口译技巧和实践第一章-口译导论课件.ppt

1、刘婷婷 主编口译技巧与实践口译技巧与实践第一章 口译导论“口译导论”主要包括下列几方面内容：一、口译的定义与历史；二、口译与笔译；三、口译的分类；四、口译的特点与标准；五、口译人员的素质与素养要求。一、口译的定义与历史口译（又称传译）顾名思义，是指译员以口语将译入语转换为目的语的方式。进一步讲，口译是将一种语言转换成另一种语言的交际活动，在信息发出者和信息接受者之间起桥梁的作用，目的是传递信息，使语言不通的双方能够顺利交流。口译活动可以上溯到人类各种语言逐渐形成后的时期。哥伦布“发现”新大陆后曾将大量印第安人运到西班牙学习西班牙语，并将他们培养成译员。明清时期中国的一些小说中称译为“通事”。直

2、到 20 世纪初，口译活动的开展仍以粗放式为主。第一次世界大战之后，各个国家之间的交往日益频繁，译员的需求急剧增加。1919年，“巴黎和会”首次借助英法两种语言的翻译进行谈判，当时的口译方式主要是发言人讲一段，译员翻译一段，即交替传译，也可称连续口译或接续口译。这是口译历史上的一个重要转折点，第一次正式出现了现代意义上的口译技术，即口译的记忆、笔记、复述等基本技术。此后，美国发明了一种让译员使用耳机听辨源语，同时使用话筒传送译语的“共时翻译”设备，这种设备在当时并没有获得口译界的认同。在第二次世界大战之后的纽伦堡战犯审判中正式启用同声传译，以保证在大量繁杂的听证、辩护、审判工作中能在源语结束时

3、立即“同时”结束译语，以节省时间。“同声传译”从此大出风头，很快在大多数国家普及，并且也代表了口译工作的发展方向。一批专门为国际会议培养高级译员的翻译学院在德国、瑞士、法国和美国应运而生。1953年“国际会议译员协会”的成立，标志着口译人员社会地位的确立。口译作为一门语言艺术开始兴旺起来，并成为一个令人羡慕和追求的高尚职业。二、口译与笔译 1.翻译内容不同2.转换方式不同3.语言运用的不同三、口译的分类 口译就工作方式而言一般分为交替传译（又称即席翻译或接续传译）和同声传译两大类。同声传译可以分为三类：一是会议同传，也叫电化传译；二是视阅传译，简称视译，也叫读译结合；三是耳语传译，就工作性质而

4、言，口译可以划分为外事翻译、军事翻译、商贸翻译、医学翻译、联络翻译、会议翻译、法庭翻译、技术翻译、展览翻译、导游翻译、生活翻译等。四、口译的特点与标准口译的特点1.专业术语庞杂，专业知识要求高2.口译准确性要求高，现场压力大、责任重3.口译活动中不可预测性和灵活性并存口译的标准标准之一：精准。标准之二：顺畅。标准之三：及时。标准之四：得体。五、口译人员的素质与素养要求1.专业素质要求（1）扎实的双语能力（2）熟悉中英文化背景知识，具备较强的跨文化交际能力（3）掌握大量的专业知识和专业术语2.个人素质要求（1）良好的记忆力（2）流畅的语言表达能力（3）较强的随机应变能力（4）良好的品质、得体的仪

5、表3.口译人员的素养要求（1）严格保密（2）量力而行（3）发挥主观能动性（4）公正客观（5）诚实守信口译实践Part I 听录音跟读PassageOne新哲学，新时代难度 原文原文uA New Age,A New PhilosophyA New Age,A New PhilosophyuIf we do not understand the fundamentals and underlying themes of the age we live in,then we will have great difficulty living and working in a successful a

6、nd fulfilled manner.uThis is the beginning of the digital age.As we have invented the age itself,by inventing the computer and telecommunications(along with all their by-products),so now we need to invent a way to understand and live in it.uWe need a philosophy for the digital age.uThe creation of a

7、 digital age philosophy requires us firstly to understand what the underlying fundamentals are that make this age what it is.What makes this age different?uSome readers might wince a little at the word philosophy,thinking that it belongs in academia,not the real world.I make no apologies for using i

8、t because I believe that it is exactly what we need.Going forward without a digital age philosophy is going forward blind.uThose of us over 30 were born and reared in the industrial age.We ate,slept and drank its philosophical tenets.They were in front of us every day,in our homes,in our workplaces,

9、in the newspapers,in our conversations,in our classrooms and playgrounds,in our social and economic structures.We understood terms,such as the working class,the five-day week,9-to-5 and lifetime employment.uOur children will imbue a digital age philosophy in a natural day to day manner,but we of the

10、 older generations must work much harder.We need to shed much of the skin of our industrial age philosophy and thinking,and then learn to wear the philosophy and thinking of the digital age.We need to understand new terms,such as cyberspace,e-commerce,globalisation,teleworking and virtual organisati

11、ons.uThis is not an easy task by any means.It can be both frightening and unnerving.But whether we like it or not we have no choice.If we do not move forward willingly then we will be moved sideways.If we do not become students again,regaining a child-like curiosity and capacity to learn,then we wil

12、l increasingly find that we are living in a world that we do not understand.If we cannot embrace the digital age,then the digital age will push us aside and pass us by.uAs Morris Tabaksblat(Chairman of Unilever)has stated:uChange:Regard it as an ally and not as an enemy.Understand the process that d

13、rives change and you can use it,instead of being used by it.Change:use it,or be used.uOf course,this is not to say that everything changes.The industrial age and all its factories and physical,mechanical things will of course not disappear.People still need cars and televisions and houses to live in

14、.However,the role and importance of such physical products will diminish in absolute value terms as the digital age matures.As has happened to agriculture in the industrial age,so too will happen to industry in the digital age.PassageTwo你在工作中有乐趣吗？难度 原文原文uAre You Having Fun at Work?Are You Having Fun

15、 at Work?uThe lack of humor in workplaces is a real shame,according to experts in corporate culture.Studies have shown that happy workers are productive workers,which enhances profitability.uThe stress that is endemic in todays workplace is no joke.If you can learn to laugh,you and everyone around y

16、ou will better weather the stress storms.uPaul McGhee,Ph.D.,of“The Laughter Remedy”says that a good sense of humor will contribute to your success in these ways:u1.Change.Roles and responsibilities are changing rapidly in todays workplace.Your sense of humor provides the resilience needed to cope wi

17、th change.u2.Growing leadership.As your career progresses,youll probably be asked to lead more and make more decisions in your organization.Building your humor skills will boost your ability to lead effectively.u3.Increased stress.As already mentioned,stress is a factor in all jobs.The more responsi

18、bility you assume,the more stress you experience.Humor is one of the most powerful stress-management tools around.Laughter helps you reduce muscle tension,release anger,improve your ability to overcome panic and bring anxiety under control,as well as keep a more positive frame of mind.u4.Demand for

19、creativity and innovation.A better sense of humor will enhance your creative thinking abilities.u5.Outstanding communication skills.Everyone in your organization needs these skills,and humor can be a wonderful way both to boost interest in what you have to say and help you become an accepted team me

20、mber.uOkay,are you ready to laugh it up and encourage your colleagues to do the same?Here are several helpful suggestions to get you started using humor.uStep 1.Surround yourself with humor and determine the nature of your sense of humor.How to do this?Watch more comedy movies;look for cartoons in m

21、agazines and newspapers;spend more time with your funniest friends and colleagues.uStep 2.Become more playful and overcome your seriousness.Spend more time playing with your kids;make a list of things you find fun and do one of them every day.uStep3.Laugh more heartily and start telling jokes.uStep

22、4.Play language,puns,and other verbal games.uStep 5.Find humor in everyday life.Look for the unexpected,incongruous,bizarre,and ridiculous aspects of life.uStep 6.Take yourself lightly;laugh at your own mistakes.uStep 7.Find humor in the midst of stress.PassageThree我眼中的英国人难度 原文原文uThe British Through

23、 My EyesThe British Through My EyesuWhile I was studying in London as a visiting scholar,I came to know more of the British culture and customs.During one years study,I noticed that the British behaved quite differently in many ways compared to the Chinese.uBritish people tend to be rather conservat

24、ive.The conservative attitude is only to accept things familiar to them and to be suspicious of anything that is strange or foreign.They like antiques so much that they never hesitate to spend money buying them even if they are useless.A lot of British people remain strongly attached to coal or wood

25、 fireplaces,although it causes a great deal of work and adds to the pollution of the air.uSome of them liked to spend a great deal of money and trouble in putting in dummy fireplace,which would never be used;they thought a living room without a fireplace would be a room without basic characteristic

26、of cosiness.Many rooms are in fact heated by gas or electric fires,but they are usually placed in front of old style fireplaces,and many people choose electric fires designed so as to look like coal fires,with imitation pieces of coal which are lit when the current is turned on.uTo other Europeans,t

27、he best-known quality of the British,and in particular of the English,is“reserve”.A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers,does not show much emotion,and seldom gets excited.It is difficult to get to know a reserved person;he never tells you about anything of himself,and you

28、 may work with him for years without ever knowing where he lives,how many children he has,and what his interests are.uEnglish people tend to be like that.When starting a conversation,one can never ask questions like“How old are you?What is your salary?Where did you buy that watch?”etc.Similarly,conv

29、ersation in Britain is general quiet and restrained.Loud speech is considered ill-bred.The reluctance to communicate with each other is an unfortunate quality in some way since it tends to give the impression of coldness,and it is true that the English are not noted for their generosity and hospital

30、ity.On the other hand,they are perfectly human behind their barrier of reserve and may be quite pleased when a friendly stranger or foreigner succeeds for a time in breaking the barrier down.Closely related to English reserve is English modesty.Within their heart,the English are perhaps no less conc

31、eited than anybody else,but in their relations with others,they value,at least,a show of modesty.Self-praise is felt to be ill-bred.If a person who is very good at table tennis is asked if he is a good player,he will seldom reply“Yes”,because people will think him conceited.He will probably give an

32、answer like,“I am not bad.”or“I am very keen on it.”Also the English are famous for sense of humour.Its starting point is self-depreciation;they like laughing at their own faults,failures and embarrassments,even at their ideals.But they never laugh at a disabled person or a madman.Sympathy is felt t

33、o be stronger than laughter.uThe British people are known for their politeness,but nowadays their habits of politeness are not as formal as before.The greetings such as“Good morning”or“Hello”are enough for each other when people meet.If they happen to see each other in the distance,a cheery wave of

34、the hand is quite satisfactory.Handshakes are only exchanged on a first introduction,special occasions,or as a token of agreement or congratulation.But they do embrace or kiss a lot whenever or wherever they meet if they are friends.uBritish people do not readily ask each other to do anything that w

35、ould involve real inconvenience.They prefer to wait for such service to be offered rather than ask for it.It is often polite to refuse an offer of service.In the same way,British people sometimes make offers purely out of politeness,not really expecting them to be accepted,and offers like those are

36、usually refused with corresponding politeness.uIf you are invited to a persons home on a social occasion,it is not very common or polite to arrive early as the hostess will be preparing for you,and will feel embarrassed if you arrive before she is quite ready.Ten minutes late is excellent for such a

37、n occasion.The British are rather particular about table manners.If you do not know much of it,just sit up straight and copy everyone else,asking what to do if you are not sure.The British like to have conversations during meals so it is pleasing to keep the conversation going.There are no rules abo

38、ut what time to leave after the dinner,but it is not polite to stay too late as it implies a lack of consideration for your hosts.As for presents,the best things to choose are a bunch of flowers,a bottle of wine,a packet of chocolates or some other small things.If you are invited to a birthday party

39、,it is also good to add a card or a book to the present.It is not popular to give each other expensive things as presents.PassageFour玫 瑰 之 歌难度 原文原文uThe RoseThe RoseuThe first day of school our professor introduced himself and challenged us to get to know someone we didnt already know.I stood up to l

40、ook around when a gentle hand touched my shoulder.I turned around to find a wrinkled,little old lady beaming up at me with a smile that lit up her entire being.She said,“Hi handsome.My name is Rose.Im eighty-seven years old.Can I give you a hug?”I laughed and enthusiastically responded,“Of course yo

41、u may!”and she gave me a giant squeeze.u“Why are you in college at such a young,innocent age?”I asked.She jokingly replied,“Im here to meet a rich husband,get married,have a couple of children,and then retire and travel.”“No,seriously?”I asked.I was curious what may have motivated her to be taking o

42、n this challenge at her age.u“I always dreamed of having a college education and now Im getting one!”she told me.After class we walked to the student union building and shared a chocolate milkshake.We became instant friends.Every day for the next three months we would leave class together and talk n

43、onstop.I was always mesmerized listening to this“time machine”as she shared her wisdom and experience with me.uOver the course of the year,Rose became a campus icon and she easily made friends wherever she went.She loved to dress up and she reveled in the attention bestowed up her from the other stu

44、dents.She was living it up.At the end of the semester we invited Rose to speak at our football banquet.Ill never forget what she taught us.She was introduced and stepped up to the podium.As she began to deliver her prepared speech,she dropped her three-by-five cards on the floor.Frustrated and a lit

45、tle embarrassed she leaned into the microphone and simply said,“Im sorry Im so jittery.I gave up beer for Lent and this whisky is killing me!Ill never get my speech back in order so let me just tell you what I know.”uAs we laughed she cleared her throat and began:“We do not stop playing because we a

46、re old;we grow old because we stop playing.There are only four secrets to staying young,being happy,and achieving success.”u“You have to laugh and find humor every day.”u“Youve got to have a dream.When you lose your dreams,you die.We have so many people walking around who are dead and dont even know

47、 it!”u“There is a huge difference between growing older and growing up.If you are nineteen years old and lie in bed for one full year and dont do one productive thing,you will turn twenty years old.If I am eighty-seven years old and stay in bed for a year and never do anything I will turn eighty-eig

48、ht.Anybody can grow older.That doesnt take any talent or ability.The idea is to grow up by always finding the opportunity in change.”u“Have no regrets.The elderly usually dont have regrets for what we did,but rather for things we did not do.The only people who fear death are those with regrets.”uShe

49、 concluded her speech by courageously singing“The Rose.”She challenged each of us to study the lyrics and live them out in our daily lives.uAt the years end Rose finished the college degree she had begun all those years ago.One week after graduation Rose died peacefully in her sleep.uOver two thousa

50、nd college students attended her funeral in tribute to the wonderful woman who taught by example that its never too late to be all you can possibly be.uRemember,growing older is mandatory,growing up is optional.PassageFive科研的价值与回报难度 原文原文uThe Value and Rewards of a Career in ScienceThe Value and Rewa