中级写作精讲.ppt

1、中级写作精讲 Unit Three:Pop Icons and Unit Three:Pop Icons and HeroesHeroesMain tasksMain tasks To learn 1)how to support you claim in an argumentative essay 2)the use of language(conciseness)I.I.Revision:ArgumentationRevision:Argumentation1.Essential elements of argumentation1.Essential elements of argum

2、entation 1)The issue 2)The claim 3)The support types of support reasons,evidence,emotional appeal)4)Refutation The claim in an argumentative essayThe claim in an argumentative essay1)It is the point of view the author tries to prove about the issue,that is,the authors view on the issue(the thesis st

3、atement)2)A claim is basically composed of two partstwo parts:the the first part is the issuefirst part is the issue under the discussion and the second part is the comment or the judgmentthe second part is the comment or the judgment on on the issuethe issue.3)It is not objective/impartial,but subj

4、ectively subjectively asserted by the authorasserted by the author,based on his/her specific knowledge structure,value system,etc.4)A claim in argumentation is meant to be presented for“public acceptance”for“public acceptance”-any claim that clashes with the basic interests and principles of the tar

5、geted public is most likely to be rejected (based on the public goodbased on the public good)5)It requires supportive evidence)It requires supportive evidence to show to the audience/readers that it is well-founded and trustworthy.Types of claims Types of claims see p.26-Claims in argumentation are

6、usually classified into three typesthree types,each with a different question to address:l a claim of factclaim of factl a claim of value a claim of valuel a claim of policy a claim of policy1).1).A claim of factA claim of fact A)It refers to the type of claim an author makes about a certain fact;in

7、 other words,it is a statement about the status or conditions of a fact.B)As a claim of facta claim of fact concerns the factual status of an issue,to justify it requires one to demonstrate how true it is in realityA claim of factA claim of fact can only be supported by factual evidence a)direct fac

8、tual evidence a)direct factual evidence(statistics,hard proof,etc.)b)indirect factual evidence b)indirect factual evidence(authority,inferences based on known facts)C)A claim of factA claim of fact should not be confused with the fact itself.a)a claim of fact is a mental interpretation of a certain

9、reality;a report or a description about a fact,usually based on the authors belief,based on the authors belief,outlook,way of perception,knowledge structure,outlook,way of perception,knowledge structure,etc.etc.b)the author actually gives the fact a strong gives the fact a strong subjective coloring

10、.subjective coloring.2)A claim of value2)A claim of value -It is different from a claim of fact A)Not a statement about the truthfulness of facts B)Not intend to assert whether something has existed,exists,or will exist,but used to make judgments C)To express ones attitude towards something To expre

11、ss ones attitude towards something by approving or disapproving according to some by approving or disapproving according to some standard or value systemstandard or value system B)Effective claims of valueEffective claims of value are based on a)some value system,tastes or preferences shared by a ce

12、rtain publicshared by a certain public b)supported by sufficient evidence/proof to show to the audience/reader that it is well-founded and trustworthy 3)A claim of policy 3)A claim of policyA)As the name suggests,it advocates adoption of policies or courses of action because problems have arisen cal

13、ling for solution B)It usually contains two subclaimstwo subclaims:Claim of policysubclaimsubclaim problem to be addressedaction to tackle the problemII.II.Argumentation(the support)Argumentation(the support)1.The support defined The evidence the author provides to show that his/her claim is well-fo

14、unded.The 3 common types of support3 common types of support are:2.Types of support 2.Types of support ReasonsReasons (p.51)Evidence Evidence (pp.51-52)Emotional appealEmotional appeal (pp.51,125)A)Emotional appealA)Emotional appeal is effective a)when pure evidential support is not sufficient to wi

15、n over the audience to your side b)the author makes a direct appeal to the audience for support trying to bring the audience around to accept trying to bring the audience around to accept his/her claim by saying that they share the his/her claim by saying that they share the same value,needs,etc.sam

16、e value,needs,etc.B)In real argumentation a)these types of support are often combinedoften combined to work for the effect;b)it is of vital importance to make sure the support provided for the claim is sufficient,sufficient,up-to-date and relevant up-to-date and relevant Practicing the guidelines Pr

17、acticing the guidelines p.53-Ex.2 Ex.2 Study the following short passages and find out what type(s)of evidence used in each to support the topic sentence(reason).1)Examples2)statistics3)personal observation 4)expert opinion III.The use of languageIII.The use of language (conciseness)(conciseness)1.W

18、hat is conciseness?1.What is conciseness?a)It means being direct and to the point,without using unnecessary words.If the idea is fully expressed,the fewer words,the better.b)The opposite of conciseness -redundancy redundancy(using more words than necessary)wordinesswordiness(using too many words)onl

19、y obscure,instead of clarifying,the idea.avoid redundancy and tighten wordy sentences to achieve conciseness.2.How to achieve conciseness 2.How to achieve conciseness 1)1)Avoid repetition of ideasAvoid repetition of ideas 1.Thanksgiving fosters a sense of belonging and togetherness.RevisedRevised:Th

20、anksgiving fosters a sense of belonging.2.It was blue in color Revised:Revised:It was blue.3.It was small in size.Revised:Revised:It was small.4.Mary is a quiet and careful woman.Revised:Revised:Mary is quiet and careful.2)2)Avoid unnecessary repetition of wordsAvoid unnecessary repetition of words

21、Example:1.The first woman to chair the committee was Li Ming.Ms.Li Ming was also the youngest person ever to hold the office.Revised:Revised:Ms.Li Ming,the first woman to chair the committee,was also the youngest ever to hold the office.2.My father complains that Im always on the phone,at any time o

22、f the day.He means that I dont give anyone else a chance to use it.Revised:Revised:My father complains that no one else has a chance to use the phone because Im on it all day.3)3)Take out the paddingTake out the padding(unnecessary and uninteresting words added to make a sentence longer)Examples 1.H

23、e returned in the early part of the month of August.Revised:Revised:He returned in early August.2.What I believe is that you succeed largely because of your perseverance.Revised:Revised:I believe you succeed largely because of your perseverance.4).4).Change clauses/phrases into phrases/single Change

24、 clauses/phrases into phrases/single words.words.Examples1.The report,which was released recently,shocked everyone in the school.Revised:Revised:The recent report shocked everyone in the school.2.the class showing the best performance the best class3.a man with ambition an ambitious man 5)5)Avoid ov

25、erusing the noun forms of verbsAvoid overusing the noun forms of verbs.The function of this department is the collection of funds for children not in school.Revised:Revised:This department collects funds for children not in school.3.3.Practicing the GuidelinePracticing the Guidelines s p.55 Ex.1 1)W

26、;2)W;3)C);4)C;5)W;6)W;7)W;8)Ex.1 1)W;2)W;3)C);4)C;5)W;6)W;7)W;8)W;9)W;10)CW;9)W;10)C Ex.2 Ex.2 Rewrite the following sentences to make them Rewrite the following sentences to make them more concise more concise p.55 1.The teaching plan took two months to revise.2.The students completed the project b

27、y the deadline3.In May people of different professions in this city will elect representatives,who will attend a national congress of model workers in Beijing in October.4.All members agreed that a meeting was necessary.5.Surrounded by trees,the house can hardly be seen from the outside.6.Mrs.Johnso

28、n approved of my idea to reduce the homework load.7.The committee agreed to help Mr.Smith decide on priorities.8.If you need help in completing your project,please notify Mr.Wills,my assistant.9.We will not know the results until we complete this contest.10.I am amazed to discover that we have been

29、contacting the wrong person for a solution.Reading for WritingReading for Writing Your Peers Compositions Your Peers Compositions pp.65-Li Ao-Li Ao-Gong YiduoHe Jiong:Is He Worth Admiring?He Jiong:Is He Worth Admiring?-Li NaPleas for Sister LinPleas for Sister Lin -Song RuiKeep a Safe Distance from

30、Pop IconsKeep a Safe Distance from Pop Icons-Fei Chen Questions to think about1.What are the arguments for the four essays?1.What are the arguments for the four essays?2.Do you consider the writers ways of 2.Do you consider the writers ways of developing their thesis effectively?Why?developing their

31、 thesis effectively?Why?1.What are the arguments for the four essays?1.What are the arguments for the four essays?Passage 1Passage 1:the writer argues that she admires Li Ao for his knowledge,pertinacity and out-spokenness despite all the criticisms he has received.Passage 2Passage 2:the writer stat

32、es the reasons why she admires He Jiong:his talent,humor and personality Passage 3:Passage 3:although Lin Daiyu is generally said to be narrow-minded,not easy-going and acrimonious,these remarks can never mar her beauty in heart and in looks.Passage 4:Passage 4:the writer cautions readers to keep a

33、safe distance from pop icons because they can be a negative example for the healthy development of young people.2.Do you consider the writers ways of 2.Do you consider the writers ways of developing their thesis effectively?Why?developing their thesis effectively?Why?Yes,since they all provide reaso

34、ns and evidence to support/prove their point of view.They want to prove that a figure,though controversial,may merit our admiration,as in the cases of Li Ao,He Jiong and Lin Daiyu;for all their good looks and popularity,some pop icons may even have negative influence upon young people,as in the case of Michael Jackson,etc.感谢下感谢下载载