot,nectarine,peach,plum,kiwifruit,avocado,banana,mango,papaya,cherimoya,sapodilla,sapote,guava,passion fruit.树上成熟树下成熟In the diagram above on
10、 the left is an unripe fruit.It is hard,green,sour,has no smell,is mealy(starch present),and so on.衰老senescence 是指果实生长已经停止,完熟变化基本结束后进入的时期。Watada把衰老定义为:随着生理学或园艺学成熟度增加而导致组织死亡的过程。SenescenceSenescence or biological agingbiological aging is the change in the biology of an organism as it ages after its ma
11、turity.There are a number of theoriestheories why senescence occurs including those that it is programmed by gene expression changes and that it is the accumulative damage of biological processes.二、果实成熟的特征 不同果实的具体成熟过程是不相同的,但它们也有共同的特征(表4-1)。生物合成生物合成生物降解生物降解RNA转录、复制,蛋白质合成脂肪、蛋白质分解,生物膜透性增加成熟过程中所需酶的合成叶绿体
12、解体植物膜结构的维持有机酸转化分解线粒体结构的维持基质氧化和ATP利用EMP、TCA循环、HMP活性增加可溶性果胶增加ATP合成叶绿素分解果胶酶合成淀粉水解类胡萝卜素合成蔗糖合成或糖的转化芳香物质的合成乙烯合成 1、正如一切生物体终不免进入衰老和死亡一样,果实最后也从成长转入衰老。2、果实成熟是由激素控制的,其中最重要的是乙烯。3、成熟过程是不可逆的。4、果实在成熟过程中,物质的合成和降解过程同时进行。5、果实的成熟是一个需能过程。The complexities of maturity definition have resulted in the development of a numb
13、er of maturity indices that attempt to relate a chemical or physical measurement to the commercial maturity of the particular commodity.The intention is that these indices will reflect or predict the quality or quality grade of the commodity received by the customer.MATURITY INDICES MATURITY INDICES
14、 成熟指标成熟指标 Commonly selected factors reflecting horticultural maturity include firmness,skin color,flesh color,sugar content,soluble solids,acid content,and pigments.Days from full Days from full bloombloom (Fig.2)and heat unit accumulation (Table 4,Peas)during specific periods during the growing sea
15、son are also used.In other cases such as in bananas,a physical change is used,and the fruit is harvested when ridges on the surface of the skin change from angular to round.In practice,any analytical or physical measurement that changes with physiological development and relates to customer acceptan
16、ce has potential as a maturity index,and the use of sensory panels to demonstrate this relationship is a fairly recent development.成熟度指数 The maturity index should be easily determined,use simple equipment,and provide good correlation with efficacy in final use./efksi/Maturity indicesMaturity indices
17、 include color,juice content,level of soluble solid.成熟度指数 Firmness is a well recognized maturity index(Figs.3A and 3B)and is commonly measured with a penetrometer,an instrument that determines the force required to push a probe of known diameter through the flesh of the fruit or vegetable.坚实度 针入度仪 压
18、力表 探测器 Color is measured instrumentally in terms of the Commission Internationale dEclairage(CIE)three-dimensional color solid or one of the derived color systems such as the L,a,b Hunter color-system国际照明委员会 Maturation of fruit and vegetables causes profound changes in the biochemical characteristic
19、s of the commodity,which are reflected in changes of three easily measurable chemical components.Starch initially rises,then falls(Fig.6),and this decrease is accompanied by rising soluble solids(Fig.6).Acid levels decrease,and the result is an increased perception of sweetness as the sugar/acid rat
20、io increases./kmpni/Starch levels are easily assessed by the starch-iodine test,and soluble solids are quickly and simply measured by refractive index calibrated as Brix.白利糖度/adi:n/Titratable acidity 滴定酸度 assesses acid levels and is usually performed as a juice sample titrated to the phenolphthalein
21、酚酞 end point by sodium hydroxide氢氧化钠.With colored samples,titration to pH 8.28.3 with a pH meter can substitute.Automatic equipment is widely available to allow titration of large numbers of samples.t-trt-bl finlflin haidrksaid For commodities expressing a respiration climacteric during maturation(e
22、.g.,apples,melons)ethylene measurements can be used as a measure of maturity(Reid,1992).However,this procedure requires the use of a gas chromatograph and tends not to be rapid,simple,and economical.This restricts the use of ethylene as a maturity index to laboratory use.krumtgrf eilin 木质部 韧皮部 转色期 S
23、tages of tomato fruit maturationfruit maturation 第二节 果蔬成熟衰老过程中的生理生化变化 如前所述,果蔬的成熟过程可以分为3个阶段:(1)成熟阶段:是指采收前果实生长的最后阶段,即达到充分长成的时候。在这一时期果实中发生了明显的变化,如含糖量增加,含酸量降低,淀粉减少(苹果、梨、香蕉等)果胶物质变化引起果肉变软,单宁物质变化导致涩味减退,芳香物质和果皮、果肉中的色素生成,叶绿素降解,维生素C增加,类胡罗卜素增加或减少,果实长到一定大小和形状,这些都是果实开始成熟的表现。(2)完熟阶段 完熟阶段是指果实达到成熟以后的阶段,这时的果实完全表现出该品
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