说明文和议论文写作讲座+说明文的思路与结构+说明方法在写作中的运用课件.ppt

1、2E Ex xp po os si i一、什么是说明文？一、什么是说明文？u 说明文是客观阐释，是对客观事物的性质、说明文是客观阐释，是对客观事物的性质、形态、特征、结构、功能、成因、结果或发生发形态、特征、结构、功能、成因、结果或发生发展过程的解释说明，以便让读者对事物的本质获展过程的解释说明，以便让读者对事物的本质获得完整而清晰、客观准确的认识和了解。得完整而清晰、客观准确的认识和了解。u 说明文的目的说明文的目的是是告知（告知（to informto inform）。）。3E Ex xp po o 二、英语说明文的结构：二、英语说明文的结构：引入段引入段 +主体段主体段 +结尾段结尾段4

2、E Ex xp po os su引入段。引入段。主要是提示文章的主题，向读者说明文主要是提示文章的主题，向读者说明文章的主要内容、事物和对象。章的主要内容、事物和对象。u主体段。主体段。一般由一段或若干段组成，主要是对文一般由一段或若干段组成，主要是对文章的主题、论点、主要说明的事物或事理等诸方章的主题、论点、主要说明的事物或事理等诸方面，从不同的侧面、角度对说明对象进行分项具面，从不同的侧面、角度对说明对象进行分项具体的阐述、解说。体的阐述、解说。u结尾段。结尾段。主要是对说明对象进行总的概括性说明，主要是对说明对象进行总的概括性说明，以达到归纳文章重点和深化主题的作用。以达到归纳文章重点和

3、深化主题的作用。5E Ex xp po os s三三、说明文的、说明文的写作写作要求要求 说明文的重要特点是清晰。为达到这一目的，说明文的重要特点是清晰。为达到这一目的，需要做到以下几点：需要做到以下几点：1 1、限制说明的事物和范围，因为不可能在一篇短文中解限制说明的事物和范围，因为不可能在一篇短文中解 释太多的事物。释太多的事物。2 2、准备足够多的，确切的例子，进行阐述、例证准备足够多的，确切的例子，进行阐述、例证。3 3、用正确、恰当的顺序摆出事实、观点。用正确、恰当的顺序摆出事实、观点。4 4、注意用词和句子的准确性。最后，尽可能使说明的内注意用词和句子的准确性。最后，尽可能使说明的

4、内 容生动，有趣。容生动，有趣。6E Ex xp po os s 四四、说明文的采用的方法、说明文的采用的方法 举例举例 分类分类 比较与对照比较与对照 因果分析因果分析 过程叙述过程叙述 7E Ex xp po os s一）举例说明文一）举例说明文 举例说明文举例说明文使用例子阐明观点，这是最常见，使用例子阐明观点，这是最常见，往往也是最有效的阐释模式。不用例子确实难以往往也是最有效的阐释模式。不用例子确实难以写好任何文章。好的例子有助于作者清楚地表达写好任何文章。好的例子有助于作者清楚地表达思想，从而避免泛泛而谈。实例能使抽象的问题思想，从而避免泛泛而谈。实例能使抽象的问题具体化，这样不但

5、能引起读者的兴趣，还可以增具体化，这样不但能引起读者的兴趣，还可以增强文章的说服力。强文章的说服力。一篇好的举例说明文应该做到一篇好的举例说明文应该做到以下以下2点：点：8E Ex xp po os s 1）精心地挑选一些具体、典型、有趣，与题目密）精心地挑选一些具体、典型、有趣，与题目密切相关的例子，例子可以是作者的亲身经历，也切相关的例子，例子可以是作者的亲身经历，也可以来自可靠的第二手资；可以来自可靠的第二手资；2）妥贴地编排例子。类似的、相关的例子应归在）妥贴地编排例子。类似的、相关的例子应归在一起，并按照逐步推向高潮的递进顺序排列。一起，并按照逐步推向高潮的递进顺序排列。9u 例如：

6、例如：Elements and CompoundsuAluminum(AL),water(H2O),oxygen(O2)and carbon dioxide(CO2)are substances.Some substances are elements and some are compounds.Elements have only one type of atom whereas compounds have more than one type.uAluminum is an element:it has only one type of atom(i.e.it has only alu

7、minum atoms).Oxygen has only one type of atom,so it is also an element.uCarbon dioxide has two types of atom(carbon and oxygen),so it is a compound.Sulphuric acid(H2SO4)is also a compound:it has three types of atom(hydrogen,sulphur and oxygen),water is also a compound.10E Ex xp po os su u(这篇短文通过举例的方

8、法，对铝、氧、水、二氧化碳、这篇短文通过举例的方法，对铝、氧、水、二氧化碳、硫酸等例子进行分析硫酸等例子进行分析,通过铝元素、氧元素分别是由铝原通过铝元素、氧元素分别是由铝原子和氧原子组成的，而水是由氢和氧、二氧化碳是由碳和子和氧原子组成的，而水是由氢和氧、二氧化碳是由碳和氧、硫酸是由氢、硫、氧组成的这种现象，最终说明了氧、硫酸是由氢、硫、氧组成的这种现象，最终说明了“元素是由一种原子组成的，而混合物则是由一种以上的元素是由一种原子组成的，而混合物则是由一种以上的原子组成原子组成”这一主题。文章短小清楚，使读者易于理解。这一主题。文章短小清楚，使读者易于理解。)11E Ex xp po os

9、s二）分类说明文二）分类说明文 分类说明文分类说明文是把复杂的说明对象是把复杂的说明对象,按一定的标准，分成若按一定的标准，分成若干类干类,然后再分别说明或描述各事物的特点和差异。在撰然后再分别说明或描述各事物的特点和差异。在撰写分类说明文时应注意：写分类说明文时应注意：1 1）被说明的对象必须是同属不同类或同类不同种的事）被说明的对象必须是同属不同类或同类不同种的事物，不同属，不同类的事物不能用分类法说明；物，不同属，不同类的事物不能用分类法说明；2 2）分类的标准必须统一，不可同时用两种不同的标准）分类的标准必须统一，不可同时用两种不同的标准分类，也不可以中途变更标准。分类，也不可以中途变

10、更标准。12E Ex xp po os su例例 1 Musical InstrumentsuThere are many different kinds of musical instruments.They are divided into three main classes according to the way that they are played.For example,some instruments are played by blowing air into them.These are called wind instruments（管乐）（管乐）.In some o

11、f these the air is made to vibrate inside a wooden tube,and these are said to be the wood wind family.Examples of wood wind instruments are the flute,the clarinet（单簧管）（单簧管）and the bassoon（低音管）（低音管）.Other instruments are made of brass,the trumpet and the horn,for example.There are also various other

12、wind instruments such as the mouth-organ（口琴）（口琴）and the bag pipes（风笛）（风笛）.13E Ex xp po os sSome instruments are played by banging or striking them.One obvious example is the drum,of which there are various kinds.Instruments like this are called percussion instruments（打打击击乐乐器）器）.The last big group of

13、 musical instruments is the ones which have strings.There are two main kinds of stringed instruments（弦弦乐）乐）:those in which the music is made by plucking（弹弹或或拨）拨）the strings,and those where the player draws a bow(琴琴弓）弓）across the strings.Examples of the former are the harp and the guitar.Examples of

14、the latter are the violin and the cello(大大提提琴）琴）.14u(这是一篇分类说明文。在对说明对象进行分类时总要有这是一篇分类说明文。在对说明对象进行分类时总要有一个标准，就是说我们是根据什么来分类的，比如在这篇一个标准，就是说我们是根据什么来分类的，比如在这篇例文中将乐器分类的标准是演奏方式，然后根据这个标准例文中将乐器分类的标准是演奏方式，然后根据这个标准将乐器分为均等的三类：管乐器、打击乐器和弦乐器。如将乐器分为均等的三类：管乐器、打击乐器和弦乐器。如果任何一类还有次类，那么可以根据新的标准继续分类，果任何一类还有次类，那么可以根据新的标准继续分类

15、，比如以上例文中管乐器根据其制作材料还可以分为木管、比如以上例文中管乐器根据其制作材料还可以分为木管、铜管以及其它材质的。铜管以及其它材质的。)15E Ex xp po os s 例例2：Plants and trees are provided by nature with four means of dispersing their seeds.The first is wind dispersal.The seeds of some plants are too light that the wind may transport them easily.Secondly,seeds ar

16、e dispersed by birds and animals.Some seeds adhere to the fur of animals,and are shed as the animals move about.Others are transported by birds.（to be continued)16u The third method is self-dispersal.The plant itself twists and breaks the walls of the fruit so that the seeds are thrown or shaken out

17、,e.g.the pea,the bean,etc.u Finally there is water dispersal.The seeds float on the water either because they are very light,or because they contain air.The coconut may be transported to land hundreds of miles across the ocean in this way.17E Ex xp po os su（这篇文章短小，精练却很能说明问题。文章的（这篇文章短小，精练却很能说明问题。文章的引

18、言段一句话就点明了主题：引言段一句话就点明了主题：“大自然给植物提大自然给植物提供了四种传播种子的方式。供了四种传播种子的方式。”后面的四段依次分后面的四段依次分别讲述了：风传播、鸟传播、自我传播和水传播。别讲述了：风传播、鸟传播、自我传播和水传播。通过此文可以看出，运用分类的方式可使文章脉通过此文可以看出，运用分类的方式可使文章脉络清晰层次分明，使读者更加清楚地了解并记住络清晰层次分明，使读者更加清楚地了解并记住文章所要说明的事物。）文章所要说明的事物。）18E Ex xp po os su三）比较和对比说明文三）比较和对比说明文u比较对照比较对照是写说明文的常用方式。在大多数情况是写说明文

19、的常用方式。在大多数情况下，比较与对照是不能分开的。一篇文章中既可下，比较与对照是不能分开的。一篇文章中既可以比较对照两个或两个以上的事物，阐明它们所以比较对照两个或两个以上的事物，阐明它们所存在的相同点，也可以用同样的方法阐明它们的存在的相同点，也可以用同样的方法阐明它们的不同点。不同点。u写这类文章时应牢记以下原则：写这类文章时应牢记以下原则：19u1)1)比较对照只能在同类的比较对照只能在同类的(通常是两个通常是两个)事物之间进行；事物之间进行；u2)2)比较对照说明文有两种模式：比较对照说明文有两种模式：u同时比较：同时比较：A1/B1,A2/B2,A3/B3 A1/B1,A2/B2,

20、A3/B3 u先后比较先后比较:A1,A2,A3/B1,B2,B3:A1,A2,A3/B1,B2,B3u3)3)比较对照的事物各自占的篇幅应大致相同，比较对照比较对照的事物各自占的篇幅应大致相同，比较对照的项目也应一致；的项目也应一致；u4)4)比较对照必须以有关的具体实例为依据；比较对照必须以有关的具体实例为依据；u5)5)比较对照说明文通过指出两者的异同来阐明具体问题。比较对照说明文通过指出两者的异同来阐明具体问题。20E Ex xp po os su ugh old people in the United States and in Japan are treated the same

21、in some way,in other ways they are treated differently.uIn both countries the elderly are shown respect.Young people will give them a seat on a bus or train or will open a door for them.In both countries older people may ride the bus or go to a show for less money than the young have to pay.u.21E Ex

22、 xp po os sn the elderly have the highest respect.Grandparents live with their families all their lives.They help to raise the grandchildren.If any one need advice,the first person to be asked is the grandfather,because he is the wisest.In the United States,the grandparents live with other old peopl

23、e in“Senior citizen”places.They see their grandchildren only on holidays or special times.uI think it is better for families to live together in companionship.22E Ex xp po os s明明文文包包含含有有两两个个方方面，面，一一个个是是看看到到一一种种现现象象推推断断某某成成因，因，一一个个是是根根据据某某一一现现象象的的特特点点推推测测它它可可能能的的发发展展或或者者是是它它在在某某种种条条件件变变化化下下的的可可能能结结果。

24、果。u分分析析原原因因和和结结果果是是个个复复杂杂的的过过程。程。写写因因果果说说明明文文时，时，切切记记以以下下几几点：点：23E Ex xp po os s注注意意不不要要犯犯逻逻辑辑错错误；误；3 3）要要区区分分直直接接原原因因与与间间接接原原因因,直直接接后后果果与与间间接接后后果果以以及及主主要要原原因因与与次次要要原原因因,主主要要结结果果与与次次要要结结果；果；4 4）不不要要遗遗漏漏一一系系列列原原因因和和结结果果中中的的任任何何一一个个环环节；节；5 5）语语言言要要客客观观,分分析析要要有有根根据据,事事实实要要确确凿。凿。24E Ex xp po os su例如：例如：

25、Deserts are spreading very rapidly mainly for two reasons.uFirst,in some regions there are too many cattle,goats and sheep.These animals eat the plant which would keep the top soil from washing or blowing away.Next,in areas where people depend on wood for heating and cooking,trees are cut down.If th

26、ese areas are overpopulated,every piece of burnable wood may disappear.Consequently,the deserts move in.25E Ex xp po os su(ts are spreading very rapidly，后后分分析析原原因，因，如如牛牛羊羊过过多多导导致致绿绿草草减减少。少。人人为为乱乱砍砍滥滥伐，伐，森森林林遭遭到到破破坏。坏。原原因因分分析析真真实实可可信，信，重重点点突突出，出，给给人人留留下下深深刻刻印印象。象。)26E Ex xp po os s主主要要是是分分析析具具体体的的操操作

27、作步步骤，骤，采采用用的的顺顺序序通通常常都都是是时时间间顺顺序，序，一一些些表表示示时时间间推推移移的的词词和和短短语语是是常常用用的，的，如：如：first,second,third,then,soon,now,next,at last,consequently,while,in ten minutes 等等等。等。u例例如：如：27E Ex xp po os su euThere are several steps to build a camp fire.First,collect a good supply of wood,small branches and larger logs

28、.Second,twist newspaper into small knots.Third,make a pile on the ground of several paper knots.Fourth,cover this pile with a few small branches.Lay the larger pieces of wood on the camp fire from different directions.Fifth,place logs and larger pieces of wood over the branches.Finallystrike a match

29、 and ignite the paper at the bottom of the camp fire,lighting it in several paces,you will be rewarded with a roaring blaze.28E Ex xp po os su五、如何写说明文的引言段五、如何写说明文的引言段u 写说明文通常要有一个概述用来提出主题。写说明文通常要有一个概述用来提出主题。这个概述就是引言段的内容。这个概述就是引言段的内容。u其写法是：其写法是：u）概述某一现象或事物、事理的基本特征）概述某一现象或事物、事理的基本特征+主题主题u）概要介绍事物、事理的总貌或

30、局部特征以引起读者）概要介绍事物、事理的总貌或局部特征以引起读者求知的兴趣和积极性求知的兴趣和积极性+主题主题u）提供正确获取知识所必需的背景材料）提供正确获取知识所必需的背景材料+主题主题u）指出使对方认识事物，了解有关信息的目的、要求）指出使对方认识事物，了解有关信息的目的、要求或依据等或依据等+主题主题29E Ex xp po os suExample1:u How to Eliminate Stress(如何消除紧张）如何消除紧张）u As the pace of living continues to increase,more and more people are in the

31、habit of rushing through life,especially in big cities.We know too much stress in not good to our health.Sometimes it can lead to poor performance and illness.Many ways can contribute to solving this serious problem,but the following may be most effective.30E Ex xp po os suExample 2 u Why Do Many To

32、urists Like Visiting Museums?u Many people visit museums when they travel in an unfamiliar place.Even if they do not have enough time,they would rather visit a museum than any other scenic sports.There are many reasons for this phenomenon,but in general,they come down to three major ones.31E Ex xp p

33、o os suExample 3u Now,when a person is hunting for a job,there will always be a job interview,and the job interview has a lot of advantages.The interviewer and interviewee can know about each other through it.u 32E Ex xp po os suExample 4 uIf there is an essay which tells the customer how to complai

34、n to the boss of a store when he bought a faulty item in the store,the beginning can be written as follows:33E Ex xp po os suWhen a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturers claim for it,the first step is to present the warranty

35、(保单保单)or any other records which might help at the store of purchase.In some cases,this action will produce results.However,if it does not,there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.u 紧接着紧接着,作者按先后顺序介绍了简单的、比较有效的、作者按先后顺序介绍了简单的、比较有效的、有效的和最有效的措施。说明的内容层层深入。因为有开有效的和最有效的措施。说明的内容层层深入。

36、因为有开头段总述，所以文章的过渡显得非常自然。头段总述，所以文章的过渡显得非常自然。34E Ex xp po os s六、六、如何写主体段如何写主体段 在这个阶段，我们应当用足够的细节、实例、事实来支撑在这个阶段，我们应当用足够的细节、实例、事实来支撑文章的主题。文章的主题。采用的方法有：采用的方法有：列举法、例证法、因果法、比较对照法、列举法、例证法、因果法、比较对照法、分类法、程序法等。分类法、程序法等。写作的顺序有：写作的顺序有：）以时间为顺序，用于重点写事物变化过程的文章。）以时间为顺序，用于重点写事物变化过程的文章。）按空间顺序，用于介绍自然景物、名胜古迹的文章。）按空间顺序，用于介

37、绍自然景物、名胜古迹的文章。）按主次轻重的顺序，用于重点解说事物效能、用途或）按主次轻重的顺序，用于重点解说事物效能、用途或全面介绍事物特点的文章。全面介绍事物特点的文章。）按事理逻辑次序以及必须反映事物自身逻辑顺序的文）按事理逻辑次序以及必须反映事物自身逻辑顺序的文章。章。35u How to Eliminate Stress (The body para.)u First of all,we must know ourselves well to lower our goal.The high goal is the main cause of stress.So we cannot se

38、t out our goal too high.Besides,we can slow down the pace of living to adjust our life and enjoy our leisure time,such as having some physical exercises,taking a walk and listening to music.All in all,relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body.Finally,keeping in touch with your friends is a

39、lso a good way,because when we are in the stress,well feel upset.Thus,we should find friends to talk with.Then we will feel better.36u Why Do Tourists Like Visiting Museums?u For one thing,these people are very interested in history.They can learn lots of things that happened in ancient time.Moreove

40、r,they can see with their own eyes many products made thousands of years ago.Perhaps the prime reason is that a museum is full of all kinds of culture knowledge and people can learn many things and will feel proud of mans civilization.(按主次轻重的顺序按主次轻重的顺序)37七、七、如何写结尾段如何写结尾段u结尾段主要是对说明对象进行总的概括性说明，结尾段主要是对

41、说明对象进行总的概括性说明，以达到归纳文章重点和深化主题的作用。其具体以达到归纳文章重点和深化主题的作用。其具体内容可分为以下几项：内容可分为以下几项：u）解释说明事物按逻辑顺序达到的终结点。）解释说明事物按逻辑顺序达到的终结点。u）强调掌握有关知识或信息的重要性。）强调掌握有关知识或信息的重要性。u）介绍当前对该对象的总体认识水平，展望研究前景。）介绍当前对该对象的总体认识水平，展望研究前景。u）说明或重申使对方掌握该知识或信息的目的、要求或）说明或重申使对方掌握该知识或信息的目的、要求或依据。依据。u）总括或重申对象的全貌或基本特征等。）总括或重申对象的全貌或基本特征等。38u How t

42、o Eliminate Stress(concluding para.)u These are not the best and the only three measures we can take.But it should be noted that we should take strong actions to prevent ourselves from having too much stress.(说明或重申使对方说明或重申使对方掌握该知识或信息的目的。掌握该知识或信息的目的。)39u Why Do Tourists Like Visiting Museums?(conclud

43、ing para.)u From the forgoing(综上所述）综上所述）,many people like visiting museums.This is a very popular phenomenon nowadays.I also belong to this group.If you dont,please join us.(总括或重申对象的全貌或总括或重申对象的全貌或基本特征基本特征)uMore examples:40E Ex xp po os su e.g.1Female Roles in Todays Chinau The role of women in today

44、s china has changed a lot.Women are regarded as“half of the sky”-that is,they are as equally important as men.（概述）（概述）When more and more women begin to work,thousands of them have obtained great achievements in different fields as farmers,workers,scientists,and leaders.Therefore,their social positio

45、n has greatly improved.41E Ex xp po os suWomen have become more and more equal to men.Besides the same opportunity of employment,for example,they also have the right to vote,the right to get equal pay for equal work.Even in a family,husband and wife are more and more equal when it comes to housework

46、.（举例）（举例）u With the improvement of their roles,women will lead a happier and happier life.（强调妇女社会地位的改善及展（强调妇女社会地位的改善及展望妇女的美好未来）望妇女的美好未来）42E Ex xp po os sE.g.2 Benefits of Early Rising We can get many benefits from early rising.（指出使对方认识事物，了解有关信息的目的）指出使对方认识事物，了解有关信息的目的）First of all,it can be helpful t

47、o our health.The air in the early morning is quite fresh.If we get up early and go to do some exercises,we can breathe fresh air,which cleans our mind and strengthens our lungs and hearts.Then it gives us a good beginning of a day.43E Ex xp po os s Second,early rising can supply us enough time to pr

48、epare for study or work.Many students or workers go to their classroom or offices without breakfast for fear of being late.If we get up early,we will not do things in a hurry but get everything ready for a new days study or work.（举例）（举例）For some other people,there might be more benefits,but the abov

49、e mentioned two benefits are the most common ones.（用不同的词语表达既避免了（用不同的词语表达既避免了文章的冗余又强调了早起的好处）文章的冗余又强调了早起的好处）44E Ex xp po os s E.g.3 Benefits of a Good Breakfastu Nowadays more and more people have realized the importance of a good breakfast.No matter how busy they are,they dont want to skip it.They be

50、gin to pay great attention to its variety as well as the quality.(概述概述)u 45E Ex xp po os su A good breakfast can help us to develop a good habit of going to bed early and getting up early.Most of the people skipping breakfast are those who tend to oversleep.They dont have time to get breakfast.In or