初中英语知识点归纳汇总.pptx

1、初中英语知识点归纳汇总of 结构也能用于有生命名词的所有格。a friend of my sistersa book of his第二课时第二课时冠冠 词（一）词（一）一、概述冠词是一种虚词，在句子中不重读，本身不能独立使用。在汉语中没有这个词类。在学习冠词时，要注意这种加在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物的词表示数量“一”时，与数词的区别；其表示“数量”的意义没有“one”强，这是学习中注意区别的。二、冠词的定义冠词是置于名词之前，说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词，它不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词有两种：一种是定冠词(the Definite Article)；the一种是不定冠词(the

2、Indefinite Article).a an三、不定冠词的用法a 用于辅音音素起首的单词前，an 用于元音音素起首的单词前。1、当第一次提到某人或某物时，用 a 或 an 起介绍作用，如：What is this?Who is she?It is a bus.She is a doctor.2、表示泛指一类人或物A snake is a cold-blood animal.A plane is a machine that can fly.3、表示某一类人或事物的任何一个。如：She is a teacher;That is an apple.There is an elephant in

3、 the zoo.4、可用于某些词组，是该词组不可缺少的组成部分。如：a long timeat a timea littlehave a trya fewtake a chance5、表示“每一个”的意思。如：three times a day four yuan a dozen6、可用于抽象名词之前，使抽象名词具体化。如：I am quite at a loss;The little child is a joy to his parents.7、用于物质名词之前，使物质名词普通化。如：He drew out a tin of pineapple.一、定冠词的用法定冠词 the 有 thi

4、s,that,these,those 等意思，用于单数或复数名词前。主要用来特指，使一个或几个事物区别于所有其他同名的事物。1、指前文已经提到过的人或事物。如：I wrote an article.The article was about physics.2、指说话人都知道的人或事物。如：Please close the door before you leave.Lets go to the classroom.3、名词有定语修饰时，须用定冠词 the,表示特指意义。如：The book on the desk is his.The teacher who talked with you

5、is her mother.4、用于世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the sunthe moonthe earththe skythe world5、用在序数词前面表示顺序。如：I live on the fourth floor.My mother is always the first one to come and the last one to leave.6、与其他词连用，构成固定词组。如：on the left7、在表示乐器名称的名词之前用定冠词。如：the piano the violinin the northin the front of8、用在形容词或副词的最高级前面。如：T

6、his was the most interesting voyage we had ever had.He is the tallest of us.9、用在形容词前面，表示复数意义的某一类人或事物。如：the richthe newthe poorthe rightthe youngthe truethe livingthe beautiful10、在表示江河、山脉、海湾、海峡、沙漠等专用名词之前加定冠词。如：the Changjiang Riverthe Alpsthe Nilethe Himalayas11、用在年代、朝代、时代名词前。如：the Qin Dynastyin the 5

7、0sthe Ming Dynastythe spring period12、和表示姓氏名词的复数形式连用，表示某姓氏一家人或夫妇二人。如：He preferred to play football and Id rather play tennis.6、在唯一的职务、头衔的名词前不加冠词。如：He is elected manager of our company.People elected him president of that country last year.7、在报纸标题、图像说明、文章题目、标志、广告前不加冠词。如：Workers MindNotes on the Study

8、 of Hong Lou Meng8、在一些固定词组中不加冠词。如：at homeat firstby seaby mistakeat lastlearn by heartat onceday and night第四课时第四课时代代 词（一）词（一）一、概述代词是用来代替名词或名词短语的词。代词的分类：人称代词：表示“我”、“我们”、“你”“你们”、“他、她、它”、“他们”的词叫人称代词；物主代词：表示所有关系的代词，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词；反身代词：表示动作反射到执行者本身或用来加强语气的代词；指示代词：表示能替代名词或替代形容词的词；不定代词：表示不指明替代任何特定名词的代词

9、。疑问代词：表示替代人或物且含有疑问语气的代词。二、人称代词人第一人称第二人称第三人称单数称数单数复数we单数复数you复数they格主格Iyouyouhe,she,ithim,her,it宾格meusyouthem形容词性物主代词只能作定语修饰名词，如：my watch;your books;their names;名词性物主代词在句中可单独作用，可作主语、宾语和表语，后面不跟名词，英语中说：“我的一位朋友”，要用“a friend of mine”。有些结构中常用 the 替代物主代词He had a cold in the head.（the 意思是 his）My mother took

10、 me by the arm.（the 意思是 her）四、反身代词单数复数myselfyourselfhimself;herself;itselfthemselvesourselvesyourselves反身代词在句中可以加强语气，用作宾语和同位语。He himself has finished it.（作同位语）He has taught himself Russian for 5 years.（作宾语）I did it mysldf.（加强语气）某些固定结构：by oneself;fo oneself;among themselvesThey made the machine all b

11、y themselves.He cooked a meal for himself.第五课时第五课时代代 词（二）词（二）一、指示代词指示代词有：this;that;these;thosethis,these 表示“这”、“这些”，是“近指”。that,those 表示“那”、“那些”，是“远指”。注意：在电话用语里面，用 this 代替自己，that 代替对方。如：whos that?This is Tom speaking二、不定代词英语中有以下不定代词：all,each,every,both,either,neither,one,none,little(a little),few(a f

12、ew),many,much,other,another,some,any,no 还有由 some,any,no every 构成的代词。1）both,alllittle,a little 修饰不可数名词；few,a few 修饰可数名词；little,few 表示否定，“几乎没有”a little,a few 表示肯定，相当于 some,any.There is a little milk in the glass.There are few students in the classroom,theyre in the reading-room.4)every,eachevery,each

13、都是强调每一个，every 作定语修饰名词。如：The bus comes every five minutes.Each of them may come at a different time.5)some,any6)由 some,any,no,every 组成的不定代词something,someone,somebody,somewhere,anything,anyone,anybody,anywhere,nothing,none,nobody,nowhere,everything,everyone,everybody,everywhere.三、疑问代词疑问代词用来构成疑问句，一共有五个

14、：who,whom,whose,what,which.第六课时第六课时 数数 词词一、基数词基数词表示数量oneeleventwentythirtyfortytwenty-onethirty-eightfifty-threea hundreda thousanda milliona billiontwotwelvethreefourfivesixthirteenfourteenfifteenfiftysixtysixteenseventeeneighteennineteenseventyeightyninetyseveneightnineten注意：表示具体数目的 hundren,thousa

15、nd,million 等均不用复数，百位数和十位数之间通常加连词and；十位数与个位数之间要加连字符。2:15 two fifteen2）逆读法30 分钟以内：“分钟数+past+钟点数”，如：6:20six twenty3:20-twenty past three2:10-ten past two半小时用 half，15 分钟用 a quarter:2:15-a quarter past two3:30-half past three30 分钟以外要用：“分钟数+to+下一个钟点”，如：4:35-twenty-five to five2:55-five to three2）年月日表示法年份读

16、法；月日读法；年月日一起读法。四、分数的表示法当分数中表示分子的数只含个位数时一般采用“分子（用基数词）+分母（用序数词）”表示。（分子大于 1 时，分母序数词用复数）如：one-third;two-thirds;three twenty-seconds五、数词与名词的搭配1）数词与名词连用时，它们的次序是“名词+基数词”Lesson 15;Room 1506 或者用“the+序数词+名词”The Fifteenth Lesson2）数词与小时的搭配two hours and a halfhalf an hourthe third floorthree hours第七课时第七课时 形容词形容词

17、一、概述形容词修饰名词，说明人或事物或特征。在句中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语。The beautiful girl is Toms sister.（充当定语）Three is nothing serious,is there?（充当定语，修饰不定代词的形容词及短语要放在不定代词之后）The shoes in the shop were not very expensive.（作表语）The old are looked after well.（有些形容词和定冠词 the 连用时，表示一类人或物，其谓语动词用复数形式）二、形容词比较级及最高级的形式1、绝大部分双音节形容词和单音节形容词的比较等级

18、变化是规则变化。情况变 化 形 式在词尾直接加-er;-est在词尾加 r;-st;举例面一样He is as tall as I(me)2、AB，则用 not as(so)as 表示甲与乙在某方面不一样。He is not so tall as I=He is shorter than I=Im taller than heThe boy isnt as careful as that one=This boy isnt as careful than that one3、比较级+than 形式This lesson is more difficult than that oneShe is

19、 fatter than Kate4、the+最高级+(in of)短语Miss Zhou is one of the most popular in our classHe is the oldest of the threeof 常与名词复数或表示数量的词连用。表示“在之中”这一。in 常与表示范围或场所的名词连用“在范围之中”四、形容词比较级特殊用法1）more and more 比较级连用表示“越来越”In spring the weather gets warmer and warmer.He is getting busier and busier.2）The more the m

20、ore 越就越The larger the bus is,the more people it can carry.The farther away an object is from us,the smaller it looks.3）比较级形式表达最高级：比较级+than any other+名词单数；比较级+than the other+名词复数He is clever than any other boy-He is the clevest of all the boys-He is clever than the other boys4、修饰比较级的副词有 much,even,qui

21、te,a little,a lot 等表示“得多”“甚至”，表示程度。第八课时第八课时 副副 词词一、概述副词是用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词，表示动作的特征、状态的特征或某种性质的程度。二、副词的分类1）too,either,also 都是表示“也”。too 和 either 都用于句末，too 用于肯定句中，either 用于否定句及一般疑问句中，also 放在句子中，BE 动词前，实义动词后。2）so,neither 都可以用在倒装句的开头。so 接在肯定句后表示“也一样”，句式：so+助动词+主语；neither 接在一个否定句后面表示“也不，没.”句式：neither+助动词+主

22、语I have read the book,so has he.Jim didnt win the game,neither did Tom.3）already,yetalready 和 yet 通常用于现在完成时中，already 用于肯定句，yet 用于否定句和疑问句中。He has already finished his homework.Jim hasnt come back yet.7、副词的比较等级副词和形容词一样，也有比较级和最高级，其变化形式与形容词的比较比较级和最高级一样。第九课时第九课时 介介 词词一、知识概述介词是一种虚词，一般在句子中不重读，也不能单独充当句子成分，但

23、与它的介词宾语一起构成介词短语，就可以在句子中作状语、定语和表语。介词又称前置词，一般位于名词或代词的前面，表示该词与句子其他成分的关系。在学习介词时，最重要的是掌握介词的用法，动介词组的搭配，时间介词、方位介词、方向介词、位置介词、成语介词以及动向介词和静向介词的比较和区别。二、介词的定义及句法功能介词是一种虚词，在句中不单独作任何句子成分，只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分的关系。介词后的名词，或相当于名词的其他词组、短语或从句，称为介词宾语。介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语。介词短语在句中主要用作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。The boy over there is my

24、brother.（作定语）A friend in need is a friend indeed.（作定语）I shall meet you at the entrance of Qianmen Hotel.（作地点状语）To their surprise,they saw not locusts,but seagulls.（作原因状语）Ill be in the office every afternoon.（作表语）He isnt at home（作表语）（4）形容词+fromdifferent fromsafe fromHe was absent from class this morn

25、ingMy sister is different from me in many ways.（5）形容词+ininterested insuccessful inHe is interested in making model ships.2、名词与介词的固定搭配、名词与介词的固定搭配（1）名词+forHe made up an excuse for being late.Did you find the cause for your failure?（2）名词+inHe has some difficulty in translating the bookShe has made grea

26、t progress in English.（3）名词+ofShe found another way of solving the problemHe forms a bad habit of getting up late（4）名词+onThere have been several attacks on foreigners recently.Have pity on me!（5）名词+withI wanted to have a talk with youHe is always getting into trouble with the police第十课时第十课时连连 词词一、知识

27、概述连词是一种虚词，不能在句子中单独作句子成分，也没有句子重音，在句子中只起连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子以及从句的作用。连词分为并列连词和从属连词两种。并列连词是连接彼此并列关系的词。从属连词是用来引导从句的词。二、并列连词并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词、短语或句子。并列连词按其作用可分为表示转折、因果、选择和联合关系等四大类。表示联合关系的连词，常见的有：and,not onlybut also,as well as,bothand,neithernor.Written English is more or less the same in both Britain and Amer

28、ican.They were very surprised and I knew that I had done the right thing.Work hard and youll pass the examAsk her if she will come with me.The reason is that she never wasted her time.I dont know whether he had passed the exam.2、引导状语从句的从属连词(1)连接时间状语从句的从属连词有：since,until,after,before,when,while,as soo

29、n as,whenever.Ill tell you as soon as I know.(2)连接地点状语从句的从属连词有:where,whereverSit wherever you like.I found my books where I had left them.(3)连接让步状语从句的从属连词有：although,though,even if,however.Although she was tired,she kept on working.(4)连接原因状语从句的从属连词有：as,because,since,now that,He was absent because he

30、was ill.(5)连接目的状语从句的从属连词有：that,so that,in order that.He raised his voice so that we could hear him.(6)连接条件状语从句的从属连词有：if,unless,once,in case.Youll miss the train unless you hurry up.(7)连接结果状语从句的从属连词有：sothat,suchthat.He came so late that he missed the class.(8)连接比较状语从句的从属连词有：asas,not soas,less(more)th

31、an,the theThis is more than I can accept.(9)连接方式状语从句的从属连词有：as,as ifIt looks as if it was going to rain.第十一课时第十一课时动动 词（一）词（一）一、知识概述在英语中，每个句子必须有一个动词来担当谓语。说明主语“是什么”或“做什么”，动词是表示动作或状态的词。动词和名词、代词一样，有人称和数的变化。谓语动词的人称和数一般要与主语的人称和数保持一致。bring,build,buy,cook,cut,draw,find,get,hand,leave,lend,make,offer,pass,pay

32、,read,return,sell,show,teach,tell,write,etc.（2）不及物动词本身词义完整，后面不要求跟宾语。如：Horses run fast.They work in a factory.She curled up in bed and began her book.2、连系动词（1）本身有词义，不能在句子中单独作谓语，必须和表语一起构成谓语。常见的连系动词有：be,look,get,feel,sound,turn,smell,taste,become.My father is an engineer.My brother has become a doctor.

33、It seems that he was a millionaire.I dont feel very well today.（2）表示感觉知觉的动词可以是连系动词，如 feel,touch,sound,smell.I can smell the sea.The customs officer looked carefully at their suitcases.I feel a pain in the arm.She looked worried about it.3、动词与介词的固定搭配动词与介词的搭配主要指下列两种形式：（1）动词+宾语+介词The song always remind

34、s me of my school days.Parents usually expect a lot of their children.I often take her for her sister.He hide everything from me.The headmaster praised the boy for his courage.They supplied people with enough food and drink.They presented us with a lot of flowers.The man was charged with mueder.（2）动

35、词+反身代词+介词dress oneself in;prepare oneself forpride oneself ongive oneself to2、动词的过去式和过去分词：构成动词-ed 形式的规则。（1）规则变化的过去式和过去分词的构成是一样的。都加-ed。构成规则一般在动词原形末尾加 ed结尾是 e 的动词加 d动词原形look playlive hope变化后looked playedlived hopedstudied carried以辅音字母加 y 的动词，改 y 为 i study carry加 ed重读闭音节的，又写最后一个辅音 stop drop字母，再加 edfits

36、topped droppedfitted（2）不规则动词的过去式及过去分词的形式是不规则的，可以查不规则动词变化形式表。有些动词的三种形式一样。如：bet;cut;burst;hit;cast;hurt;cost;let;read;shut;spread 下面是一些易误用的不规则动词bear,bore,bornbite,bit,bittenblow,blew,blowndraw,drew,drawnfly,flew,flowndrink,drank,drunk eat,ate,eatenhide,hid,hiddenride,rode,riddenlend,lent,lentrise,rose

37、,risenmean,meant,meantshake,shook,shakenthrow,threw,thrownswim,swam,swumtear,tore,tornwear,wore,worn3、英语动词的现在分词，一般在动词末尾加-ing。变化形式规则例词一般情况加 inggoing asking以不发音的 e 结尾的以重读闭音节结尾的以 ie 结尾的去 e,再加 ingwriting closinggetting beginningdying lying tying双写最后一个辅音字母，再加 ing先将 ie 变为 y，再加 ingThese books are not to be

38、 taken out of the room.She is to arrive at six this morning.（2）助动词 haveA.构成完成时态I have not seen him for three years.How long has your uncle taught in the village?He had lived in Scotland for fifteen years before he came to England.B.和动词不定式构成谓语，表示因客观环境促使不得不做的事情She had to go shopping yesterday.（3）助动词 d

39、oA.构成疑问句和否定句Did anyone sharpen this knife?I dont think you are right.B用来加强语气I do want to have a talk with youDo come and see me.C用来代替动词词组Have you finished your work?Yes,I did yesterday.He plays basketball well.So does his brother.（4）助动词 shall构成将来时态，单纯表示未来情况I shall not be back tonight.We shall pay a

40、visit to the Banpo ruins next month.（5）助动词 will构成将来时，用于第一、二、三人称。如：They will move to a new house.She will not eat any solid food.注意：（1）have to 与 must 的区别must 是情态动词，意思是“必须”、“应该”、“一定要”，后接动词原形。Must 的否定形式为mustnt.构成疑问句时，肯定回答一般用 must。否定回答用 neednt 或 dont have to 表示“不必”。如：Must I do it now?Yes,you mustNo,you

41、neednt.不能单独作谓语动词，必须和不带 to 的动词不定式连用，没有人称和数的变化，常用的情态动词有 can,may,must,will,shall,should,would,need,dare.情态动词有自己的词义，表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，或主观设想。如：You may go now.This bus can seat 40 people.The work must be finished as soon as possible.情态动词不能单独作谓语，必须和不带 to 的不定式连用，没有人称和数的变化。情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式。（2）情态动词的用法。may 的用法a

42、.表示允许或征询对方的许可，有“可以”的意思。May not 表示说话人“不许可”，如：You may go now.May I use you typewrite?You may not go=I do not permit you to go.b.在回答 may 引导的疑问句时，肯定回答用 yes,you may 否定用 No,you mustnt.No,you cant 或 No,you had better not.can 的用法a表示能力，有“能、会、能够”的意思。b.表示允许，在口语中代替 may，有“可以的意思。c.表示“可能性”，常用于否定句或疑问句。The hall can

43、hold at least 200 people.The librarian said we could take these books.Today is Sunday,he cant be at school today.d.can 和 be able to 的用法比较can 用来表达能力时，由于只有现在时和过去时两种形式，其他时态要用 be able to 来表达。如：I can play piano.He has not been able to finish the work in time.must 的用法a.must 表示必须，应该。如：Must I come to the pa

44、rty?The article must be completed before Friday.b.must 的否定形式 mustnt,表示“不应该、不可以、禁止”。如：You mustnt get to school too late.表示愿望、决心、建议或看法，如：I would like to go there.I promised that I would do my best.表示过去的习惯.He would often come to my house to see me.第十五课时第十五课时动词的时态（一）动词的时态（一）教学重点一般现在时在英语中，不同时间里以不同方式发生的动作

45、或存在的状态，要用不同的动词形式来表示，动词的这种不同形式称为动词的时态。时态从时间上划分，可分为四大类：现在时；过去时；将来时；过去将来时。从行为上，每一类可以分为四种形式：一般式；进行式；完成式；完成进行式。这样英语的动词合起来，总共有十六种时态，初中只需掌握其中的八种时态。1、一般现在时（1）一般现在时表示现在的状态、习惯性的动作或主语所具备的性格和能力等。当动词是 be 时，第一人称用 am,第二人称用 is,其他人称用 are.当动词是实义动词时，一般用动词原形，但如果主语是第三人称单数时，动词必须用第三人称单数形式，其变化规则如下：变化规则例词一般在动词词尾加-s,makes dr

46、ivesguesses goescarries flies以 s,x,ch,sh,o 结尾的动词加-es以辅音字母加 y 结尾的，变 y 为 i，再加-es助动词 do（第三人称单数用 does）构成否定句、疑问句及答语，但要注意助动词后原来的谓语动词要恢复原形。例如：I like music.I dont like music.Do you like music?Yes,I doNo,I dont（2）一般现在时的用法 表示经常、习惯性动作，常和 often,usually,every day,sometimes,always 等时间状语连用。如：He goes to school by b

47、us every day.They often play footballb.现在进行时有时用来代替一般现在时，表示一个经常性的重复的动作或状态。这时句中常带always,forever 以表示说话人的某种感情，如赞叹、厌烦等。如：He is always thinking of others.He is always talking big.第十六课时第十六课时动词的时态（二）动词的时态（二）教学重点一般过去时一般过去时（1）一般过去时表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。当动词为 be 动词时，应该用相应的过去式：am is-wasare-were否定形式为：was not-wasnt

48、were not-werent疑问句是将 was,were 置于主语之前。I was in Grade Three last term.I wasnt in Grade Two last term.Which grade were you in?当动词为实义动词时，用动词的过去式，过去式的变化有规则和不规则变化。规则变化如下：变化规则例词一般情况在词尾加-ed以-e 结尾的在词尾加-dworkedused lived以辅音字母加 y 结尾的，变 y 为 i 再加-edstudied carried重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母的，双写此辅音字母再加 stopped fitted-ed动词过去式

49、的不规则变化需要逐个记忆。见初三教材后的不规则动词变化形式表。go-wentbegin-begansleep-sleptrun-ranI heard the good news just now.The twins didnt go to school last weekDid you see the film yesterday?（2）一般过去时的用法 表示过去某一时间或一段时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的状语连用：yesterday,last week,a minute ago,in 1998,just now,in those days 等。例如：They had a baby

50、 last month.一般将来时（1）一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示将来的时间状语连用：tomorrow,next week,next month,in a few days,from now on。如Im going to visit the museum this Sunday.Ill be there in half an hour.Well arrive tomorrow.（2）一般将来时的构成 be going to+动词原形。Be 随主语人称和数的变化而变化，否定句在 be 后面加 not,疑问句是将 be 放到主语之后。例如：Its going to be