高中英语语法填空课件(共53张).pptx

1、语篇型语法填空语篇型语法填空2019年该题的考试说明为:在一篇200词左右的短文中留出10个空白,部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式,要求考生根据上下文在空白处填写1个适当的单词或所给单词的正确形式。一、语篇型语法填空题强调语法基础知识,考查考生从宏观上理解语篇和分析句子结构的能力以及从微观上熟练运用语法知识和单词的能力。其具体特征为:1.短文题材:题材多样,或体现文化内涵、文化交往,或给人以启迪等。2.短文长度:约200词,设10个空格。3.短文难度:没有超出课标的生词,但有课标单词的派生词。4.试题类型:语篇型语法填空。5.考点设置:考点类型分为两大类有提示词和无提示词。无提示词的题目通常考

2、查冠词、介词、代词和连接词等;有提示词的题目考查动词的时态和语态、非谓语动词、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级、词性转换等。二、备考时应该注重英语语法在语境中的实际应用,尽量避免将语法同语境割裂开来;同时关注近年来的高考真题,全面了解其对语法项目考查的范围和热点。下面以2019年高考英语试题中的全国卷语法填空题为例,归纳出考查的热点。A(2019全国卷)The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland.While they are rare north

3、 of 88,there is evidence 61.that they range all the way across the Arctic,and as far south as James Bay in Canada.It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been 62.poorly(poor)studied;however,biologists calculate that there are about 20,000-25,000 pola

4、r bears worldwide.Modern methods 63.of/for tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s,and are expensive 64.to perform(perform)consistently over a large area.In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut 65.have reported(report)increases in bear sightings around human

5、settlements,leading to a 66.belief(believe)that populations are increasing.Scientists have responded by 67.noting(note)that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集)around human settlements,leading to the illusion(错觉)that populations are 68.higher(high)than they actually are.Of 69.the nineteen recognized

6、 polar bear subpopulations,three are declining,six 70.are(be)stable,one is increasing,and nine lack enough data.【考点分析】B(2018全国卷)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal,runners live three years 61 (long)than non-runners.You dont have to run fast or for long 62 (see)the benefit.You may

7、drink,smoke,be overweight and still reduce your risk of 63 (die)early by running.While running regularly cant make you live forever,the review says it 64(be)more effective at lengthening life 65 walking,cycling or swimming.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66 showe

8、d a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause).longer to see dying is than that/which causes The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do.But otherwise.its probably running.To avoid knee pain,you can run on soft surfaces,do

9、exercises to 68 (strength)your leg muscles(肌肉),avoid hills and get good running shoes.Running is cheap,easy and its always 69 (energy).If you are time poor,you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports,so perhaps we should all give 70 a try.strengthen energetic it【考点分析

10、】C(2017全国卷)There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt.This trend,which was started by the medical community(医学界)61 a method of fighting heart disease,has had some unintended side 62 (effect)such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the

11、medical community was trying to fight.as effects Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet.They are required 63 (process)the food that we eat,to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.When fat and salt 64 (remove)from food,the food tastes as if it is missing something.As 65

12、 result,people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.Even 66 (bad),the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.Fast food 67 (be)full of fat and salt;by 68 (eat)more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.Having enough fat and salt in yo

13、ur meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心)between meals and will improve the taste of your food.However,be 69 (care)not to go to extremes.Like anything,it is possible to have too much of both,70 is not good for the health.to process are removed a worse is eating careful which【考点分析】1.分析语篇,理清语篇结构,明确段

14、落之间的联系,弄清语句之间的逻辑关系。并列连词、副词(特别是做评注性状语的副词)、代词及状语从句等的考查都注重上下文的逻辑关系。2.分析句子结构,弄清句子成分及词性的对应关系,明确各成分之间的联系。非谓语动词、动词时态和语态、形容词和副词的功能及转换、定语从句和名词性从句等都有赖于对句子成分的分析。另外,一些固定句型也要特别注意。3.句子的意群和句子成分是基本对应的,而意群的基本构成单位是短语或固定搭配。因此,把句子分解到意群,再进一步探究意群的构成,有助于解决冠词、介词等问题。4.合理的解题步骤:(1)语篇掌控为先:通读全文、了解大意、弄清文章结构。篇章层面的理解主要包括文章主旨要义、作者观

15、点、意图,句与句之间的关系以及时态变换等几个方面。(2)句子分析为主:理解句意、分析结构、找出成分、注意联系。分析句子结构是答题过程中非常关键的一步。做题时,首先确定句子的各个成分,还要注意各成分之间的联系。此时,要借助上下文的暗示或明示,确定需要填入词语的词性、形式和功能。(3)充分利用提示:有括号提示的空格可视作已知条件,要充分利用。先着手填入有括号提示的空格,注意时态、语态和名词的单复数。所剩的空格越少,文章的大意越清晰,语法填空的难度也就相对降低。(4)注意短语和句型:对于一些固定短语和句型一定要熟记,这对于正确解题帮助很大。(5)勿忘复核检查:填空完成后要重读全篇,仔细核查全文语法是

16、否正确,语意是否通顺,逻辑是否合理等。同时要注意检查单词拼写是否正确,书写是否规范,大小写有无错误等细节。2019年高考全国卷、卷、卷考点汇总:形式一形式二有提示词类(一)提供动词类当设空处提供的词是动词原形时,设空处一般考查动词的时态、语态,非谓语动词或词性转换。其解题思路为:分析句子结构,确定该动词是否在句中做谓语。形式一形式二1.做谓语(1)确定时态:根据全文主体时态和上下文语境确定时态。练习1(2018全国卷)Since 2011,the country 61.has grown(grow)more corn than rice.解析:根据该句中的时间状语“Since 2011”可知,

17、此处应用现在完成时,且该句的主语是“the country”,故谓语动词用单数形式。练习2A boy on a bike caught(catch)my attention.He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms.解析:根据第二句话中“He was riding.”可知语境时态为过去时态。因此该空格处应该填caught。形式一形式二(2)确定语态:根据主语和谓语动词的逻辑关系确定语态。练习3(2016全国卷)I 62.was allowed(allow)to get up close to these cute animals at t

18、he 600-acre centre.(3)确定单复数:根据主语单复数确定谓语动词的单复数。练习4(2016全国卷)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow 63.is(be)often acceptable.解析:根据前面的时态可知,此处用一般过去时;主语I与动词allow之间存在动宾关系,所以用被动语态。解析:根据前面的时态判断此处要用一般现在时,且动词-ing形式做主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。形式一形式二2.做非谓语(1)确定非谓语动词的形式形式一形式二练习1(2018全国卷)The government encourages fa

19、rmers to grow corn instead of rice 64.to improve(improve)water quality.练习2(2016全国卷)Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal 63.to create(create)special designs.练习3Keep holding(hold)your position for a while.解析:考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知此处应用动词不定式形式做目的状语。解析:keep后接动词-ing形式做宾语。故此空应该填holding。解析:此处是

20、不定式做目的状语,故填to improve。句意:政府鼓励农民种植玉米而非稻米,目的是改善水质。形式一形式二练习4The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket covering(cover)the desert.解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:这些野花看起来就像是一床柔软的橘黄色的毯子盖在了沙漠上。covering the desert做定语。形式一形式二(2)确定非谓语动词的时态和语态练习5(2016全国卷)People probably cooked their food in large pots,64.using(use)twigs(

21、树枝)to remove it.练习6(2016四川卷)For 25 days,she never left her baby,not even to find something 64.to eat(eat)!解析:逗号前面是一个完整的句子且中间没有连词,因此该空格应该用非谓语动词做状语。句子的主语people与use之间是主谓关系,故用动词-ing形式using做方式状语。解析:此处考查不定代词后跟动词不定式形式做后置定语。something to eat的意思是“吃的东西”。形式一形式二(3)判断该非谓语动词是否用在固定结构中。如:形式一形式二练习7(2016全国甲卷)If you fi

22、nd something you love doing outside of the office,youll be less likely 69.to bring(bring)your work home.练习8(2017全国卷)But unlike her school friends,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term 61.resting(rest).解析:考查固定句型中动词不定式的应用。sb.be less likely to do sth.“某人不太可能做某事”,故此处要用动词不定式形式。解析:考查非谓语动词。spend.(in)

23、doing sth.为固定结构,表示“花费做某事”,故此空填resting。形式一形式二(二)词性转换类词性转换类多以派生词变化为主。如:形容词与副词间的相互转换;形容词与名词间的相互转换;形容词与动词间的相互转换;动词与名词间的相互转换。其解题步骤为:第一步:确定句子成分分析句子结构,确定所填单词在句子中所做的成分。第二步:确定所填单词的词性(1)在句子中做定语、表语或补语用形容词练习1(2018全国卷)According to the World Bank,China accounts for about 30 percent of total 67.global(globe)fertil

24、izer consumption.解析:考查形容词。此处fertilizer consumption 是名词词组,其前面需要用形容词修饰,故填globe的形容词形式。形式一形式二(2)修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子本身用副词练习2(2017全国卷)It is 70.certainly(certain)fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.练习3(2016全国卷)Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which 66.gradually(gradual)turned into chop

25、sticks.练习4Bend your knees slightly and reach out your arms like tree branches,naturally and softly(soft).解析:考查副词。此处用副词certainly修饰形容词fun。解析:考查副词。动词词组turn into应该用副词修饰。gradual是形容词,其副词形式为gradually。解析:空格处与naturally是并列结构,因此用副词形式,修饰整个句子。形式一形式二(3)做主语或宾语,在冠词、形容词性物主代词或名词所有格后用名词练习5(2016全国卷)Then,handle the most

26、 important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of 62 (achieve).练习6.,for most of us the(change)are gradual and require a lot of effort and work,like cleaning up a polluted river.achievement 解析:考查名词。of为介词,后面用名词形式。changes 解析:定冠词之后应该用名词形式,同时空格处的名词在句中做主语,根据后面的系动词are可以判断,名词应该用复数形式。故答案为changes。形式一形式二(三)

27、形式转换类形式转换类多为名词单数转变为复数;形容词、副词转换为比较级或最高级形式;形容词、副词转换为其反义词形式等。其解题步骤为:第一步:理解句意,找到与所填词相关的核心词汇,判断前后逻辑关系。第二步:分析句子结构,确定单词的正确形式。形式一形式二练习1(2017全国卷)Even 66 (bad),the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.练习2(2016全国卷)If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work,you should take a step back and identify(

28、识别)those of 61 (great)and less importance.worse 解析:考查比较级。根据前面的even可知,所填词要用比较级,故用worse。greater 解析:考查形容词。根据后面的and less importance 可知此处要用比较级形式,故用greater。形式一形式二无提示词类首先,分析句子结构确定填哪类词。然后,根据句子的意思,确定具体填什么词;根据两句间的逻辑关系确定具体用哪个连词。解题时要注意以下五大原则:原则一:缺少主语或宾语,一定要填代词。1.缺主语如果在谓语动词前设空,答案应首先考虑代词。所填代词主要考虑以下三种情况:(1)人称代词:做主

29、语的人称代词he,she,they,it等,此时要根据前文,确定所指代的内容。(2)关系代词:在定语从句中做主语的关系代词that,which,who等。(3)名词性从句引导词:what,whoever等。形式一形式二练习1(2016全国卷)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius,67.who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.,influenced the development of chopsticks.练习2I can send a message to Kenya when

30、ever I want to,and I t gets there almost in a second.解析:考查定语从句。根据对逗号前后内容的分析可以看出空格处所在句子为非限制性定语从句,其先行词Confucius 指人,故用who引导该定语从句,并且在从句中做主语。解析:and连接前后两个句子,and后面的句子缺主语,应填名词或代词;结合前一分句不难推知,“马上可到达那里”的是a message,替代a message用代词it。形式一形式二2.缺宾语如果空格前为及物动词、及物动词短语或者介词,要考虑代词,主要有以下三类:(1)人称代词:做宾格的人称代词him,her,them,it等。

31、(2)关系代词:在定语从句中做宾语的关系代词that,which,whom等。(3)名词性从句引导词:what,whomever等。形式一形式二练习3(2015广东卷)Now it occurred to 25.him that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.练习4Soldiers helped to take people out of the flooded area and the welfare department brought them food,clothe

32、s and shelter.解析:句意:现在看来好像他的农场是非常有潜能的,奶牛的死也似乎给他带来了好运气。It occurred to sb.that.“某人突然发现”,这是一个固定的句型,且由后面的“his”可知应填him。解析:由brought可知,空处做bring 后复合宾语中的间接宾语,结合句意可知,此处用them代指前面的people。形式一形式二原则二:名词、代词、动词-ing形式前设空,可以考虑填限定词或介词。1.限定词如果在名词前设空,答案应首先考虑限定词。因为根据英语的习惯,名词前一般需要限定词。限定词包括冠词(a,an,the)、物主代词(my,your,his,her,

33、our,their等)、关系词(whose,which等)、疑问词、不定代词(no,some,any,each,every,either,neither,several,many等)等。形式一形式二练习1(2017全国卷)Instead,she is earning 6,500 a day as 62.a model in New York.练习2(2016全国卷)The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed,70.the other is w

34、ith Mumshe never suspects.解析:考查冠词。model为可数名词,其前应该有限定词,此处as a model表示“作为一名模特”。解析:根据前面出现的代词one可知,此处用定冠词the修饰other,特指两个中的“另一个”。形式一形式二练习3(2018全国卷)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over 62.the past 25 years,while rice has increased only 7 percent.解析:考查冠词。根据句意可知,此处特指“过去的25年”,故应用定冠词the表示特指。形式一形

35、式二2.介词名词或代词前面是空格,而该名词或代词在句中不做主语、表语,也不做动词的宾语时,很可能是填介词。此时要特别关注其与空前动词等构成的固定搭配。练习4(2016全国卷)Most of us are more focused 64.on our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.练习5(2015全国课标卷).67.at the same time,they warm up again for the night.解析:考查介词。focus on“关注,聚焦”,为固定短语,因此填on。解析:句意:同时,他们晚上又暖和了。词组a

36、t the same time意为“同时”。形式一形式二原则三:若两个或几个单词或短语之间没有连词,可能是填连词。主要的连词有表示并列关系的and、表示转折关系的but和表示选择关系的or等。练习1(2016全国卷)So,get an early start and try to be as productive 65.as possible before lunch.练习2I went back inside and found him,safe but very frightened.解析:考查连词。as.as possible“尽可能”,为固定短语。解析:由句意可知,safe 与frig

37、htened为转折关系,故用but。形式一形式二原则四:若两句之间没有连词,也没有分号或句号,一定是填连词。主要的连词包括连接并列句的连词:and,but,or,so等;引导状语从句的从属连词:when,while,until,as,because,since,if,unless等;引导名词性从句的连接词what,which,who,that,where,when等,以及引导定语从句的关系词who,which,that等。形式一形式二练习1(2015广东卷)One day,the cow was eating grass 20.when it began to rain heavily.练习2

38、When harvest came around,he was already selling herbs,vegetables and cotton in the market where people from the towns met regularly.解析:根据句子结构可知,空格前后均为独立的句子,因此可以判断空格处应该用连词;又根据句意“一天,奶牛正在吃草,这时突然开始下起大雨”可知本题考查的是was doing sth.when.“正在做某事,这时”结构。解析:空格前后均为完整句子,因此判断空格处需要填连词连接两个句子。分析句意“丰收的时候,他已经在人们定期赶集的市场上卖药草、

39、蔬菜和棉花了”可以看出空格后的句子应该修饰market。因此空格处应该用关系副词where。形式一形式二练习3(2017全国卷)Like anything,it is possible to have too much of both,70.which is not good for the health.解析:分析句子结构可知,此处用which引导非限制性定语从句。形式一形式二原则五:若结构较完整,空格后的谓语动词是原形,特别是动词与上下文时态不一致或主谓不一致时,很可能是填情态动词(can,may,must,should,will等)或表示强调或倒装的助动词(do,does,did等)。如

40、果是一般疑问句则要考虑填助动词(be,do,does,did,have,has,had等)。练习1Then the driver stood up and asked,“Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?”练习2(2016全国卷改编)Chopsticks are usually two long,thin pieces of wood or bamboo.They can also be made of plastic,animal bone or metal.解析:句尾的问号提示该句为疑问句,“丢失”是发生在过去的动作,故答案为Did。解

41、析:can可以用来表示理论上的可能性,意思是“有时会”。A(2019四川绵阳一诊)Adam Braun established the organization Pencils of Promise in 2008.Its goal is 1.to make(make)sure all children have a chance for education.It all started when he was a college student.Adam Braun was visiting India when 2.a girl stopped him on the street and

42、asked for money.He asked her what she desired 3.most(much)of all in the world.Astonishingly,her answer was“a pencil”.The girl had never been to school before,and that was the 4.reality(real)for 57 million children around the world.After graduation,Adam Braun never forgot the girl and the problem of

43、5.hers(her).“We live in a world in which every single child can have access 6.to quality education.So I was determined to create schools in other places 7.where children are hungry for education.”Adam Braun began to raise money for his project through social media.“We are working hard to make sure t

44、hat the programs are not just beautiful photos and videos of children,but that were 8.actually(actual)seeing amazing results in the classroom.Thats why our 9.kids(kid)in Pencils of Promise schools progress fast from one grade to the next,”Braun said.Since then,it 10.has helped(help)more than 22,000

45、children in Africa,Asia and Latin America.B(2018湖北八市联考)Ive recently started working in a unit for people with severe dementia(痴呆).Many have different physical needs as well as complex behavioral problems 1.as a consequence of their dementia.Very few of these patients are able to communicate in any 2

46、.meaningful(meaning)way,and most no longer recognize their family.Its 3.impossible(possible)not to be touched by this.A few weeks ago,I sat in a meeting with Mr Redley.His wife 4.had become(become)a patient for the past four years.She advanced dementia and could be violent,and she frequently screame

47、d,5.although/because she was unable to speak.She was in her sixties and used to be a costume designer.Her husband sat calmly while we reviewed his wifes case.We thought she was getting 6.worse(bad)and still needed continuing care.He spoke about 7.what shed been like before she became ill,but suddenl

48、y his voice shook and I realized he was about to cry.After a while,he calmed down and explained:“Its so hard to see her now.Shes not there anymore.I feel 8.particularly(particular)guilty about having not taken good care of her.”His wife was already dead.9.The person whod been the love of his life wa

49、s now gone.We tried to tell him that he should move on and have a new life of his own,10.convincing(convince)him to take a trip to relax.The look of relief in his eyes when he realized we understood his pain is one Ill never forget.C(2016安徽合肥第一次质检)Sammy Armstrong was driving to his office when he1.n

50、oticed(notice)a car was stuck on railroad tracks.Then he heard a train whistle.Sammy threw down his sunglasses and keys and ran toward the car.2.An elderly man,Jean Papich,eighty-four,sat in the drivers seat,3.turning(turn)the key and hitting the gas.His wife,Marion,seventy-eight,was looking 4.nervo