英语词性和句子成分课件.ppt

1、取得英语语法成功的基石取得英语语法成功的基石复习：词性词性根据词的特点我们把词划分为名名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词、冠词等。介词、连词、冠词等。词类词类作作 用用例例 词词1.（n.）名名 词词表示人或事表示人或事物的名称。物的名称。I bought a book.She is a student.2.(pron.）代词代词代替名词、代替名词、数词等。数词等。This is my friend.He likes that book becauseit is very useful to him.Parts of Speach3.（adj.）形容词形容

2、词表示人表示人或事物或事物的特征的特征或性状。或性状。He is small but he is clever.The red pen is useful for the teacher.He painted the wall white yesterday.4.(num.）数词数词表示数表示数目或顺目或顺序。序。There are ten apples on the table and I will take the first one.5.（v.）动动 词词表示动表示动作或状作或状态。态。We are working hard at English.I want to become an

3、engineer.6.（adv.）副副 词词表示动表示动作的特作的特征或性征或性状特征。状特征。I like English very much.The teacher treats us kindly.The train goes fast.He seldom comes to see us.7.(prep.）介介 词词表示名表示名词、代词、代词和其词和其他词之他词之间的关间的关系。系。He usually stay at home on Sundays.8.（conj.）连词连词连接词与词连接词与词或句与句的或句与句的作用。作用。He and I are in the same class

4、 and we are good friends.Two or three of us can dance well but I cant.9.(interj.）感叹词感叹词表示强烈的表示强烈的感情感情Oh!How beautiful the scene is!What a good idea!Goodness!10.（art.）冠词冠词用来限制名用来限制名词的意义词的意义I have a pet dog.The dog is very lovely.He is an old man but very strong.1.名词名词 表示人和事物的名称。学校 寒假 圣诞节 城市 猫咪 书本 李白

5、友谊 school winter vacation Christmas city cat book Li Bai friendship 专有名词专有名词 eg:Women in Love,James,the Alps 普通名词普通名词注意：可数名词（注意：可数名词（cn.）不可数名词（不可数名词（un.）eg:advice,baggage,furniture,homework,information,knowledge,luggage,money,news,progress（名词的数与格）（名词的数与格）refuseschool/visit/writeart America/musicpain

6、t/build/write/learn/feelact/dicide/solvepure/real/majorrefusalscholar/visitor/writerartistAmerican/musicianpainting/building/writing etc.action/decision/solutionpurity/reality/majoritytreat/move/judge/punish/argue/developkind/tired/darkdeep/long/strong/true/wide/warm/growtreatment/movement/judgment/

7、punishment/argument/developmentkindness/tiredness/darknessdepth/length/strength/width/truth/warmth/growth 2.代词代词:代替名词等代替名词等 eg:he his this himself what when something etc.人称代词人称代词,物主代词物主代词,指示代词指示代词,反身代词反身代词,疑问代词疑问代词,关系代词关系代词,不定代词不定代词 etc.3.形容词形容词：表示人或事物的性质、状态和特：表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词征的词eg:beautiful flowe

8、rs something important(good better best)value/move/rely/comfort/reasonnature/nation/traditionabsence/difference/distance/importanceinterest/disappoint/carevaluable/movable/reliable/comfortable/reasonablenatural/national/traditionalabsent/different/distant/importantinteresting/interested/disappointin

9、g/disappointed/caringchild/fool/selfact/create/impressbeauty/care/helpvary/danger/couragehome/breath/harmchildish/foolish/selfishactive/creative/impressivebeautiful/careful/helpfulvarious/dangerous/courageoushomeless/breathless/harmless 4.数词：数词：表示数目多少(基数词基数词)或顺序多少的词(序数词序数词)eg:two,second(twice,one-th

10、ird etc.)5.动词动词:表示动作或者状态表示动作或者状态eg:run,work,sleep按功能：实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词（eg:sleep remain have can）按形态按形态:原形、第三人称单数、过去式、原形、第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词、现在分词过去分词、现在分词etc.(时态与语态时态与语态)(eg:do does did done doing)时态时态 主动语态主动语态一般将来时一般将来时过去将来时过去将来时一般现在时一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时现在进行时现在进行时过去进行时过去进行时现在完成时现在完成时过去完成时过去完

11、成时现在完成进行时现在完成进行时过去完成进行时过去完成进行时将来完成时将来完成时will dowould dodo/does didis/am/are doingwas/were doinghas/have donehad donehas/have been doinghad been doing will have done 时态时态 被动语态被动语态一般将来时一般将来时过去将来时过去将来时一般现在时一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时现在进行时现在进行时过去进行时过去进行时现在完成时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时现在完成进行时现在完成进行时过去完成进行时过去完成进行时将来完成时将来完成时will

12、 be donewould be doneis/am/are donewas/were doneis/am/are being donewas/were being donehas/have been donehad been donewill have been done 6.副词副词:在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词，修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。eg:always outside properly very how I like English very m

13、uch 注意：注意：adj adv（一般直接加（一般直接加,“元元e”去去e加加,“辅辅y”改改i加加,“le”结尾结尾e改改y）1).直接直接+lycareless,quiet,different,beautiful,careful,recent2).以以le 结尾的形容词去结尾的形容词去e+y terrible terribly possible possibly comfortable comfortably gentle gently simple simply reasonable reasonably probable probably3).以以e 结尾的结尾的wise wisel

14、y nice nicely polite politely fortunate fortunately close closely immediateimmediately注意：注意：true truly dull dully whole wholly full fully 4).以以“y”结尾的结尾的,读音为读音为/i/,变变“y”为为“i+ly”eg:happy-happily;heavy-heavily;angry-angrily;busy-busily 读音为读音为/ai/，直接加直接加ly eg：dry-dryly;sly-slyly;shy-shyly 5).以以ic结尾的结尾的+

15、ally energetic energetically scientific scientifically public publicly（例外）（例外）7.介词：介词：词与词、词与句之间的关系词与词、词与句之间的关系 eg:beside，along，across,throughin front of 8.连词连词:连接词与词，短语与短语，句与句连接词与词，短语与短语，句与句 eg:and,but,or,nor,so,as well as,bothand,not onlybut also,eitheror,neithernor,(and)then when,where,because 9.感

16、叹词感叹词 Wow!Eh.etc.10.冠词冠词eg:the a an /But Jane knew from past experience that her (choose)of ties hardly ever pleased her father.(2009)We should consider the (important)of this matter seriously.choiceimportance 被形容词修饰被形容词修饰,用名词用名词被冠词修饰，用名词被冠词修饰，用名词We felt a great sense of (achieve)when we finally ent

17、ered the key universities.achievement 作介词作介词of的宾语，用名词的宾语，用名词 This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their （nature）course.(2008)Mary felt (please),because there were many empty seats in the room.naturalpleased用形容词修饰名词用形容词修饰名词作表语用形容词，表人感到怎样，用作表语用形容词，表人感到怎样，用-ed形式形式 Having sports makes us (

18、health)and strong.healthy 作补语用形容词作补语用形容词 We drank together and talked （merry）till far into the night.(2007)His teacher took a deep drink,smiled (warm),and thanked his student very much for the sweet water.(2010)merrilywarmly 修饰动词修饰动词 talked 用副词用副词 修饰动词修饰动词 smiled 用副词用副词 He must be (mental)disabled.(

19、2011)(luck),the hero died in a car accident two years ago.mentallyUnluckily 修饰形容词disabled 用副词 修饰后面整个句子 用副词The water was simply the container for an act ofkindness and love.Nothing could be_ (sweet).”(2010)But he felt very happy since the crop did“grow”_（high）。）。(2008)sweeterhigher 否定加比较级等最高级，按句意：没有什

20、么比否定加比较级等最高级，按句意：没有什么比这更甜的了。这更甜的了。修饰动词修饰动词 grow 还是用副词，按句意：还是用副词，按句意：的确长得更高了。的确长得更高了。After the earthquake many people become_(home).It is (legal)to break into other peoples houses and steal things.homelessillegal 系动词后用形容词，按句意：地震后很多人系动词后用形容词，按句意：地震后很多人变得无家可归。变得无家可归。系动词后用形容词，按句意：闯进别人家偷系动词后用形容词，按句意：闯进别人

21、家偷东西是违法的。东西是违法的。组成句子的各个部分叫组成句子的各个部分叫句句子成分子成分。英语句子成分主。英语句子成分主要有主语、谓语、宾语、要有主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、补语、状语表语、定语、补语、状语等。等。句子成分一、主语一、主语主语（主语（subject）：）：句子说明的人或事物。句子说明的人或事物。主语一般位于主语一般位于_。1.Lucy likes her new bike.2.We work hard.3.To learn a foreign language is not easy.4.Playing football after school is great fun.句

22、首句首 1.We love China.2.We have finished reading this book.3.He can speak English.4.She seems tired.二、谓语二、谓语谓语谓语:说明主语说明主语做什么做什么或或怎么样怎么样。通常由。通常由_ 充当充当.动词动词情态动词情态动词和和助动词助动词不能单独充当谓语不能单独充当谓语,必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语.They can speak English well.They are playing over there.1）状态系动词：）状态系动词：be(am is

23、are was were)He is a teacher.2）持续系动词）持续系动词:keep,remain,stay etc.He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。他开会时总保持沉默。系动词系动词3）看起来像）看起来像:seem,appear,look etc.He looks tired.He seems(to be)very sad.4）感官系动词：）感官系动词：feel,smell,sound,tasteThis flower smells very sweet.5）变化系动词：）变化系动词：become,grow,turn,fall,g

24、et,go,come etc.He became mad after that.6）终止系动词）终止系动词:prove,turn outThe rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。这谣言证实有假。His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。他的计划终于成功了。三、宾语三、宾语宾语宾语：动作行为的对象，说明主语做什么。一：动作行为的对象，说明主语做什么。一般放在般放在_或或_后面后面.1.We study English.2.Our teacher said that he would go there.3.He is looking at

25、the dog.双宾语双宾语：指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。：指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。He gave me two books.及物动词及物动词介词介词表语表语：跟在：跟在系动词后系动词后面的词语或从句面的词语或从句,用来用来说明主语的身份说明主语的身份,特征特征,状态状态.The trees turn green.The flower is beautiful.四、表语四、表语定语：用来修饰定语：用来修饰_.This is a red car.The building is their teaching building.The woman doctor is my wif

26、e.I have something to tell you.The man in front of the gate is Mr.Li.Every student has an English book.五、定语五、定语名词名词状语：状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句句，说明时间、地点、方式、因果、，说明时间、地点、方式、因果、条件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。条件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。六、状语六、状语John often came to chat with me()As he was ill,he didnt come to class yesterday.(

27、)She is sitting at the desk,doing her homework.()My father worked in this school ten years ago.()Though he is young,he knows a lot.()He came running.()程度，目的程度，目的地点，伴随地点，伴随地点，时间地点，时间让步让步方式方式原因原因 补语是用于补充说明主语或宾语的身份或补语是用于补充说明主语或宾语的身份或特征。特征。七、补语七、补语Everyone calls him Jack.（宾补）（宾补）He is called Jack.（主补）（主

28、补）同位语是位于名词或代词后面的个别名词同位语是位于名词或代词后面的个别名词或名词词组，对前者进行补充说明或名词词组，对前者进行补充说明 The Great Wall,one of the wonders in the world,attracts a large number of foreign friends.八、同位语八、同位语1.The sun rises in the east.（）2.He likes dancing.（）3.Two will be enough.()4.Seeing is believing.（）6.To see is to believe.（）7.When t

29、o hold the meeting has not been decided yet.()8.What he needs is a book.（）9.It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（）名词名词代词代词数词数词动名词动名词不定式不定式疑问词疑问词+不定式不定式从句从句It作形式主语，作形式主语，that从句是真正的主语从句是真正的主语当当不定式、动名词或从句不定式、动名词或从句在某个句子中作主语在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，

30、因此常用因此常用it作形式主语作形式主语置于置于句首句首，而将真正的，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。身无词义。什么情况下用什么情况下用it作形式主语？作形式主语？你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗?你懂得翻你懂得翻译下列句子吗？译下列句子吗？1)It is wrong to tell a lie.()2)It is no use arguing about it.()3)It is uncertain who will come.()说谎是错误的。说谎是错误的。争吵是没用的。争吵是没用的。谁要来还不

31、确定。谁要来还不确定。1.She lived a happy life.()2.I love you.()3.We need two.()4.Do you mind my opening the door?()5.He began to learn English a year ago.()6.He did not know what to say.()7.Did you write down what she said?()8.She felt it her duty to take good care of them.()名词名词代词代词数词数词动名词动名词不定式不定式疑问词疑问词+不定式

32、不定式从句从句It作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语1.He is a teacher.()2.My idea is this.()3.She was the first to arrive.()4.I feel much better today./I must be off now.()5.He is out of danger.()6.The news was exciting./They were excited at the news.()7.What surprised me most was that he spoke Chinese so well.(

33、)名词名词代词代词数词数词从句从句形容词形容词/副词副词介词短语介词短语分词分词1.Its a red car.()2.They live in the room above.()3.My brother is a teacher.()4.We belong to the third world.()5.Lucys father is a poor worker.()6.Mother made a birthday cake for me.()7.The man under the tree is my teacher.()8.The swimming boy is my brother./T

34、he boy swimming in the river is my brother.()形容词形容词副词副词代词代词数词数词名词所有格名词所有格名词名词介词短语介词短语现在分词现在分词9.I liked the food cooked by my mother./Retired people have a good time at home.()10.There are two things to be discussed today.（）11.Will you tell us about your teaching plan?（）12.This is the very book that

35、I need.（）过去分词过去分词不定式不定式动名词动名词从句从句1.He is often late for class.()2.We saw that picture at the cinema.()3.He sat there smoking.()4.They returned tired and hungry.（）5.They did everything they could to save the boys life.（）6.Although he is young,he knows a lot.()7.The box is so heavy that I cant lift it

36、.()副词，程度副词，程度介词短语，地点介词短语，地点分词，伴随分词，伴随不定式，目的不定式，目的形容词，状态形容词，状态让步状语从句让步状语从句结果状语从句结果状语从句9.While my wife was reading the newspaper,I was watching TV.（）10.He was angry because we were late(）11.If it rains tomorrow,we wont go out.()时间状语从句时间状语从句原因状语从句原因状语从句条件状语从句条件状语从句形容词形容词名词名词介词短语介词短语过去分词过去分词现在分词现在分词省略掉省

37、略掉to的不定式的不定式不定式不定式英语句子的种类英语句子的种类简单句简单句 (simple sentence)并列句并列句(compound sentence)复合句复合句(complex sentence)简单句的简单句的五种基本句型五种基本句型 英语五种基本句型列式如下：英语五种基本句型列式如下：基本句型一：基本句型一：（主谓）（主谓）基本句型二：基本句型二：（主系表）（主系表）基本句型三：基本句型三：（主谓宾）（主谓宾）基本句型四：基本句型四：（主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾）基本句型五：基本句型五：（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）基本句型一 主谓（S+V）S+V She cooks.He

38、is working.What he said does not matter.The pen writes smoothly.基本句型一 主谓SVShecooksHeis workingWhat he saiddoes not matter.The pen writes smoothly.基本句型二 主系表 S+V+P He is happy.Every thing looks nice.His face turned red.基本句型二 主系表SVPHeishappy.Everything looksnice.His faceturnedred.基本句型三 主谓宾 S+V+O We stu

39、dy English everyday.They are playing football.He enjoys reading.She said“Good morning.”基本句型三 主谓宾SVOWeTheyHeShestudyare playingenjoyssaidEnglish everyday.football.reading.“Good morning.”基本句型四 SV（及物）（及物）O（多指人多指人）O（多指物）多指物）I give him a book.My mother bought me a pen yesterday.I showed him my picture.基本

40、句型四SV（及物）（及物）OOIgivehima book.My mother boughtmea pen yesterday.Ishowedhimmy picture.基本句型五 S+V（及物）（及物）+O(宾语宾语)+C（宾补）（宾补）We must keep the door open.The news makes me happy.We call him Jim.He told me to wash the plates.I saw a thief going into your room.基本句型五SV（及物）（及物）O(宾语宾语)C（宾补）（宾补）Wemust keepthe dooropen.The newsmakesmehappy.WecallhimJim.Hetoldme to wash the plates.Isawa thiefgoing into your room.74 以上有不当之处，请大家给与批评指正，以上有不当之处，请大家给与批评指正，谢谢大家！谢谢大家！