《现代物理学基础》课件2.ppt
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- 现代物理学基础 现代 物理学 基础 课件
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1、String Theory:A Status ReportFoundations of Modern Physics Quantum Theory Special Relativity General RelativityQuantum Mechanics+Special Relativity=Quantum Field TheoryThe standard model of particle physicsUnprecedented success!Adding Gravity/General RelativityMany problems arise:moonearthgravitongr
2、avitonelectron Quantum fluctuations are infinite!Gravity=General Relativity =Modification of space-timeThis is not merely a technical problembut a conceptual problem.We should not expect the quantization to be easy.Conceptual problems:The light-cone undergoes quantum fluctuations How to maintain cau
3、sality?Information loss in black holes(?)Is the theory unitary?The cosmological constant 10-120M4Planck Why so small?Calculate it.Cosmology,early Universe,inflation Wave function of the Universe Initial conditionsChallenge:Combine General Relativity with Quantum MechanicsString TheoryInvented in the
4、 late 60s as a theory of the strong interactions.Mid 70s:String theory is a theory of gravity!Gravity is not an option in string theory.It is a logical consequence of it!Main idea:the fundamental building blocks are not point-like particles but strings Their small size(10-33cm)makes them look point-
5、like.Different vibration modes of the string are different particles.electronquarkVery economical!The theory on the two-dimensional string world-sheet is reparametrization invariant(geometrical).String InteractionJoining and splitting First String Revolution The Perturbative era(Mid 80s-Mid 90s)Cons
6、istent perturbation expansion Several consistent string theories(type I,type IIA,type IIB,heterotic SO(32),heterotic E8xE8)String propagation in curved spaces Connection to conformal field theory The theory has many ground states characterized by the six dimensional compactification.Some of these gr
7、ound states are similar to our world(4 dimensions,electrons,photons,etc.).Experimental verification is not easy In order to see stringy phenomena we need a microscope with a resolution of 10-33cm.The resolution of the best available accelerators is only 10-16cm.Indirect experimental confirmation is
8、needed!Second String RevolutionThe Non-perturbative era(Mid 90s-?)Exact results using the magic of supersymmetry Extended objects Large extra dimensions Non-commutative geometry String duality String theory is unique Black hole information puzzle Many“ground states”p-branes:0-brane=particle1-brane=s
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