最全的营养和食品卫生学8课件.ppt
- 【下载声明】
1. 本站全部试题类文档,若标题没写含答案,则无答案;标题注明含答案的文档,主观题也可能无答案。请谨慎下单,一旦售出,不予退换。
2. 本站全部PPT文档均不含视频和音频,PPT中出现的音频或视频标识(或文字)仅表示流程,实际无音频或视频文件。请谨慎下单,一旦售出,不予退换。
3. 本页资料《最全的营养和食品卫生学8课件.ppt》由用户(晟晟文业)主动上传,其收益全归该用户。163文库仅提供信息存储空间,仅对该用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对上传内容本身不做任何修改或编辑。 若此文所含内容侵犯了您的版权或隐私,请立即通知163文库(点击联系客服),我们立即给予删除!
4. 请根据预览情况,自愿下载本文。本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
5. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007及以上版本和PDF阅读器,压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 营养 食品 卫生学 课件
- 资源描述:
-
1、特殊人群的营养特殊人群的营养Dietary requirements for specific populations李颖李颖营养与食品卫生学教研室营养与食品卫生学教研室Department of Nutrition and Food Hygienespecific populationsnPregnant women and lactating mothersnInfants、children、adolescence and older peoplenAthletesnspecific environment of groups第一节第一节 孕妇和母乳的营养与膳食孕妇和母乳的营养与膳食Nut
2、rient and dietary requirements of pregnant women and lactation motherspregnancylactationDietary energy requirements Deficient energy needs low birth weight infants limits the success of breastfeeding 一、一、pregnant woman(一)妊娠期的生理特点(一)妊娠期的生理特点(physiological changs in pregnancy)1 1内分泌内分泌 (endocrine)(end
3、ocrine)2 2血液血液(blood)(blood)3 3肾脏肾脏 (renal system)(renal system)4 4消化消化 (gastrointestinal system)(gastrointestinal system)5 5体重体重 (body weight)(body weight)(一)(一)physiological changs in pregnancy 1 1内分泌内分泌(endocrine)(1 1)人绒毛膜促性腺激素)人绒毛膜促性腺激素(human chorionic gonadotropinhuman chorionic gonadotropin,HC
4、GHCG)(2 2)人绒毛膜生长素)人绒毛膜生长素(human chorionic somatomammotropinhuman chorionic somatomammotropin,HCSHCS)(3 3)雌激素)雌激素 (estrogen)(estrogen)(4 4)孕酮()孕酮(progesteroneprogesterone)pregnant womanEstrogen(pg/ml)雌激素雌激素 HCG 绒毛膜促性腺激素绒毛膜促性腺激素progesterone 孕酮孕酮Regulation of hormone changes in pregnancy Weeks of gesta
5、tionWeeks of gestationWeeks of gestationWeeks of gestation TSH(1)Blood volume45%50%15%20%2 Blood Physiologic Anemia of PregnancyNon-pregnantNon-pregnantlLate pregnancyLate pregnancyPlasma protein Plasma albumen(2)Plasma protein70g/L60g/L40g/L25g/LRelatively dilution of blood3Renal systemRenal plasma
6、 flow 75%Glomerular filtration rate50%Renal reabsorption肾小球滤过率 肾小管的重吸收肾血浆流量 蛋白质代谢产物尿素(urea)、尿酸(uric acid)、肌酸(creatine)、肌酐(creatinine)等排泄增多;尿中叶酸、葡萄糖排出量增加,出现糖尿。4Gastrointestinal system nEndocrine changes are probably responsible for the symptoms of nausea(恶心)、vomiting(呕吐)、water brash(反酸)、dyspepsia(消化不
7、良)、constipation(便秘).nProlonged transit time of food increase nutrient absorption,such as calcium(钙)、iron(铁)、folic acid(叶酸)、Vitamin B12(维生素B12).5Body weightThe nutritional cost of pregnancy the products of conception,胎儿(fetus)、羊水(amniotic fluid)和胎盘(placenta)母体血液母体血液(mother blood),细胞外液细胞外液(extracellul
8、ar fluid),子宫子宫(uterus),乳腺乳腺(mammary glands)5Body weight BMIRecommended weight gain(kg)malnutrition26.029.07.011.5obesity29.06.0 6.8(二)妊娠期的营养需要(二)妊娠期的营养需要(Nutrient requirements of pregnancy)1 1能量能量 (energy costs of pregnancy)(energy costs of pregnancy)Reference Nutrient Intakes(RNI):mid-and late-gest
9、ation:+0.83MJ.2 2蛋白质蛋白质(protein)(protein)Reference Nutrient Intakes(RNI):early,mid-and late-gestation:5g、15g、20g;3 3脂类脂类(lipids)(lipids)20%30%of total energy(二)(二)Nutrient requirements of pregnancy4矿物质(minerals)(1)钙(calcium):佝偻佝偻(rickets)骨质软化症骨质软化症(osteomalacia)Adequate intake(AI):Early gestation:80
10、0mg,Mid-gestation:1000mg,Late-gestation:1200mg。(2)铁)铁(iron)mineralsNew tissue formationHaematopoiesis in the fetus and the motherTypical blood losses at deliveryPhysiological anemia of pregnancyHaeme iron comes mainly from haemoglobin and myoglobin in meat,poultry,and fish Adequate intake(AI):孕早期孕早期
11、15mg/d,孕中期孕中期25mg/d,孕晚期孕晚期35mg/d。(3)锌锌(zinc)Reference Nutrient Intakes(RNI):Early gestation:11.5mg/d,Mid-late-gestation:16.5mg/d。minerals(4)碘)碘(iodine)Reference Nutrient Intakes(RNI):+200g/d。呆小症呆小症(cretinism)胎儿畸形(fetal anomaly)先天性缺陷(congenital defects)5Vitamins(1)RNI of vitamin A:800gRE/d(early-gest
12、ation),900gRE/d(mid late-gestation),UL(tolerable upper intake level):2400gRE/d。(2)RNI of vitamin D:5g/d(early-gestation),10g/d,UL:20g/d。5Vitamins(3)Vitamin B:VB1 beriberi VB2 iron deficiency anemia folic acid neural tube defects400ug of folic acid per dayor a diet rich in folates3-4/1000 pregnancies
13、less than 1/1000 pregnancies.(三)妊娠期营养对母体和胎儿的影响(三)妊娠期营养对母体和胎儿的影响 (Influence of maternal nutritional status on mothers and fetus)1.influence of maternal malnutrition on mothersiron、folic acid、vitamin B12 osteomalacia(骨质软化症骨质软化症)nutritional dropsy(营养不良性水肿营养不良性水肿)Protein (nutritional anemia、gestational
14、hypertensionDiabates mellitus)anemia、Hypoproteinemia、calcium deficiencyComplication nutritional anemia(营养性贫血营养性贫血)2 2妊娠期营养状况对胎儿和婴儿健康的影响妊娠期营养状况对胎儿和婴儿健康的影响Influence of maternal nutritional status on fetus and infants(1)低出生体重)低出生体重(low birth weight,LBW)Birthweight of less than 2.5kgRecent studies have
15、demonstrated an association between low birth weight and chronic and metabolic disorders in adulthood such as type 2 diabetes,hypertension,and dyslipidemia.早产早产(preterm delivery)胎儿生长发育迟缓胎儿生长发育迟缓(Intrauterine growth retardation)(2)先天性畸形()先天性畸形(congenital malformation)Folic acidneural tube defectsInfl
16、uence of maternal nutritional status on fetus and infants(3)脑发育受损)脑发育受损 (Brain damage):maternal nutritional status (protein energy)(5)巨大儿)巨大儿(macrosomia)nutrient supplementation of healthy pregnant women maternal obesity postpartum brain development intelligence development developing gestational di
17、abetes,pregnancy-induced hypertension.labour in the obese to be prolonged and unsuccessful.Placental transferplacentalfetalumbilical cord uterusCarbohydrate:Mother fetusProtein amino acidsLipids:Concentration-dependent diffusionVitamin A:Bound to retinol binding proteinVitamin D:Calcium:(四)妊娠期的合理膳食原
18、则(四)妊娠期的合理膳食原则1妊娠早期的合理膳食(rational diet during early gestation)2妊娠中、晚期的合理膳食(rational diet during mid late-gestation)二、乳母二、乳母(lactating mother)(一一)哺乳期的生理特点哺乳期的生理特点(Physiological characteristics):the first postpartum week,thick yellow fluid with Lactoferrin,secretory immunoglobulin A(sIgA)Low in volume
19、,high in proteinVolume of milk is only 50 to 100ml per feedOver 2 weeks of lactation,increased protein、lactose and fat contentMilk volumes:about 750ml to 850 ml per 24 hours From 7 days postpartum to 14 days postpartumNutritional problems associated with breastfeeding Specific factor Examples of cli
20、nical problem Low vitamin K content Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn Deficiencies secondary to maternal micronutrient deficiency:Vitamin B1 Infantile beriberi Vitamin B12 Infantile B12 deficiency Vitamin D Neonatal hypocalcaemia;neonatal ricketsHigh glucuronidase levels Breast milk jaundice Trans
21、mission of drugs,viral infection,pesticides dietary antigens etc.Many drugs are transmitted in breast milk in small quantities HIVHepatitis B and C virusesCytomegalovirus(二)哺乳对乳母健康的影响(二)哺乳对乳母健康的影响 1.1.近期影响近期影响 (1 1)促进产后子宫恢复:)促进产后子宫恢复:(2 2)避免发生乳房肿胀和乳腺炎)避免发生乳房肿胀和乳腺炎 (3 3)延长恢复排卵的时间间隔)延长恢复排卵的时间间隔 2.2.远期
22、影响远期影响 (1 1)哺乳与肥胖的关系)哺乳与肥胖的关系(lactation and obesity)(lactation and obesity):(2 2)哺乳与骨质疏松的关系)哺乳与骨质疏松的关系(lactation and osteopo(lactation and osteopor rotic)otic)(3 3)哺乳与乳腺癌的关系)哺乳与乳腺癌的关系(lactation and breast cancer)(lactation and breast cancer)(三)(三)Nutritional requirement of lactation1Energy:RNI:incre
23、ase 2090kJ(500kcal)2Protein:RNI:increase 20g3Lipids:20%25%4Minerals:(1)calcium:AI 1200mg/d (2)Iron:AI 25mg/d。(3)Iodine and zinc:AI 200g/d,21.5mg/d 5.Vitamine:6Water:increment 1LnutrientRNInutrientRNIVA1200g RE/d VB11.8mg/d VD 10g/dVB21.7mg/dVE14mg-TE/dnicotinic acid(烟酸烟酸)18mg/dVC130mg/d(四)哺乳期的合理膳食原则
24、(四)哺乳期的合理膳食原则中国居民膳食指南中国居民膳食指南中关于乳母的膳食指南特别强调:中关于乳母的膳食指南特别强调:保证供给充足的能量;保证供给充足的能量;增加鱼、肉、蛋、奶和海增加鱼、肉、蛋、奶和海产品的摄入。产品的摄入。1 1产褥期膳食产褥期膳食 2 2乳母的合理膳食原则乳母的合理膳食原则 第二节第二节 特殊年龄人群的营养与膳食特殊年龄人群的营养与膳食Nutrition and diet of populations in specific age一、一、Nutrition and diet of infants(一)(一)physiological characteristics 1G
展开阅读全文