学术型英语写作9课件.ppt

1、 (Acknowledgements)Acknowledgements The persons who do not meet the requirements of authorship but have made some contributions to the research result can be listed in the paper with the form of acknowledgement.People of acknowledgement include:laboratory technicians that help to do the researchinst

2、itutions or stuff that provide convenience for research(equipment,testing etc)people who have proposed guiding ideas fundation support(but not list the amount of the fund)Acknowledgements：Concreteness and truthfulnessPoint out the concrete help and contribution of the persons to be acknowledged.The

3、acknowledgement to the person indicates that he agrees with the idea or conclusion;If the person to be acknowledged does not agree with the ideas or conclusion of the paper,then when the paper is published,it will embarrass both the author and the person to be acknowledged；l To show politeness and r

4、espect,people to be acknowledged must be invited to read the paper(especially the acknowledgement)before it is submitted,so as to obtain the permission or acquiescence.Acknowledgement：Appropriate WordingOne had better use“We thank”instead of“We wish tothank”,“would like to thank”etc；If one says“I wi

5、sh to thank Jones for”,he is wasting words,and it also indicates that“I hope to thank John Jones help,but this help is not important”.It seems more concise and sincere to say“I thank Jones”In acknowledgment,the concrete help or contribution of the person we acknowledge should be pointed out.For exam

6、ple:“Thanks are due to J.Jones for assistance with the experiments and to R.Smith for valuable discussion.”Such empty acknowledgment is avoided,such as:“To acknowledge all of the people who have contributed to this paper in some manner”Acknowledgment 1 The authors acknowledge the valuable comments a

7、nd suggestions of their associates in Communications Research at Lockheed Missiles and Space Company.Special thanks are expressed to M.R.O Sulivan for his interesting and rewarding comments.l Acknowledgment 2l Helpful suggestions by D.A.Kleinman and C.G.B.Garret are gratefully acknowledged.Without t

8、he equipment borrowed from a large number of our colleagues this experiment would not have been feasible.Acknowledge3 I have received considerable help by way of suggestions,comments,and criticisms from members of both the medical and the engineering staffs of University College,London.My thanks are

9、 due to them all,and in particular to Dr.W.Taylor and Professor J.Z.Young for many stimulating discussions on the problems of learning.The financial support of the Neffield Foundation is also gratefully acknowledged.Acknowledge 4 The accomplishment of this paper benefits from the enlightenment of my

10、 supervisor,assistant professor,Ming Xiaodong,whose inspiring insights,generous encouragements,and enthusiastic instructions have facilitated me much throughout my thesis writing.Her penetrating and insightful comments afford me with inspiring source.She has been in constant concern about my paper,s

11、pared no pains to entertain my thesis draft.I would also like to extend my sincere thanksl to the Foreign Language Department of*University as well as all my teachers.Thanks to their instructive guidance and comprehensive education during the four years schooling,I can acquire the opportunity to fur

12、ther study English.Finally,my great gratitude also goes to those writers and editors whose works I have perused and benefited greatly from without which the completion of the thesis would not have been possible.English Expression of the research program supported by a certain fund The English journa

13、ls of China usually use food note to express that the thesis to be published is fund-supported,while foreign journals usually put the information of fund support in the section of acknowledgement.Case of expressing the fund support in the form of foot note in the first page of a thesis.English Expre

14、ssion of the research program supported by a certain fundl Supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China(Grant No.2019GB30940105),the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.60171009)and the Key Project of Science and Technology of Shanghai(Grant No.02DZ/5002

15、)l IN：Progress in Natural Science SCI，2019,14(3):269-275English Expression of a fundCase of information about fund support in the section of acknowledgement：Acknowledgments：This work is supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.We thank Professor J.A.Pople and Dr.P

16、.M.W.Gill for a preprint of Ref.13,and Professor T.Ziegler and Professor R.A.Friesner for enlightening discussions.Documentation,MLA StyleA guide to in-text and reference citation methods.Documentation,MLA Style GENERAL RULE:l Ideally,no more than 25 percent of your paper should be direct quotations

17、.l Paraphrase as much as you can.l Use direct quotations when citing a statistic or original theoryl Use authors words if they capture a point exactly.When to Give Your SourceYou must acknowledge in your paper the source of a direct quotation according to the following cases:A statistic An idea Some

18、one elses opinion Concrete facts not considered“common knowledge”Information not commonly known Information taken from the computer(CD ROMS,internet,etc.)Illustrations,photographs,or charts if not yoursParaphrasing and SummarizingYou must still acknowledge your source if youParaphrase:l Put someone

19、elses ideas into your own wordsSummarize:l Condense someone elses words or ideasSignal Phrases in MLAl Model Signal Phrases:“In the words of researchers Long and McKinzie”“As Paul Rudnick has noted”“Melinda Stuart,mother of a child killed by a drunk driver,points out”“,writes Michelle Moore,”NOTE:Ne

20、ver use“says”l Verbs in Signal Phrases:acknowledges admitsagrees assertsbelieves claimscomments confirmscontends declaresdenies disputesemphasizes endorsesgrants illustratesimplies notesobserves points outreasons refutessuggests writesParenthetical Citationsa system in which you give your source in

21、parentheses immediately after you give the information.l Four Common Citations:Author and page numberTitle and page numberPage number onlySecondhand quotationsParenthetical Citations:Author&Page Number(Keeling 125)l Notice there is no“p”and no comma.The struggle for identity is common during puberty

22、(Keeling 125).Parenthetical Citations:Title&Page NumberHer distinctive writing style adds to her mystique(“Plath”19).Often,articles,editorials,pamphlets,and other materials have no author listed;thus,give the first distinctive word of the title followed by page#Parenthetical Citations:Page Number On

23、lyl If you have already mentioned the authors name,put a page number only:Keeling states that Plaths work stands in stark contrast to other confessional poets(58).Parenthetical Citations:Secondhand Quotationsl When you quote someone who has been quoted in one of your sources,use:qtd.in=quoted inEvel

24、yn Maxwell,author of numerous books about poetry,refers to Plath as the“queen of darkness”(qtd.in Keeling 99).Parenthetical Citations:Multiple Authorsl Two Sources by the Same Author:Use the first identifying words to indicate the title of the workThe radical disconnect in Plaths writing is evident

25、in the poem Cut(In the Middle,188).OR(Rimbaud,In the Middle,188).Parenthetical Citations:Organization as Authorl Often,an organization serves as the author:The National Council for Teachers of English state that students bring insider knowledge of youth culture and a passion for and investment in it

26、s texts and practices(5).ORStudents bring insider knowledge of youth culture(National Council for the Teachers of English 5).Parenthetical Citations:How Often to Give Citationsl When several facts in a row within one paragraph all come from the same page of a source,use one citation to cover them al

27、l.l Place the citation after the last fact.l The citation MUST be in the same paragraph as the facts!WORKS CITEDlList only those sources that you actually used.lList the complete title of the article,essay,or book.lAlphabetize your list by authors last names or the first main word in a title.lOnline

28、 sources usually follow the print format followed by the URL.(journals,newspapers,magazines,abstracts,books,reviews,scholarly projects or databases,etc.).lFormat Authors last name first Double-space Left Marginl Indent second and third lines five spacesl Most item separated by periods leave one spac

29、e after ending punctuation.l Place a period at the end of each entry.WORKS CITED:Specific EntrieslBook:Author.Title.City:Publisher,date.Corti,Lillian.The Myth of Medea and the Murder of Children.Westport,CT:Greenwood Press,2019.lArticle in a Magazine:Author.“Title of Article.”Title of Periodical Dat

30、e:page(s).Gerard,Jeremy.“Review of Redwood Curtain.”Variety April 5,1993:p.43.WORKS CITED:Specific EntrieslArticle in a Newspaper:Author(if given).“Title of Article.”Title of Newspaper Complete date,section number or title:page(s).Kerr,Walter.“The Lives they Lived.”The New York Times 29 December 201

31、9,late ed.:sec.1:53.lArticle or Story in a Collection of Anthology:Author.“Title.”Book Title.Editor.City:Publisher,date.Pages.Franklin,Benjamin.“The Speech of Miss Polly Baker.”Benjamin Franklin:The Autobiography and Other Writings.Ed.Kenneth Silverman.New York:Viking,1986.209-213.WORKS CITED:Specif

32、ic Entriesl Article in a Scholarly Journal:Author.“Title of Article.”Journal Title Volume number(complete date):pages covered by article.Witham,Barry B.“Images of America.”Theatre Journal 34(May 1982):223-232.l Encyclopedia“Title of Article.”Title of Encyclopedia.Year of the edition.“Plath,Sylvia.”E

33、ncyclopedia Britannica.2019 ed.WORKS CITED:Specific Entries Electronic Sources Direct E-Mail to You(Not a Discussion Group)Author of e-mail title or area of expertise,professional affiliation.“Subject line.”E-mail to the author(meaning you)date.Rushbrook,Sally poet.“For Goths Sake.”E-mail to the aut

34、hor.7 June 2019.Standalone Database or CD-ROMAuthor.“Title.”(or the heading of the material you read)Title of Entire Work publishing information of original,if known.Title of Database.Publication Medium.Vendor(if relevant).Electronic publication date.Good,Sarah.“Goth Tradition in Adolescents.”Newsda

35、y 16 Mar.2019 sec.Life:1.Newsbank Newsday.CD-ROM.2019.WORKS CITED:Specific Entries Electronic SourceslOnline Source or Website:NOTE-.Author or organization.“Title of section,if given.”Title of the Complete Work.Date of publication or last revision.Sponsoring organization if different from author.Dat

36、e you viewed the site.Elder,Preston.“What is Goth?”Goth.2000,2019.Goth.30 March 2019.lPosting to a Discussion Group:Author(not screen name).“Subject line of article.”Online posting.Date of posting.Group to which it was sent multiple group names separated by comma.Date you viewed it.Rushbrook,Sally.“

37、Plath and Me.”Online posting.7 June 2000.Goth.6 March 2019.WORKS CITED:Special CaseslNo Author:Alphabetize according to the first main word in the title,ignoring the articles a,an,and the.“Moonshot Tape.”Antaeus.Ed.Daniel Helpern.New York:Ecco Press,1991.lTwo or More Authors:Give the last name first

38、 for the first author only.Hall,David,Laura Henigman,and Lillian Corti.Worlds of Wonder,Days of Judgement.Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1990.WORKS CITED:Special Casesl More Work by Same Author:Use three hyphens and a period(-.)in place of the authors name and alphabetize the works according to

39、title.Wilson,Lanford.Day.New York:Dramatists Play Service,1994.-.Sympathetic Magic.New York:Dramatists Play Service,2019.-.Tally and Son.New York,Dramatists Play Service,2019.WORKS CITED:Special CaseslRadio/Television Program:Speaker Name.Program Title.Company if known.Network and/or station call le

40、tters,city.Date of broadcast.Mangone,Carlo.Weekend Edition Saturday.Natl.Public Radio.KSMU,Springfield,MO.31 May 2019.lVideo/DVD or Audio Recording:Author,Director,or Performer.Title.Format.Distributor,date.Frizell,Michael.I Hate Hamlet.DVD.Little Theatre Home Video,2019.WORKS CITED:Special CaseslPa

41、mphlet:Follow the format for a book.If no date is listed,use n.d.lInterview,Speech,or Lecture:Speakers name Speakers position.Type of presentation.Location,date.Jenkins,Jeff Owner and Creative Director,The Skinny Improv Theatre.Personal Interview.Springfield,MO.29 March 2019.Arrange of Thoughts New

42、ideas expressed after a review of the old:This arrangement not only can express the authors ideas in proper sequence,but also conforms the reading expectation of readers(so that their thoughts do not break)The use of land,water and minerals has increased more than tenfold during the past two centuri

43、es.Future increases in population and economic development will intensify this pressure.*Major environmental changes varying from disruption of local ecosystems to disturbance of the biosphere are the likely cumulative impacts of human activities.lThe third sentence of the passage should be changed

44、into:l The cumulative impacts of human activities are likely to lead to major environmental changes,varying from disruption of local ecosystems to disturbance of the biosphere.Use of Active Voice and Passive VoiceThe fact that such processes are under strict stereo-electronic control is demonstrated

45、 by our work in this.(18 words)Our work in this area demonstrates that such processes are under strict stereo-electronic control.(14 words)Subjects of sentences should be clear and coherent logically,change of voices in the same sentence should be avoided so as not to make the sentence lengthy or ci

46、rcuitousl These vugs carry no gold and the tenor of the vein has not been affected by them.l These vugs carry no gold and do not affect the tenor of the vein.Avoid Dangling modifierDangling modifier refers to the case that the verb phrase has nothing to do with the subject of the sentence,namely,the

47、re is inconsistency between the logic subject of the verb prase and the subject of the main clause.Wrong:Using the procedure described previously,the partition function can be evaluated.Right:Using the procedure described previously,we can evaluate the partition function.l Wrong:When confronted with

48、 these limitations,the experiments were discontinued.l Right:When confronted with these limitations,we discontinued the experiments.l Wrong:After determining the mapping of Ai from L1to Lp,the next array dimension can be processed in the same way.l Right:After determining the mapping of Ai from L1to

49、 Lp,we can process the next array dimension in the same way.Avoid writing long sentences that contain confusing ideas In English,the main idea and each supporting idea is typically written in separate sentences.One can usually recognize a very long sentence by its length sixty words or more.However,

50、sentences of smaller lengths can also be too long sentences if they contain multiple statements that confuse the main idea.Too long:The gear transmission is grade seven,the gear gap is,0.00012 radians,the gear gap has different output values corresponding to any given input value,nonlinearity of the