肿瘤免疫研课程班课件.pptx
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1、肿瘤抗原肿瘤抗原机体抗肿瘤的免疫机制机体抗肿瘤的免疫机制肿瘤的免疫逃逸机制肿瘤的免疫逃逸机制肿瘤的免疫治疗肿瘤的免疫治疗 Model of sequential genetic alterations leading to metastatic colon cancer.Each of the stages indicated at the bottom is morphologically distinct,allowing researchers to determine the sequence of genetic alterations.多次打击模型多次打击模型(Multihit M
2、odel)一、肿瘤特异性抗原一、肿瘤特异性抗原二、肿瘤二、肿瘤相关性抗原相关性抗原肿瘤抗原肿瘤抗原(Tumor Antigens)1.1.化学化学和物理致癌因素诱发的肿瘤抗原和物理致癌因素诱发的肿瘤抗原2.2.病毒病毒诱发的肿瘤抗原诱发的肿瘤抗原 3.3.癌基因癌基因和突变型抑癌基因表达的肿瘤抗原和突变型抑癌基因表达的肿瘤抗原 4.4.正常正常静止基因表达的肿瘤抗原静止基因表达的肿瘤抗原 一、肿瘤特异性抗原一、肿瘤特异性抗原 Mice were induced to produce tumors by the injection of a chemical carcinogen(methyl-
3、cholanthrene).Tumor cells from these mice were then injected subcutaneously into genetically identical mice.Later,the growing tumor were removed surgically.Mice challenged with the same tumor were able to reject it,but those challenged with a different tumor(induced with the same carcinogen)were not
4、.The ability to reject the tumor could be transferred with lymphoid cells.化学和物理化学和物理(理化理化)致癌因素诱发的肿瘤抗原致癌因素诱发的肿瘤抗原 Experimental induction of immunity against tumor cells induced by polyoma virus(PV)病毒诱发的肿瘤抗原病毒诱发的肿瘤抗原癌基因和突变型抑癌基因表达的肿瘤抗原癌基因和突变型抑癌基因表达的肿瘤抗原 在不同致癌因素和特定条件下,原癌基因可被异常激活,抑癌基在不同致癌因素和特定条件下,原癌基因可被异
5、常激活,抑癌基因发生突变,导致正常细胞癌变,并能检测到异常表达产物或相应的因发生突变,导致正常细胞癌变,并能检测到异常表达产物或相应的编码蛋白。这类蛋白在胞内经处理分解为不同小肽,通过编码蛋白。这类蛋白在胞内经处理分解为不同小肽,通过MHC I类分类分子递呈可作为肿瘤特异性抗原肽被子递呈可作为肿瘤特异性抗原肽被T细胞所识别,激活细胞所识别,激活CTL反应。反应。Wild-type p53 is required to restrain cell growth.Its activity may be lost by deletion of both wild-type alleles or by
6、 a dominant mutation in one allele.突变的抑癌基突变的抑癌基因编码蛋白因编码蛋白 Activation of a growth factor receptor involves ligand binding,dimerization,and autophosphorylation,A truncated oncogenic receptor that lacks the ligand-binding region is constitutively active because it is not repressed by the N-terminal dom
7、ain.癌基因癌基因异常异常激活激活蛋白蛋白Pathways that rely on Ras could function by controlling either GNRF or GAP.Oncogenic Ras mutants are refractory to control,because Ras remains in the active form.Translocations between chromosome 22 and chromosome 9 generate Philadephia chromosomes that synthesize bcl-abl fusio
8、n transcripts that are responsible for two types of leukemia.机体中某些染色机体中某些染色体易位形成新的癌基体易位形成新的癌基因,所编码蛋白由于因,所编码蛋白由于融合点上出现新的氨融合点上出现新的氨基酸顺序和形成新的基酸顺序和形成新的空间构象,仅在恶性空间构象,仅在恶性细胞中表达,并与细细胞中表达,并与细胞的恶性转化密切相胞的恶性转化密切相关关,是是T T细胞识别的细胞识别的特异性肿瘤抗原特异性肿瘤抗原。染色体易位产染色体易位产生的融合蛋白生的融合蛋白Alteration Function of protein Tumor typeP
9、oint mutationERB B2 Growth factor receptor Breast carcinomaFMS CSF-1 receptor AML,myelodysplasiaRas GTP-binding protein Carcinomas and othersp53 Tumor suppressor cell cycle control Many including bladder,colon,lungRB1 Tumor suppressor cell cycle control Retinoblastoma,osteosarcoma Pancreatic carcino
10、maChromosomal translocationBCR-ABL Tyrosine kinase CML,ALLEZA-PRL Transcription factor Pre-B cell ALL H4-RET Growth factor receptor/tyrosine kinase Thyroid carcinomaTPR-MET Growth factor receptor/tyrosine kinase Gastric carcinoma LMYC-RLF Transcription factor Small cell lung carcinomaNPM/ALK Tyrosin
11、e kinase LymphomaDeletion mutations ERB-B Growth factor receptor GlimasGenetic alterations in human tumors producing new protein sequences正常正常静止基因表达的肿瘤抗原静止基因表达的肿瘤抗原 肿瘤肿瘤细胞中某些被细胞中某些被T细胞所识别的抗原往往由正常状态下细胞所识别的抗原往往由正常状态下的的静止静止基因基因(silent genes)所所表达,除人的正常睾丸细胞外,这表达,除人的正常睾丸细胞外,这些基因一般只在恶性细胞中被激活而呈些基因一般只在恶性细胞中被
12、激活而呈异常高表达异常高表达,又被称为又被称为C-T抗原抗原(cancer-testis antigen);其中;其中,已知已知MAGE家族至少有家族至少有14个个成员成员(MAGE-1MAGE-14),它们它们之间具有之间具有高度同源性高度同源性(8090);MAGE家族家族成员成员表达特征表达特征:在:在不同肿瘤中有不不同肿瘤中有不同程度的表达,多个成员也可在同一肿瘤中表达。同一肿瘤同程度的表达,多个成员也可在同一肿瘤中表达。同一肿瘤中可测出多种静止基因的表达。中可测出多种静止基因的表达。这这类基因的编码蛋白经胞质溶胶途径处理成小肽,通过类基因的编码蛋白经胞质溶胶途径处理成小肽,通过MHC
13、 I类分子递呈于肿瘤细胞表面,被类分子递呈于肿瘤细胞表面,被CD8+T细胞所识别。细胞所识别。Tumour antigens recognized by T lymphocytes:at the core of cancer immunotherapy.NATURE REVIEWS|CANCER VOLUME 14|FEBRUARY 2014 Immunogenicity of NY-ESO-1,MAGE-A1,MAGE-A3,and SSX-2CT antigen mRNA Expression frequency Frequency of serum T-cell epitopes ant
14、ibody in cancer patients CD8 CD4NY-ESO-1 34%Melanoma 9%Melanoma A2 DR4 25%Ovarian Cancer 12%Ovarian Cancer A31 16%Lung Cancer 4%Lung Cancer Cw3 24%Breast Cancer 8%Breast Cancer Cw6MAGE-A1 16%Melanoma 1%Melanoma A1 B35 Cw2 DR13 28%Ovarian Cancer 3%Ovarian Cancer A3 B7 Cw3 DR15 49%Lung Cancer 4%Lung C
15、ancer A24 B53 Cw16 18%Breast Cancer 0 Breast Cancer A28MAGE-A3 36%Melanoma 2%Melanoma A1 B35 DR4 17%Ovarian Cancer 0 Ovarian Cancer A2 B37 DR7 47%Lung Cancer 0 Lung Cancer A2 B40 DR11 11%Breast Cancer 0 Breast Cancer A24 B44 DR13 A24 B52SSX-2 35%Melanoma 1%Melanoma A2 Unknown 0 Ovarian Cancer 0 Ovar
16、ian Cancer 17%Lung Cancer 0 Lung Cancer 7%Breast Cancer 0 Breast CancerImmunological Reviews 2002;Vol 188:2232mRNAMAGE-1蛋白309氨基酸HLA-Cw16HLA-A1161 169 EADPTGHSY SAYGEPRKL 开放阅读框 230 238MAGE-1基因X染色体q28区 外显子3 外显子2 外显子1MAGE-1.Cw16肽段 MAGE1基因定位于X染色体q28区,mRNA转录表达的MAGE-1蛋白为309氨基酸,由HLA-A1和HLA-Cw16提呈的抗原肽位于1611
17、69和230238区域氨基酸序列。MAGE-1MAGE-1基因、编码蛋白和抗原肽基因、编码蛋白和抗原肽 肿瘤肿瘤相关性抗原相关性抗原1.1.胚胎胚胎性抗原性抗原2.2.分化抗原分化抗原3.3.癌基因癌基因高表达的抗原高表达的抗原 4.4.异常异常表达的糖脂表达的糖脂/糖蛋白抗原糖蛋白抗原 Elevation of AFP and CEA in serum of patients with various diseases 胚胎性抗原胚胎性抗原 细胞发生恶性转化时,胚胎细胞发生恶性转化时,胚胎抗原编码基因可被激活呈异常表抗原编码基因可被激活呈异常表达,出现在细胞质、膜表面或分达,出现在细胞质、膜
18、表面或分泌在血流中,其蛋白含量与细胞泌在血流中,其蛋白含量与细胞的恶性程度往往呈正相关。的恶性程度往往呈正相关。此类抗原一般难以激发机体此类抗原一般难以激发机体产生抗体,但发现某些抗原可经产生抗体,但发现某些抗原可经胞质溶胶途径处理成抗原肽由胞质溶胶途径处理成抗原肽由MHC I类分子递呈于细胞膜表面,类分子递呈于细胞膜表面,被被T细胞识别。细胞识别。分化抗原分化抗原 分化抗原是细胞在分化成熟不同阶段出现的抗原,不分化抗原是细胞在分化成熟不同阶段出现的抗原,不同来源、不同分化阶段的细胞可表达不同的分化抗原。这同来源、不同分化阶段的细胞可表达不同的分化抗原。这些抗原在多种黑色素瘤细胞呈异常高表达、
19、结构高度同源,些抗原在多种黑色素瘤细胞呈异常高表达、结构高度同源,即很少显示个体差异。异常表达的分化抗原可经胞内途径即很少显示个体差异。异常表达的分化抗原可经胞内途径处理成为抗原肽,通过处理成为抗原肽,通过MHCIMHCI或或IIII类分子递呈于细胞表面,类分子递呈于细胞表面,被被CD8CD8+或或CD4CD4+T T细胞所识别。细胞所识别。某些肿瘤细胞癌基因表达产物未发现突变特征仅有表某些肿瘤细胞癌基因表达产物未发现突变特征仅有表达量的差别。这些过度表达蛋白中某些肽经达量的差别。这些过度表达蛋白中某些肽经MHCI类分子递类分子递呈于细胞表面可被机体呈于细胞表面可被机体CD8+T细胞所识别,同
20、时在某些患者细胞所识别,同时在某些患者体内可测出相应的抗体。体内可测出相应的抗体。癌基因高表达的抗原癌基因高表达的抗原黑色素瘤特异性黑色素瘤特异性CTLCTL识别的黑色素细胞分化抗原肽识别的黑色素细胞分化抗原肽分化抗原分化抗原抗原肽结构抗原肽结构肽位置肽位置递呈分子递呈分子酪氨酸酶酪氨酸酶MLLAVLYCL1-9HLA-A2 YMNGTMSQV369-377HLA-A2 AFLPWHRLF(L)HLA-A24 SEIWRDIDF192-200HLA-B44Pmel 17/gp100KTWGQYWQV154-162HLA-A2 ITDQVQGSV209-217HLA-A2 YLEPGPVTA28
21、0-288HLA-A2 LLGDTATLRL457-466HLA-A2 VLYRYGSFSV476-485HLA-A2Melan-AMART-1(E)AAGIGILTV26(7)-35HLA-A2 ILTVILGVL32-40HLA-A2gp75TRP1HLA-A31Overexpression of oncogene-encoded proteins in human tumorsProtein Normal function Tumor known to express high levels of the proteinCyclin D1 Regulator of the G1-S Br
22、east cancer(approx.20%),Colon cancer(20%)transition via dependent kinase Thyroid cancer,Liver cancer(11-13%)Cyclin E Regulator of the G1-S transition Breast cancer(90%)via bind to cyclin-dependent kinaseMdm2 Nuclear phosphoprotein.Sarcomas(30-36%),Leukaemia(between 42-73%)Inhibits the function of p5
23、3 breast cancer cell line,Gliomas(10-15%)by interaction with the proteinReceptor tyrosine kinasesEGF receptor Receptor for the epidermal Breast cancer(30-40%),Lung cancer(80%),Gliomas,growth factor Bladder cancer(70%),Renal cancer(73%),Head and neck cancer(50%)or more,dependent on type)Erb B2 Recept
24、or belonging to the same Breast cancer(26%),Ovarian cancer(20-30%),Stomach(Her-2/neu)family as the EGFR receptor.Cancer(4%)Non-small-cell lung cancer(up to 30%).Ligand not clearly identified.Nuclear oncogenesC-myc Transcription factor Breast cancer(6-57%),Small-cell lung(20-30%),Cervical cancer(30%)
25、,Testicular cancer,Colon cancer and Head and neck cancer.Proteins involved in the regulation of apoptosisBcl-2 inhibits apoptosis Non-Hodgkins lymphoma(40-80%)WT p53 Tumor suppressor protein,Gliomas(astrocytomas)(60-80%)transcription factor can induce Head and neck cancer(34%),Sarcoma(17%),apoptosis
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