美国文学现实主义文学课件.ppt

1、Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)Requirements:1.Class Attendance2.Preparatory work and after-class reading-Part IVThe Literature of Realism美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)I.II.III.IV.V.Historical IntroductionLiterar

2、y Movements between the Civil War and the First World WarThe Establishment of American PoetryRise of the American NovelLiterature on the Black-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)Historical Overview1.The Civil War2.the development of railroads3.the spread of industrialism4.t

3、he frontier-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)The gilded age镀金时代镀金时代:seemingly prosperous society;an age of excess and extremes,of decline and progress,of poverty ad dazzling wealth,of gloom and buoyant hope-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)美国资本

4、主义大工业迅猛发展美国资本主义大工业迅猛发展,迫使原住民离乡背井迫使原住民离乡背井,这幅图画展示的就是这幅图画展示的就是“镀金时代镀金时代”的景象的景象-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)II Literary Movementsbetween the Civil War and the First World War1.American Realism2.American Naturalism3.Local Colorism-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义

5、文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)Realism:a mode of writing that gives the impression of recording or“reflecting”faithfully an actual way of life.Modern criticism frequently insists that realism is not a direct or simple reproduction of reality but a system of conventions producing a lifelike illusion of some“re

6、al”world outside the text,by processes of selection,exclusion,description,and manners of addressing the reader.(Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms)-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)?Emphasizes objectivity and offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of

7、human nature and human experience.?Realists seek truth that is verifiable by experience and have practical consequences.They expressed the concern for the world of experience,of the commonplace,and for the familiar and the low.?Realism is embedded in a mimetic theory of art.Realists believe that lit

8、erature imitates reality.-Features of RealismPart IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)1.American Realism Representatives of American Realism?Mark Twain 马克吐温William Dean Howells 威廉迪恩豪威尔斯Henry James 亨利詹姆斯-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)2.American Natur

9、alism?Naturalism is a more deliberate kind of realism in novels,stories and plays,usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment.-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)2.American NaturalismFeatures of American Naturalism?A

10、post-Darwinian movement(the survival of the fittest)of the late 19th century?Naturalism applies the principles of scientific determination to fiction.?The world is amoral;?Men and women have no free will;their lives are controlled by heredity and the environment?Religious“truths”are illusory?The des

11、tiny of humanity is misery in life and oblivion indeath.(pessimism and deterministic ideas)-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)2.American Naturalism2.1 The major writers of American NaturalismStephen Crane 斯蒂芬斯蒂芬克莱恩克莱恩?Frank Norris 弗兰克弗兰克诺里斯诺里斯?Jack London 杰克杰克伦敦伦敦?Henry Ad

12、ams 亨利亨利亚当斯亚当斯?Theodore Dreiser 西奥多西奥多德莱塞德莱塞?-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)Local Colorism?Local colorism is dependent upon a specific geographical location.Local colorists give emphasis to the local details by tapping into its folklore,history,mannerism,custom,beliefs

13、 and speech.Dialects peculiarities are the defining characteristic of local color writings.They tend to idealize and glorify,but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.Mark Twain-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)III The Establishment of Ameri

14、can Poetry1.2.Walt WhitmanEmily Dickinson-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)沃尔特沃尔特.惠特曼惠特曼(1819-1892)I.Reputation?One of the most originaland inspiring American poets“An American bard at last!One of the roughs,large,proud,affectionate,eating,drinking,and breeding,his costum

15、e manly and free,his face sunburnt and bearded,his postures strong and erect”(from“Leaves of Grass”1st edition)Walt Whitman-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)II.Life StoryBorn on Long Island (长岛),New York(his parents were 1820poor and semiliterate)1830Began working as an o

16、ffice boy in a law firm,then for a 1831doctor(he had only five or six years of formal 1832schooling,but through private reading he became well 1833educated)18341836-1841Worked as an elementary school teacher1842Became editor of The New York Aurora1848Make a sojourn in the South1819-Part IV The Liter

17、ature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)II.Life Storyself-published the first edition of Leaves of Grass1856During the Civil Wara correspondent for The New York Times 1857and a volunteer nurse in army hospitals1884With the money from the 6th edition he was able to buy his own house1892 died at C

18、amden(A city of western New Jersey)He was poor all his life and never married.1855-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)III.His Major Contribution1.Centered on ideas of democracy,equality,and brotherhood.Why?Whitmans life time saw the Civil War and witnessed both the apex(顶点)

19、and the abolition of slavery.2.Develop a type of poetry that was uniquely American,that both surpassed and broke the mold of its predecessors.(free verse)Why?In response to the rise of the United States as a commercial and political power in the world.-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主

20、义文学(1860-1914)Free Verse 自由诗自由诗Free verse is rhymed or unrhymed poetry free from conventional rules of meter;instead,it uses the cadences(抑扬顿挫)of natural speech.Whitman created a rhythm that corresponds to the vibrancy and flow of his emotions and sensory perceptions.Whitman pioneered“free verse”and

21、 made it acceptable in American poetry.Poets famous for their works composed in free verseinclude Walt Whitman,Ezra Pound,T.S.Eliot,Amy Lowell and Carl Sandburg.-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)Leaves of Grass草叶集草叶集（first in 1855）a poet who is a fervent advocate for equa

22、lity and democracy,a poet celebrating the people in village and cities of America,a poet in love with a Nature embodying the Over-soul and a poet who expressed the pleasures of sex and the sensuality of the body.Whitman openly celebrates the“body electric”,the sexual organs,and the act of sex.He was

23、 the one of the first poets to write abut the masturbation,female eroticism,homosexuality and the anguish of sexual desire being repressed.-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)自己之歌自己之歌1我赞美自己，我歌唱自己，我赞美自己，我歌唱自己，凡我接受者，你也将接受，凡我接受者，你也将接受，因为属于我的每个原子，也属于你。因为属于我的每个原子，也属于你。我邀请灵魂一道逍遥，

24、我邀请灵魂一道逍遥，我逍遥自在地俯身下视，观察一片夏天的青草。我逍遥自在地俯身下视，观察一片夏天的青草。我的舌头，我血液中的每个原子，都来自这些泥土、我的舌头，我血液中的每个原子，都来自这些泥土、这些空气，这些空气，我在这里为父母所生，我的父母也在这里为父母所生，我在这里为父母所生，我的父母也在这里为父母所生，他们的父母也是如此，他们的父母也是如此，我我现在现在37岁，身体健壮，开始起步了，岁，身体健壮，开始起步了，-但愿永不停止，一直到死。但愿永不停止，一直到死。Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)V.Sp

25、ecial Features of his Poems1.Topics:songs for himself,for the labour of the common American people,for natural creation,for the independence of the country,for love and friendship,and for the memorizing of President Lincoln.2.Poetic structures:2.1 Lines:often long2.5 Composed like mosaics-Part IV Th

26、e Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)V.Special Features of his Poems3.Catalogue techniqueTypical poems by Whitman make long,long lists of images,of sights,sounds,smells,taste and touch4.Language?Parallelism or a rhythm of thought?Phonetic recurrence?Strong tendency to use oral English:

27、Slang words,foreign words,technical words,sexual words,and learned words-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)VI.Leaves of GrassGrass:section 6“A child said what is the grass?”?“I guess it must be the flag of my disposition,out of hopeful green stuff woven”ideal and hope?“Spr

28、outing alike in broad zones and narrow zones”equality?“goes onward and outward,nothing collapses”development-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)VI.Leaves of Grass1.Americas first genuine epic poem.2.The title implies rebirth,renewal or green life3.Nine editions with more th

29、an 400 poems all written in free verse formfree flowing,simple and sometimes rather crude,conversational and casual4.extols the ideals of equality and democracy without rank and hierarchy.eg.He moves from himself to“you”and to others,to all humanity en masse about him;sing of the“en masse”and self a

30、s well-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)Leaves of Grass5.Shows concern for scientific achievements.(atom,dynamo,oil)6.Describes sexual love.The famous“twenty-ninth bather”can be found in the eleventh section of“Song of Myself”.In this section a woman watches twenty-eight

31、young men bathing in the ocean.She fantasizes about joining them unseen,and describes their semi-nude bodies in some detail.(like Emersons“transparent eyeball”)The lavish eroticism(色情)reinforces this idea:sexual contact allows two people to become one yet not one-it offers a moment of transcendence.

32、-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)Emily Dickinson 艾米莉艾米莉.迪金森迪金森(1830-1886)I.Reputation?A poet of genuinely philosophical and tragic dimensions.?Aromantic poet?A recluse?Shares the same reputation with Poe and Whitman as Americas most innovative poet-Part IV The Literature

33、 of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)II.Life StoryBorn in Amherst,Massachusetts(a well-to-do family)1854Went to Washington D.C.for a short time 1855Went to Philadelphia for a visit,enamored with a married 1856clergyman,Charles Wadsworth1886Died of Brights disease(布赖特氏病，肾小球肾炎)at 1887Amherst.1830?di

34、d not travel much and did not marry be acquainted with the works of Emerson,Thoreau and Hawthornestudied the Bible-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)III.Her Major WorksShe wrote 1775 poems,but she had only seven poems published during her lifetime.?“Because I could not sto

35、p for Death”“因为我不能停下来等待死神”“A Bird came down the Walk”“一只小鸟沿小径走来”“I died for Beauty but was scarce”“我为美而死-但几乎不”“I heard a Fly buzz when I died”“我听到了苍蝇的嗡嗡声-在我死时”-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)IV.Her Theory of Poetry1.She regarded the poet as a seer(先知，预言家）.2.Poetry had a

36、n impact on ones life.3.She stressed indirection.Her poems are obscure,cryptic(隐密的）,indirect and paradoxical.4.Her poems demonstrate inconsistency.-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)V.Subjects of Her Poems1.“Her subjects were love,death,nature,religion,immortality,pain,bea

37、uty.”(McMichael)?Death:an inevitable conclusion of lifepersonified as a monarch,a lord,or a kind but irresistible lover?Beauty:perceived in the wholeness and harmonious relationships of nature2.The range of her poetry suggests the power of her creativity and imagination.-Part IV The Literature of Re

38、alism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)VI.Her Poetic Style1.Influence of Christian tradition1.1 the Biblical language and allusions1.2 illuminated hidden recesses in the human soul1.3 used the meter of hymns?four-line stanzas,ABCB rhyme schemes?alternations in iambic meter between tetrameter(four feet)and

39、 trimeter(three feet)?place her own long,rhythmic dashes designed to interrupt the meter and-indicate short pausesPart IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)VI.Her Poetic Style2.New England perspective:2.1 Puritan introspection(into the hidden areas of the soul)2.2 Brevity and inte

40、nsity4.Wit4.1 Use of the Persona“I”4.2 Use of Paradox and Irony5.Unorthodox syntax and punctuation?Not inflect the third person singular form of the verb-?Capitalization and dashes often used willfullyPart IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)Because I could not stop for Death1.a

41、lyric2.richest personifications 3.Death:a gentleman,a courtly suitor,a fraudulent seducera statement of Dickinsons own ambivalent reactions to death and immortality?Is death a release from a lifetime of work and suffering?Is death the gateway to a lasting peace in paradise?Is death simply a cold,min

42、dless annihilation?4.theme:death-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)Because I could not stop for DeathStanza 1:Line 1:a lady,the persona of the poet is too busy and too contented to stop for the gentlemans callLine 2:Through his kindness and consideration,she is compelled a

43、t last to go with him.Line 3:The scene is set in the carriageMood:intimacyLine 4:as a true gentleman,he has a chaperone“Immortality”-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)Because I could not stop for DeathStanza 2:Mood:peacefulnessLine1:indicates the peacefulness and pleasantn

44、ess surrounding an appointment with a boy friendLine2-3:She is completely captivated by himShe needs neither labor nor leisure.Line 4:In his“Civility”he has taken care of everything.-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)Because I could not stop for DeathStanza 3:They are near

45、 the edge of the town.Three images:Children:“strove”;youthGazing Grain:maturitySetting Sun:a dying lady is setting;ageThe three images are fused into one:?a mortal experience:the three states of youth,maturity and age,?the cycle of day from morning to evening,?a suggestion of seasonal progression fr

46、om spring through ripening to decline.-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)Because I could not stop for DeathStanza 4:the lady is getting closer to deathThe Dews:“quivering and chill”the traditional associations of the coldness of deathGossamer（轻而软的精细材料):associated with spir

47、itsTippet:something might be seen around the shoulders of a deceased woman.-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)Because I could not stop for DeathStanza 5:they have arrived at a country cemetery.The house:the house of death,a fresh graveStanza 6:The lady is alone now;She had

48、,therefore,apparently been tricked,seduced,and then abandoned.-Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)IV Rise of the American Novel1.2.3.4.The Novel of the West:Mark TwainAmerican Realists:Henry JamesAmerican Naturalists:Jack LondonTheodore Dreiser-Part IV The Literature of Rea

49、lism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)I.BackgroundLocal colorism1)Westward expansion was still going on.The United States had not solidified itself into a cohesive cultural whole.Marked differences existed between different parts of the country.They tried to assert their unique identity and understanding

50、and recognition by showing their local character.2)The frontier humorists had prepared the literary ground for local colorism.(tall tales)3)Magazines appeared to let writers publish-their works.Part IV The Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)Tall talesThe tall tale is a fundamental elem