微观经济管理学与财务知识分析规范课件.ppt
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1、LaugheQ.How many economists does it take to screw in a light bulb?A.Eight.One to screw it in and seven to hold everything else constant.IntrodvShould the government intervene in the market?The framework presented might be called the invisible hand framework.Invisible hand framework perfectly competi
2、tive lead individuals to make voluntary choices that are in societys interest.Market FvA market failure occurs when the invisible hand pushes in such a way that individual decisions do not lead to socially desirable outcomes.Market FvAny time a market failure exists,there is a reason for possible go
3、vernment intervention into markets to improve the outcome.Market FvBecause the politics of implementing the solution often leads to further problems,government intervention may not necessarily improve the situation.ExternvExternalities are the effect of a decision on a third party that is not taken
4、into account by the decision-maker.vExternalities can be both positive and negative.ExternvNegative externalities occur when the effect of a decision on others that is not taken into account by the decision-maker is detrimental to the third party.uExamples include second-hand smoke,water pollution,a
5、nd congestion.ExternvPositive externalities occur when the effect of a decision on others that is not taken into account by the decision-maker is beneficial to others.uExamples include innovation,education,and new business formation.Negative ExvWhen negative externalities ensue third parties are hur
6、t.vMarginal social cost is greater than marginal private cost.Negative ExvMarginal social cost includes all the marginal costs borne by society.Negative ExvMarginal social cost is calculated by adding the negative externalities associated with production to the marginal private costs of that product
7、ion.The Effect of a NegalityMarginal social benefit Marginal private cost Marginal social costCostQuantity0Q0P0Q1P1Marginal cost from externalityPositive ExvPrivate trades can benefit third parties not involved in the trade.vMarginal social benefit equals the marginal private benefit of consuming a
8、good or service plus the positive externalities resulting from consuming that good or service.A Positive ECostQuantity0Marginal benefit of an externalityD0=Marginal private benefitD1=Marginal social benefitQ0P0Q1P1S=Marginal private and social costAlternative Methods of DexternalitiesvExternalities
9、can be dealt with via direct regulation,incentive policies,and voluntary solutions.Direct RevA program of direct regulation is where the amount of a good people are allowed to use is directly limited by the government.Direct RevEconomists do not like this solution since it does not achieve the desir
10、ed end as efficiently(at the lowest cost possible in total resources without consideration as to who pays those costs)and fairly as possible.Direct RevDirect regulation is inefficient because it achieves a goal in a more costly manner than necessary.IncentivvIncentive programs are more efficient tha
11、n direct regulatory policies.vThe two types of incentive policies are either taxes or market incentives.Tax IncentivA tax incentive program uses a tax to create incentives for individuals to structure their activities in a way that is consistent with the desired ends.vOften the tax yields the desire
12、d end more efficiently than straight regulation.Tax IncentivThis solution embodies a measure of fairness about it the person who conserves the most pays the least tax.Tax IncentivAnother way to handle a negative externality is through a pollution tax or effluent fees.uEffluent fees charges imposed b
13、y government on the level of pollution created.Regulation ThonMarginal social benefit Marginal private cost Marginal social costCostQuantity0Q0P0Q1P1Efficient taxMarket IncensvAn alternative to direct regulation is some type of market incentive program.vMarket incentive program a plan requiring mark
14、et participants to certify total consumption their own or others has been reduced by a specified amount.Market IncensvA market incentive program is similar to the regulatory solution in that the amount of the good used is reduced.Market IncensvA market incentive program differs from a regulatory sol
15、ution in that individuals who reduce consumption by more than the required amount are given a marketable certificate that can be sold to someone else.Voluntary vVoluntary reductions leave individuals free to choose whether to follow what is socially optimal or what is privately optimal.vEconomists a
16、re dubious of voluntary solutions.Voluntary vA persons social conscience and willingness to do things for the good of society generally depend on his or her belief that others will also be helping.Voluntary vIf a socially conscious person comes to believe a large number of other people will not cont
17、ribute,he or she will often lose their social conscience.uThis is another example of a free rider problem individuals unwillingness to share in the cost of a public good.The OptimvAn optimal policy is one in which the marginal cost of undertaking the policy equals the marginal benefit of that policy
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