六级作文写作课件.ppt

1、六级作文写作每一部分完成的时间？每一部分完成的时间？作文作文 3030分钟分钟快速阅读快速阅读 1515分钟分钟听力听力 3535分钟分钟阅读理解（阅读理解（1515选选10+210+2篇阅读篇阅读 2525分钟分钟完型填空完型填空 1515分钟分钟翻译翻译 5 5分钟分钟4)写作格式 运用正确的符合英语表达习惯的写作格式 大学英语六级考试写作部分要求考生达到大学英语课程教学要求（试行）（以下简称教学要求）中的较高要求，即“能就一般性的主题基本表达个人观点，能写所学专业论文的英文摘要，能撰写所学专业的英语小论文。能描述各种图表，能在半小时内写出150180词的短文，内容完整，条例清楚，文理通顺

2、。”六级考试写作部分评分原则六级考试写作部分评分原则 六级写作采用总体评分(Global Scoring)的方法，即阅卷老师就总的印象给分，而不是按语言点的错误数量扣分。阅卷老师主要从内容和语言两个方面对考生作文进行综合评判，考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍等。一般而言，阅卷老师在看到作文10秒钟之内就会根据第一印象得出打分档次，然后在余下的时间里确定 整篇作文的分数，该分数通常会在印象分基础上上下浮动10%左右。为了给阅卷老师留下良好的第一印象，写好第一段是关键。此外还有注意各段落的衔接和结构安排的合理性 下面以满分为15分的作文为例，具体分析一下写作部分

3、的评分标准。15分作文的阅卷标准共分五档，即：2分、5分、8分、11分和14分。另外，作文字数没有达到题目要求的将酌情扣分。六级要求至少要写150词，词数不足的扣分 作文守则作文守则1.1.好的开始是成功的一半好的开始是成功的一半2.2.清晰整洁至关重要清晰整洁至关重要3.3.词数限制心中有数词数限制心中有数4.4.细心检查避免犯错细心检查避免犯错(近四年作文变化趋势近四年作文变化趋势)作文主题来源作文主题来源字数要求字数要求历年作文题汇总（历年作文题汇总（最新到最旧）最新到最旧）1.Due attention should be given to the study 1.Due attent

4、ion should be given to the study of Chinese(of Chinese(忽视中文现象忽视中文现象)语言文语言文化类化类 120120字字2.Should parents send their kids to art 2.Should parents send their kids to art classes?classes?（家长送孩子参加各种艺术班）（家长送孩子参加各种艺术班）社会现象类社会现象类150150字字3.On the importance of a Name.(3.On the importance of a Name.(名字的重要性名字的

5、重要性)杂项杂项4.How to improve students mental health?(4.How to improve students mental health?(大大学生心理健康学生心理健康)社会现象类社会现象类150150字字5.Will E-books replace traditional books?(5.Will E-books replace traditional books?(电子电子图书图书)科技类科技类150150字字6.Digital age(6.Digital age(数字时代数字时代)科技类科技类 150150字字7.Should one expec

6、t a reward when doing a good 7.Should one expect a reward when doing a good deed?(deed?(做好事图不图回报做好事图不图回报)社会现象类社会现象类 150150字字8.The importance of reading classics(8.The importance of reading classics(阅读经典阅读经典书籍书籍)文化类文化类150150热点话题：热点话题：社会现象社会现象科技类问题科技类问题新的热点新的热点辛亥革命？辛亥革命？食物安全食物安全语言表达是否正确无误？语言表达是否正确无误？C

7、hinglish Chinglish 生搬硬造的专有名词生搬硬造的专有名词书写是否让人看了就不想看？书写是否让人看了就不想看？是否用了考官看着就头大，被人用过是否用了考官看着就头大，被人用过N N遍的词？遍的词？是否有让考官逼视你英文的小错误？是否有让考官逼视你英文的小错误？Long time no seeLong time no see狂犬病，（狂犬病，（a kind of disease which a kind of disease which cause by dog bite,not human cause by dog bite,not human bite?bite?）Rabie

8、sRabies.Putonghua(.Putonghua(普通话？普通话？)MandarinMandarin主流主流 (up classic?)(up classic?)mainstreammainstream辛亥革命辛亥革命 （xinghai revolution?xinghai revolution?）the Revolution of 1911the Revolution of 1911 用汉语拼音凑数的英文翻译用汉语拼音凑数的英文翻译Sun zi strategiesSun zi strategiesChun qiuChun qiuChu ciChu ci孙子兵法孙子兵法Strateg

9、y of war by Sun Strategy of war by Sun Tzu Tzu 春秋春秋The Spring and Autumn Annals The Spring and Autumn Annals 楚辞楚辞 The songs of ChuThe songs of Chu孙中山孙中山 不翻译成不翻译成 Sun Zhong shanSun Zhong shan而是而是Dr.Sun Yat-senDr.Sun Yat-sen“Dr.Sun Yat-sen”Dr.Sun Yat-sen”为为“孙逸仙博士孙逸仙博士”的英文写法。的英文写法。在西方，先生以在西方，先生以“Dr.Sun

10、 Yat-sen”Dr.Sun Yat-sen”之名闻于世。之名闻于世。词汇量不足词汇量不足 影响写作的最大问题影响写作的最大问题对词汇的选择是否恰当（对词汇的选择是否恰当（appropriateappropriate）？）？是否用了是否用了Clich.Clich.使用词汇是否准确使用词汇是否准确(accuracy)(accuracy)？How to improve How to improve then?then?积累积累大量表达法！大量表达法！可以取代可以取代 “think”think”的词的词有哪些？有哪些？believe,suppose,guess,claim,believe,supp

11、ose,guess,claim,maintain,argue,insist,hold the maintain,argue,insist,hold the opinion/belief that,in favor opinion/belief that,in favor of,support.of,support.Important的同义词？Vital adj 重要的Crucial adj 重要的significant adj 有意义的capital adj 首都的，重要的，主要的significance n 重要；意义（sign+ific带有+ance带有信号有意义）Importance n

12、 重要词组：attach great importance to.the significance of.is crystal clear.同义词的使用：同义词的使用：解决：解决：solve,resolve,deal with,solve,resolve,deal with,cope with,handle,tacklecope with,handle,tackle消除：消除：get rid of,eradicate,get rid of,eradicate,eliminateeliminate依赖：依赖：rely on,depend on,count rely on,depend on,co

13、unt onon十分：十分：very much,immensely,very much,immensely,hugely,largely,greatly,hugely,largely,greatly,enormously,tremendouslyenormously,tremendously损害：损害：damage,hurt,injure,harm,damage,hurt,injure,harm,impairimpair给予：给予：give,offer,render,impart,give,offer,render,impart,provideprovide发展：发展：develop,cult

14、ivate,fosterdevelop,cultivate,foster优势：优势：advantage,merit,virtue,advantage,merit,virtue,benefit,upside,strengthbenefit,upside,strength缺陷：缺陷：disadvantage,defect,demerit,disadvantage,defect,demerit,drawback,downside,weaknessdrawback,downside,weakness重视重视 attach great importance toattach great importan

15、ce to把时间和精力放在把时间和精力放在上上 focus time and focus time and energy onenergy on有直接有直接/间接关系间接关系 be directly/be directly/indirectly related toindirectly related to提出折中提议提出折中提议 set forth a compromise set forth a compromise proposalproposal缓解压力缓解压力/减轻负担减轻负担 relieve stress/relieve stress/burdenburden优先考虑优先考虑/发展

16、发展 give(top)give(top)priority to sth.priority to sth.与与比较比较 compared with/compared with/in comparison within comparison with.相反相反 in contrast/on the in contrast/on the contrary.contrary.代替代替 replace/substitute/replace/substitute/take the place oftake the place of.经不起推敲经不起推敲 cannot bear cannot bear c

17、loser analysis/cannot closer analysis/cannot hold waterhold water也不例外也不例外 be no exceptionbe no exception从另一个角度从另一个角度 from another perspectivefrom another perspective.导致，引起导致，引起 lead to/give rise to/lead to/give rise to/contribute to/result incontribute to/result in.对对产生有利产生有利/不利的影响不利的影响 exert exert

18、positive/negative effects onpositive/negative effects on.利远远大于弊利远远大于弊 the advantages far the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.outweigh the disadvantages.对对有益有益 be beneficial/conducive be beneficial/conducive toto热烈的讨论热烈的讨论/争论争论 a heated a heated discussion/debatediscussion/debate 有争议性的问题有争议

19、性的问题 a a controversial issuecontroversial issue人们普遍认为人们普遍认为 It is commonly It is commonly believed/recognized thatbelieved/recognized that完全不同的观点完全不同的观点 a totally a totally different argumentdifferent argument双方的论点双方的论点 argument on both argument on both sidessides不可否认不可否认 It is undeniable It is unde

20、niable that/There is no denying that/There is no denying thatthat毫无疑问毫无疑问 Undoubtedly,/There is Undoubtedly,/There is no doubt thatno doubt that无可非议无可非议 blameless/beyond blameless/beyond reproach.reproach.不可推卸的义务不可推卸的义务 unshakable dutyunshakable duty对对必不可少必不可少 be indispensable be indispensable to to

21、.就就达到绝对的一致达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute reach an absolute consensus onconsensus on有充分的理由支持有充分的理由支持 be supported by be supported by sound reasonssound reasons对对有害有害 do harm to/be harmful to/do harm to/be harmful to/be detrimental tobe detrimental to采取有效措施来采取有效措施来 take effective take effective measures to

22、 do sth.measures to do sth.对对观点因人而异观点因人而异 Views on vary Views on vary from person to person.from person to person.对这一问题持有不同态度对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different hold different attitudes towards this issueattitudes towards this issue支持前支持前/后种观点的人后种观点的人 people/those in people/those in favor of the former/latte

23、r opinionfavor of the former/latter opinion有有/提供如下理由提供如下理由/证据证据 have/provide have/provide the following reasons/evidencethe following reasons/evidence必然趋势必然趋势 an irresistible trend ofan irresistible trend of有其自身的优缺点有其自身的优缺点 has its merits has its merits and demerits/advantages and and demerits/advan

24、tages and disadvantagesdisadvantagesHow to write？Organization 作文组织架构两种写法：两种写法：一边倒一边倒作者明确表明赞同一方观点并作者明确表明赞同一方观点并进行论证支持进行论证支持两方面两方面作者对题目观点从两方面进行作者对题目观点从两方面进行阐述。阐述。面对作文题思考的五个问题写提纲写提纲(outline)(outline)怎样写引言怎样写引言主体部分分几段主体部分分几段每段的主题句是什么每段的主题句是什么结尾主要内容是什么结尾主要内容是什么如何写提纲？例：作文题例：作文题FoodFood can be produced can

25、 be produced cheaper cheaper if we if we use improved use improved fertilizersfertilizers（农药）（农药）and and better better machinerymachinery.However some methods may be However some methods may be dangerousdangerous for for human healthhuman health,and may have,and may have negative effects for negativ

26、e effects for local local communitiescommunities.What is your opinion?What is your opinion?中文自写提纲：中文自写提纲：观点一：化肥观点一：化肥+农机农机=食品食品 制造成本降制造成本降低低观点二：化肥观点二：化肥+农机农机=损害健康，危害社区损害健康，危害社区我的观点：支持观点二我的观点：支持观点二 建议建议 A A，管制化，管制化肥肥 B B，寻找新，寻找新化肥化肥 C C，改进农，改进农机机怎样写引言作文如果提供一些背景资料和相关信作文如果提供一些背景资料和相关信息，引文可以针对背景资料中的关键息，

27、引文可以针对背景资料中的关键词，词，阐明观点，阐明观点，不可以过于笼统，又不可以过于笼统，又不能过于具体。不能过于具体。引文的引文的最后一句话最后一句话应该对下文的内容应该对下文的内容和结构有所和结构有所暗示暗示。作文例题作文例题At present it is At present it is hard for college hard for college graduates to find jobgraduates to find job,Many,Many people claim that college people claim that college teachers sho

28、uld give priority to teachers should give priority to practical coursespractical courses like computer like computer science and business over such science and business over such tradition onestradition ones as history and as history and geography.geography.What do you think?What do you think?These

29、days there is a growing tendency for These days there is a growing tendency for college students to have difficulties in college students to have difficulties in finding jobs when they graduate.finding jobs when they graduate.A large A large number of people hold the opinion that number of people ho

30、ld the opinion that lack of practical knowledge,among other lack of practical knowledge,among other things,contributes to this situationthings,contributes to this situation.In.In light of this,they contend that college light of this,they contend that college teachers should lay more stress on teache

31、rs should lay more stress on practical courses than on traditional ones.practical courses than on traditional ones.For my part,I am in favor of their For my part,I am in favor of their viewpoint.viewpoint.不同的首段写法不同的首段写法开头问了一个问题，结尾就必须开头问了一个问题，结尾就必须回回答答这个这个问题问题首段开门见山阐述了观点，结尾可首段开门见山阐述了观点，结尾可以以重申重申这个这个观

32、点观点。前后呼应前后呼应在英语议论文的写作中是在英语议论文的写作中是很有必要的。很有必要的。主体部分分几段主体部分分几段？每段的主题句是什么？每段的主题句是什么？分论点分论点(main ideas)(main ideas)是否清楚是否清楚(clear)(clear)？在议论文的正文，一定要有在议论文的正文，一定要有2-32-3个理由段论个理由段论证证自己的立场自己的立场这些这些分论点分论点就应该是就应该是本段论述的核心本段论述的核心和主和主题。题。有效的主题句即有效的主题句即分论点分论点+支持句支持句的理由段结的理由段结构能很好的解决跑题和论证不知所云的问构能很好的解决跑题和论证不知所云的问题

33、。题。论证方法？论证方法？举例举例/解释解释/推理推理/比比较较根据不同的题目类型选根据不同的题目类型选择不同的论证方法择不同的论证方法例：作文题目例：作文题目At present it isAt present it is hard for hard for college graduates to find jobscollege graduates to find jobs,Many people claim that college Many people claim that college teachers should give priority teachers should

34、give priority toto practical coursespractical courses like like computer science and business computer science and business over suchover such tradition onestradition ones as as history and geography.What do history and geography.What do you think?you think?In the first place,emphasis on In the firs

35、t place,emphasis on practical courses is demanded by practical courses is demanded by ever-developing society.ever-developing society.As society As society has entered the information age and has entered the information age and commercialization is sweeping across commercialization is sweeping acros

36、s the world,computer and business the world,computer and business courses are geared to the social courses are geared to the social demand.demand.（解释）（解释）Conversely,if a Conversely,if a student has little knowledge of student has little knowledge of computers or business,he will lag computers or bus

37、iness,he will lag behind the times.behind the times.（推理）（推理）By contrast,it seems that By contrast,it seems that traditional courses are out of traditional courses are out of date.They are either too date.They are either too theoretical or too academic,theoretical or too academic,so that they cant di

38、rectly so that they cant directly applied to the tasks of real applied to the tasks of real life.life.（比较）（比较）In the second place,practical In the second place,practical knowledge has a direct bearing on knowledge has a direct bearing on future job prospects.future job prospects.There is no denying

39、the fact that There is no denying the fact that the students better equipped with the students better equipped with practical knowledge are more practical knowledge are more competitive in job hunting,competitive in job hunting,（对比（对比举例）举例）while those majoring in while those majoring in history,geog

40、raphy and the like history,geography and the like have few job opportunities.have few job opportunities.It It turns out that many of them have to turns out that many of them have to take jobs below their abilities.take jobs below their abilities.Harsh reality confirms that Harsh reality confirms tha

41、t traditional courses have lost much traditional courses have lost much ground.ground.结尾主要内容是什么？结尾一定要给人结尾一定要给人完整完整的感觉，否则分数会的感觉，否则分数会大打折扣大打折扣总结总结全文，深化主题全文，深化主题不要简单机械的重复不要简单机械的重复引言中的话，引言中的话，照抄开照抄开头主题句头主题句。再次强调中心论点，突出重点，。再次强调中心论点，突出重点，对主题句进行对主题句进行转述，释义转述，释义作文例题作文例题At present it is At present it is hard

42、 for college hard for college graduates to find jobgraduates to find job,Many people,Many people claim that college teachers should claim that college teachers should give priority to give priority to practical coursespractical courses like computer science and business like computer science and bus

43、iness over such over such tradition onestradition ones as history as history and geography.What do you think?and geography.What do you think?When all the factors are examined,we When all the factors are examined,we may safely come to the conclusion may safely come to the conclusion that the balance

44、should be tipped that the balance should be tipped toward toward practical coursespractical courses in school in school curriculums.curriculums.（再次给出自己的立场（再次给出自己的立场 ）College education,in my opinion,College education,in my opinion,should become more attuned to the should become more attuned to the de

45、mands of employers.demands of employers.分论点间的联系分论点间的联系(link)(link)是否紧密？是否紧密？分论点应该在审题思路拓展时一并考虑，分论点分论点应该在审题思路拓展时一并考虑，分论点是否重叠，是否能从是否重叠，是否能从多角度论证多角度论证自己立场，这些自己立场，这些都是考生拿分的关键。都是考生拿分的关键。学会从常见的几个角度来分析不同的问题。学会从常见的几个角度来分析不同的问题。经济角度，环保角度，健康角度，时间效率角度，经济角度，环保角度，健康角度，时间效率角度，情感等情感等广泛的阅读广泛的阅读才能开阔自己的视野，写作的思路才才能开阔自己

46、的视野，写作的思路才能打开。能打开。2121世纪报，南方周末世纪报，南方周末如果是在没法那么广泛的阅读，可以如果是在没法那么广泛的阅读，可以阅读阅读专门为专门为考试编写的考试编写的思路拓展书思路拓展书。Grammar词汇词汇句型句型 段落的连贯性段落的连贯性 (coherence)段落的连贯性段落的连贯性着眼于句与句着眼于句与句之间的连接与组织，它包含之间的连接与组织，它包含句与句之间句与句之间外部结构外部结构及及过渡过渡词词 (transition)(transition)的通迅的通迅自然和自然和内部逻辑关系内部逻辑关系的清晰的清晰明确明确。英语写作与汉语写作是完全不同的。不能英语写作与汉语

47、写作是完全不同的。不能将头脑中的汉语句子译成英语。将头脑中的汉语句子译成英语。英语英语民族的民族的思维模式思维模式是是线性的线性的，因此往往，因此往往先一个主题句，然后沿着这一线索发展。先一个主题句，然后沿着这一线索发展。这一思维模式决定了每一句子都是为了辅这一思维模式决定了每一句子都是为了辅助说明中心思想而自然流畅地助说明中心思想而自然流畅地承接承接前面的前面的句子，就像一条流淌的意识流。句子，就像一条流淌的意识流。过渡语过渡语 (transition)(transition)可以是一个可以是一个词词、一个、一个短语短语、一种、一种语法手段语法手段或者是一种或者是一种表达方式表达方式，用来使

48、句与句、段，用来使句与句、段与段之间逻辑地连接起来使他们相互之间与段之间逻辑地连接起来使他们相互之间关系明确，推动文章向前发展或使文章意关系明确，推动文章向前发展或使文章意义转折，义转折，使发展脉络清楚明白。使发展脉络清楚明白。解说性过渡语：解说性过渡语：now,thus,for,in now,thus,for,in this case;this case;强调性过渡语：强调性过渡语：indeed,certainly,indeed,certainly,above allabove all转折性过渡语：转折性过渡语：but,however,yet,but,however,yet,unless,e

49、xcept for;unless,except for;举例性过渡语：举例性过渡语：for example,for for example,for instance,thus;for one thing,to instance,thus;for one thing,to illustrate,as an illustration,a illustrate,as an illustration,a case in point,namely,that is,case in point,namely,that is,incidentally incidentally 等等比较性过渡语：比较性过渡语：

50、like,similarly,like,similarly,likewise,in the same way;likewise,in the same way;对照性过渡语：对照性过渡语：in contrast,on the in contrast,on the other hand,instead,unlike;other hand,instead,unlike;让步性过渡语：让步性过渡语：admittedly,admittedly,nevertheless,of course,although,nevertheless,of course,although,after all;after