高级英语写作-Argumentation课件.ppt
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- 高级 英语 写作 _Argumentation 课件
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1、ARGUMENTATIONIntroduction of CONTENTS目录1.Definition 2.Principles and Conventions 3.Argument structures 4.Strategy 6.An example 5.Common logical fallacies and weakness in argument A debatable point Chinese doctors use acupuncture anesthesia to perform certain operations.Acupuncture anesthesia should
2、replace conventional anesthesia in all operations.A debatable point Lady Gaga is my favorite star.Lady Gaga is the most popular star of the 21th century.A debatable point Noise pollution is harmful to peoples health.Noise pollution is the most harmful of all environmental pollution.What is argumenta
3、tion?Argumentation is analyzed,review of a problem or something,that a style of their own point of view,position,attitude,views and propositions.Critical reviewEditorialsResumeLetters to the editorsExamples of argumentation writing are:Job evaluationJob application letterLetter of recommendation2.Pr
4、inciples and Conventions A good argumentation should abide by the following conventions:Follow the rules of reasonThree kinds of evidence:objective data,social consensus,personal credibility and experienceEvidence must be presented logicallyThree types of appeals:ethos(喻德)喻德),logos(喻理)(喻理),pathos(喻情
5、)(喻情)14A well-defined,controversial issueA clear position taken by the writerA convincing argument 23A reasonable toneA good argumentation should include:1.A well-defined,controversial issue:e.g.lFirst children are smarter-But why?l Marriage makes our children richer Heres why l Eating popcorn in th
6、e cinema makes people immune to advertising lMen and women cant be just friends 2.A clear position taken by the writere.g.CorrectlCan heterosexual men and women ever be“just friends”?a new study suggests that men,relative to women,have a particularly hard time being“just friends.”e.g.ErrorlXXX is on
7、e of the most important things in peoples life.It has many advantages.However,just as every coin has two sides,XXX also has some disadvantages.3.A convincing argumentfacts,statistics,testimony,examples 4.A reasonable toneI beliveI thinkCONTENTS目录1.Definition 2.Principles and Conventions 3.Argument s
8、tructures 4.Strategy 6.An example 5.Common logical fallacies and weakness in argument Convergent argumentArgument structures 1.Simple argumentClaim Support inference A simple argument only contains a claim,a support and a inference,as shown in the following:SUPER NANNIES To keep up with the times,No
9、rland College in England,trainning nannies,has added two new classes to its curriculum:martial arts and stunt driving(特技驾驶).Why?Because the children of the rich and famous are often targeted by the paparazzi(狗仔队),and could potentially become victims of kidnapping(绑架)attempts.So,Noland thinks its naa
10、nnies need to know how to handle these high-risk situations.Claim Support/Claim Support inferenceinferenceA chain argument contains more than one layers of argument.The support of the first layer becomes the claim of the second layer,which needs further support,as shown in the following:relay race 接
11、力比赛2.Chain argument小伙伴,此处有视频哦!3.Compound argumentA compound argument contains more than one support for the same claim,as shown in the following:Claim Support inferenceinferenceinferenceSupport Support CELEBRITIES WHO FELL FROM GRACE 那些自毁前途的明星 “The higher you go,the harder you fall”is a common Engli
12、sh expression.It means the more successful you become,the more you have to lose.And its an experience shared by many celebrities who have ruined their careers by doing something stupid or illegal.Here are some famous people who have fallen from grace.Tiger Woods In 2009,Tiger Woods was the best golf
13、er in the worldBut then he had an affair.In December2009,the tabloids(小报)revealed that Woods had cheated on his wife with more than 12 women Lindsay Lohan Between 2003 and 2005,Lindsay Lohan starred in a string of highly successful films and became known as the teen move queenUnfortunately,in 2006,L
14、indsay started drinking and doing drugs;and since 2007,shes been arrested over twenty times.Phil Spector is currently in prison for murder.Lance Armstrong use performance enhancing drugs.Should Smoking Be Banned?It has become fashionable in the world today to condemn smoking.However,although I feel
15、that smoking can be harmful,I do not think it should be banned.First,smoking undoubtedly helps many people to relax.For some,it .A further point is that governments throughout the world make huge profits from levying taxes on cigarettes.This provides funds .I would also argue that people should have
16、 the right to choose whether they smoke or not.People should not smoke .兄弟,来兄弟,来一根呀!一根呀!Support Support Support Claim 4.Convergent argumentClaim Support inferenceSupport A convergent argument requires two supports to work together for a claim.In other words,only one support cannot stand well without
17、 the other,as shown in the following.rather than it tells you a structure,it teaches you a way to think:well-knit(严谨)1、its so cold outside,lets have hot pot for dinner ok?3、because it s better to eat spicy food in cold weather!4、ok,lets go!最后,他们最后,他们在一起了!在一起了!2、why do we have to eat hot pot?The weat
18、her is so cold today.we should eat hot pot for dinner today.Its best to eat spicy food in cold weather.热火锅结构热火锅结构5.Complex argumentClaim Support Support/Claim Support Support Support Support A complex argument combines all the above structures and usually appears to be the final outline of an argume
19、ntation,an shown in the following:Sherlock:Watson is his flatmateWatson need to get a flatshare.Just after lunch,Mike and Watson come.Watson got shotWatson cant afford London on an Army pension.Sherlock told Mike that he is a difficult man to find a flatmate.小伙伴,此处有视频哦!Convergent argumentArgument st
20、ructures CONTENTS目录1.Definition 2.Principles and Conventions 3.Argument structures 4.Strategy 6.An example 5.Common logical fallacies and weakness in argument Strategies1.Reasoning2.Example3.Raising figures4.Contrast and comparison5.Making concessions6.Quotation7.Analogy.1.ReasoningReasoning is to o
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