英语语法(04动词A)课件.ppt
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- 英语语法 04 动词 课件
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1、Unit Four:Verbs and Verb Phrases(I)Issues of this unit:1)Inflexions of English verbs 动词形变2)Classification of verbs 动词的分类3)Tense,aspect,voice,mood 时体态式 1)Inflexions of verbs The general rules for the morphological change:动词词根-词尾变化Z-词尾变化D1-词尾变化D2-词尾变化-iExamples:VSridework-Zridesworks-D1rodeworked-D2ri
2、ddenworked-iridingworking Conversions:-D1+-D2=-d,-t,-id with the“regular verbs”:-d after b,g,v,z,dg,m,n,l.-t after p,f,k,ts-id after t,d一些不规则动词本身已可做规则变化,如:learn(learnt,learnt)learned;work(wrought,wrought)workedkneel(knelt,knelt),kneeled;leap(leapt,leapt)leaped不规则动词的过去式和过去分词,一般词典后都有一个表专门列出。但我们似乎可以重新整
3、理,使不规则动词变为一定意义的“规则动词”。Lets assume:ABC为形式1、2、3,我们可以把不规则动词与原形比,其过去式、过去分词变化(包括音变)归入下面几类:AAA类:(无词形变化)set set set /put put put /cost cost costABA类:(仅过去式变化)run ran run /come came comebecome became becomeAAB类:(仅过去分词变化)beat beat beaten /browbeat ABB类:(过去式与过去分词变化相同)teach taught taught /read read read(音变)spee
4、d sped sped /catch caught caughthold held held /stand stood stoodABC类:(过去式与过去分词变化不相同)bear bore born /choose chose chosentake took taken /forget forgot forgottenshake shook shaken /write wrote written以上5类可以基本涵盖全部不规则动词。2)Classification of verbs 动词的分类transitive verb:take,put main verbintransitive verb:
5、go,sleep link verb:be,look,sound V3 primary aux.:be,do,haveauxiliary13 modal aux.:can,may,shall.semi-aux.:have to,seem to dynamic verb:work,talk,think Vstatic verb:want,differ,know (一般不用进行时)注意:这些分类不是绝对的,由于一词多义现象,动词的不同使用可以跨类别。例如:The young lady usually walks her dog after supper.We eat what we can,but
6、 can what we cannot.I am hoping that you would see what is wrong.God willed it.Phrasal verb(短语式动词):agree with sb./agree to sth.;talk with/talk to look after/look for/look into/look down upon take in students/take the students input the tongue out/put out the fire take A for B=mistake A for B/compare
7、 with(to)短语式动词是很麻烦的,请学习时备加注意!Lets try to say the following in Chinese:1.When words fail,we take to fists;when fists fail,we take to heels.2.The child takes after his father only when seen at a distance.3.Our monitor is a person to fall back on in case we run into difficulties.4.You are eating out?Co
8、unt me in!5.Its very hard to bring your opponent around to your opinion.3)Tense,aspect,voice,mood 时、体、态、式Tenses:past/present/(future)Aspects:perfect/progressiveVoices:active/passiveMoods:indicative/imperative/subjunctive 主要内容大家在中学都学过,所以我们在讲述此节时,有的问题可以skim over,快一点儿。Can you detect the tense,aspect,vo
9、ice and/or mood of the following sentences?1.By the time my father came home,I had been doing my homework.2.Would America have been discovered,if Columbus had sailed eastward?3.When I ask you to do things,jump!4.The irrigation dam shall have been being constructed for 10 years by the end of next yea
10、r.Tenses of English verbs:Past and Present(为什么不说将来时future tense?)These ideas should be expressed in present tense:1.真的假不了,假的真不了。What is true cannot be false,and vice versa.2.水在零度时结冰,在100度时沸腾。Water freezes at 0 and boils at 100.3.中秋节晚上,成都一般见不到月亮。Usually,one does not see the moon on the night of the M
11、id-autumn Day.And these,in past tense:1.1945年8月15日,日本侵略者投降,二战结束。On August 15,1945,Japanese aggressors surrendered and World War II was over.2.古人相信,心者,思之舍也。In ancient times,people believed that the heart was the house of thinking.3.曾几何时,外国人在中国被称为“洋鬼子”。Foreigners used to be called“foreign devils”in ol
12、d China.但是,具体使用时还需要参考内容。1.真理的表达总可以用现在时;2.现在时也可表示短暂的过去:You know what I mean?I tell you to get yourself off!或者将来:I hope you have a wonderful time in SCU!I bet you lose!3.为了生动,讲故事可以用“历史现在时”;4.特定语境情况下,过去时可以表示现在:例如:Did you call me?Yes,I wondered if you would give me a hand;或将来:If only I could go home tom
13、orrow!What if you had an ocean of wealth?虽然语法书上没有将来时,但将来时的表达却是存在的。英语将来表达法可以是:1.助动词主动词,shall do,will do 2.be going to/to be to:Im going to go there.You are to help him./The cat is about to attack.3.用进行体表达:The airplane is arriving in 10 minutes.4.用现在时表达,特别是在条件和时间从句中:If the rain stops,well hit the road
14、.It wont be long before he realizes that he has done a wrong thing.将来时句型有几点值得注意:1.shall、will分别用于第一和第二、三人称,若是相反,则助动词意义不表示将来。例如:We will emancipate our thoughts./You shall pay!/He shall clean the classroom.2.同样,to be to,be going to也用于表示命令、禁止等。例如:You are to take the responsibility!/He is not going to ch
15、eat me again!3.to be to,be going to表示未来时,可侧重于预见、计划安排等。例如:There is going to be a storm./There is to be an investigation./The president of the university is going to speak on SCUTV.Aspects of English verbs:Progressive and Perfect These ideas could be expressed in progressive aspect:1.昨天下午三点钟,你在干什么?Wha
16、t were you doing at 3 oclock yesterday afternoon?2.风在吼,马在叫,黄河在咆哮!The wind is blowing,the horses are hissing,the Yellow River is roaring!3.你为何总是挑我的刺儿?Why are you always finding fault with me?And these,in perfect aspect:1.泼水难收。What has been done cannot be undone.2.截止目前,坠毁飞机的黑匣子还没有找到。So far,the flight
17、recorder has not yet been found.3.自打上小学起,我们就没有开心玩儿过了。Since our elementary school days,we have never had a fun to our hearts content.有些问题需要注意。1.比较:He works here/He is working here;Bush(has)lived in China for 10 years.2.进行体可表示不远的将来:Are you doing anything special tonight?或者刚刚过去的过去:I dont know what you
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