《英语国家概况》Unit2AmericanHistory课件.ppt-(课件无音视频)

1、American HistoryAmerican HistoryThe United States National EmblemI.America in the Colonial EraII.The American War of IndependenceIII.The American Civil WarIV.America in the 20th CenturyV.America in the 21st CenturyColonization of North America(1607-1776)Indians1The discovery of America2Early Colonia

2、l Era 3Word bank the Bering Strait 白令海峡白令海峡 Caribbean 加勒比海加勒比海 Genoese（意大利西北部城市）热那亚（意大利西北部城市）热那亚 conquistador 西班牙征服者，征服者西班牙征服者，征服者 Christopher Columbus 克里斯多夫克里斯多夫.哥伦布哥伦布 Amerigo Vespucci 亚美利哥亚美利哥.维斯普奇维斯普奇 Jamestown 詹姆斯敦詹姆斯敦 Plymouth 普利茅斯普利茅斯Indians:The“first Americans”The Discovery of the New WorldC

3、hristopher Columbus reached America On Oct.12,1492The new continent In 1492,Columbus landed at one of the Caribbean islands.Columbus believed that he had reached India and called the native people Indians.Amerigo Vespucci discovered the continent of South America,the continent was named after him.Re

4、lations of American Indians with European settlers friendship hostility A m e r i c a n I n d i a n s h e l p e d t h e e a r l y Europeans to survive The first Thanksgiving in North America.American Indians were killed and driven to mountainous and barren areas known as Indian Reservations,as a res

5、ult of interests in l a n d a n d c u l t u r a l conflictsWhy did the early settlers come to America?Opportunity It drew English merchants who dreamed of establishing great new estates out of the wildness.It drew carpenters,bakers,tailors and other skilled workmen who could not find job in England.

6、It drew the poor and the homeless from farmlands and villages.It drew many English in search of religious freedom.In 1620,a tiny ship called the“May flower”sailed from England for the New world,with 102 passengers.50%were Pilgrims.Landed in what is now Plymouth,Massachusetts.Pilgrim FathersThe The P

7、uritansPuritans The Puritans were wealthy,well-educated gentlemen.They wanted to purify the Church of England and threatened with religious persecution.The Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save.The Founding of the 13 ColoniesThe first English c

8、olony in America was founded at Jamestown,Virginia,in 1607;known as the mother stateBetween 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America.The 13 colonies1.Delaware 特拉华特拉华2.Pennsylvania 宾夕法尼亚宾夕法尼亚3.New Jersey 新泽西州新泽西州4.Georgia 乔治亚乔治亚5.Connecticut康涅狄格康涅狄格6.Mas

9、sachusetts 麻萨诸塞麻萨诸塞 7.Maryland 马里兰马里兰 8.South Carolina 南卡罗来纳南卡罗来纳 9.New Hampshire 新罕布什尔新罕布什尔 10.Virginia 弗吉尼亚弗吉尼亚11.New York 纽约纽约12.North Carolina 北卡罗来纳北卡罗来纳13.Rhode Island 罗德岛罗德岛The American War of Independence What were the causes of the War of Independence?Britains colonial policyThe economy in t

10、he 13 colonies developed very fast The British government was to bring the development under control and to collect more taxes from the colonies.How was the War of Independence started?The“Boston Tea Party”In 1773,when ships of tea reached Boston to be distributed,several dozen Boston residents boar

11、ded the ship at night and threw$75,000 worth of tea into the harbor.This came to be known as the“Boston Tea Party”.The start of the war In 1775,about 1,000 British soldiers were sent from Boston to seize the military supplies of the American militia.When they arrived at Lexington they were met by th

12、e armed militiamen.Suddenly a shot was fired and the War of Independence began.Where theres oppression,theres revolution.Colonists slogan“No taxation without representation”无代表权拒绝交税。早在殖民地时期，同样是英王臣民的美洲居民在伦敦的议会里就没有正式代表。既然没有议会代表权殖民地人民就拒绝向英国交税。PS：Colonists resisted to pay taxes which became an important

13、 cause of independence war.殖民地人民拒绝交印花税、茶叶进口税是独立战争的重要原因。Points of American War of IndependenceBoston Tea Party （1773）波士顿倾茶事件波士顿倾茶事件Shots in Lexington （1775）列克星顿枪声列克星顿枪声George Washington 乔治乔治 华盛顿华盛顿Declaration of Independence（1776）独立独立宣言宣言A great victory at Saratoga 萨拉托加大捷萨拉托加大捷 Yorktown campaign（1781

14、）约克镇战役约克镇战役 Treaty of Paris（1783）巴黎条约 The first Continental Congress1774 Date:September 1774 Place:Philadelphia Delegates:from 12 c o l o n i e s e x c e p t Georgia R e s u l t:p a s s e d Declaration of Rights and GrievancesThe second Continental Congress1775Date:May,1775Place:PhiladelphiaResult:T

15、he Congress founded a Continental Army under the command of George Washington.T h e D e c l a r a t i o n o f Independence Shots in Lexington来克星顿枪声（来克星顿枪声（1775年年4月）月）The First Shot of LexingtonEstablish the army建军（建军（1775年）年）When?in mid-1775Where?in Philadelphia （费城）（费城）the Continental Congress Who?

16、patriot representatives of the 13 colonies of AmericaWhat?appointed George Washington as commander in chief of the Continental ArmyGeorge Washington乔治华盛顿（George Washington，1732年2月22日-1799年12月14日）美国第一任总统，被尊称为美国国父，1793年连任，在两届任期结束后，他自愿放弃权力不再续任，隐退于弗农山庄园。华盛顿学者们则将他和亚伯拉罕林肯并列为美国历史上最伟大的总统。Form a state建国建国（17

17、76年年7月月4日）日）The Declaration of Independence(July4,1776)Announcing the birth of the United StatesThe content of the Declaration of IndependenceFive chapters1 Foreword2 Preface3 Accused King George III4 Denounce British5 ConclusionThe Declaration of Independence We hold these truths to be self-evident

18、,that all men are created equal,that they are endowed（赋予）by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights,that among these are Life,Liberty,and the pursuit of Happiness.我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物者赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。That to secure these rights,Governments are instituted among Men,deriv

19、ing their just powers from the consent of the governed.为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们之间建立政府，而政府之正当权力，是经被治理者的同意而产生的。The Declaration of Independence and accordingly all experience has shown,that mankind are more disposed to suffer,while evils are sufferable,than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which t

20、hey are accustomed.But when a long train of abuses and usurpations,pursuing invariably the same Object,evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism,it is their right,it is their duty,to throw off such Government,and to provide new Guards for their future security.过去的一切经验也都说明，任何苦难，只要是尚能忍受

21、，人类都宁愿容忍，而无意为了本身的权益便废除他们久已习惯了的政府。但是，当追逐同一目标的一连串滥用职权和强取豪夺发生，证明政府企图把人民置于专制统治之下时，那么人民就有权利，也有义务推翻这个政府，并为他们未来的安全建立新的保障。Whats the significance of The Declaration of Independence?You can think it from the following aspects.Philosophy influencePractical influenceHistoric influenceYorktown Campaign On Octobe

22、r 19,1781,the British General Cornwallis（康沃利斯）together with his several T h o u s a n d s o l d i e r s,surrendered to George Washington.The war ended in victory for the Americans.T h e B r i t i s h s u r r e n d e r e d a t Yorktown on October 19,1781 Treaty of Paris（1783年）年）vThe treaty was signed

23、 in Paris in 1783.vB r i t i s h r e c o g n i z e d American independence.vT h e p e a c e t r e a t y a c k n o w l e d g e d t h e independence,freedom,and sovereignty(主权)of the 13 states.Whats the influence of the War of Independence?*It had great international influence.*The colonies in Spanish

24、 America rose up one after another to overthrow Spanish colonial rules.*The French Revolution*After the War of Independence,capitalism got a chance for freer development.*Territorial expansionIn 1788,13 colonies become the United States of AmericaBy 1796,a few more states have been created.America b

25、uys Louisiana from France in 1803The Louisiana Purchase （1803）By 1837,new states have been created around the Mississippi.By 1850,Oregon and California become states.1843:One thousand people travel to Oregon 1848:USA wins Texas in the Mexican War 1849:California gold rush 1862:A new law gives free l

26、and to settlersHomestead Act Homestead Act（18621862）F i r s t p a g e o f t h e Homestead Act of 1862.The law was passed(1 8 6 2)b y t h e t h e U.S.Congress,under which settlers might each acquire up to 64 hectares of public land for a nominal fee(10),on condition of five years r e s i d e n c e o

27、n,a n d cultivation of,the plot of the land.By 1912,all states except Alaska and Hawaii have been created.The Civil War(18611865)slavery n.奴役abolition n.废除；废止secede v.脱离；退出Gettysburg 葛底斯堡 Abraham Lincoln 亚伯拉罕.林肯 Emancipation Proclamation 解放宣言Word bankDo you know the origin of American slavery system

28、?美国奴隶制度的起源美国奴隶制度的起源：1）1619年，一个荷兰人把年，一个荷兰人把20个黑人运入美个黑人运入美国拍卖，这国拍卖，这20个黑人成了第一批的黑人奴个黑人成了第一批的黑人奴隶。隶。2）在美国开国初期，美国南方各州，已经有）在美国开国初期，美国南方各州，已经有200万的黑奴（万的黑奴（1860年为年为350万）。他们成万）。他们成为种植经济的重要劳动力。黑奴是种植园为种植经济的重要劳动力。黑奴是种植园主私人财产的一部分，可以继承、买卖。主私人财产的一部分，可以继承、买卖。可以做种植园主女儿的嫁妆。可以做种植园主女儿的嫁妆。North-capitalist economy 1.Ther

29、e is a growing demand for labor to 1.There is a growing demand for labor to work in factories.work in factories.2.Northerners supported the abolition of 2.Northerners supported the abolition of slavery,because they wanted to get slavery,because they wanted to get slaves from the South.slaves from th

30、e South.3.They asked the government to finance 3.They asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads.the building of railways and roads.South-Agricultural economy(plantations)1.The abundant land was suitable for 1.The abundant land was suitable for farming and the planters had to

31、 manage farming and the planters had to manage their plantations using black African their plantations using black African slaves.slaves.2.Black slaves could be bought,sold and 2.Black slaves could be bought,sold and were often treated cruelly.were often treated cruelly.3.The Southerners advocated f

32、ree trade 3.The Southerners advocated free trade so that they could purchase cheaper so that they could purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries.goods from foreign countries.The causes of The Civil War1)The different economic systems in the north and the south2)The slavery problem in the south（

33、即奴隶制度与自由劳动制度）3)The political conflicts between north and southThe direct cause of the warLincoln was elected as the president of America.The Civil War(1861-1865)The Civil War(1861-1865)Abraham Lincoln was elected president and opposed the expansion of slavery.S o m e s o u t h e r n states formed th

34、e Confederate States of America in 1861.“Republican”林肯当选总统之前的简历：林肯当选总统之前的简历：1816年年 他的家人被赶出居住的地方，他必须抚养他们他的家人被赶出居住的地方，他必须抚养他们 1831年年 经商失败经商失败 1832年年 竞选州议员竞选州议员但落选但落选 1832年年 丢了工作丢了工作想就读法学院，但进不去想就读法学院，但进不去 1833年年 借钱经商，但年底破产，接着他花了借钱经商，但年底破产，接着他花了17年把债还清年把债还清 1834年年 再次竞选州议员再次竞选州议员赢了赢了 1836年年 完全精神奔溃、卧病在床完全

35、精神奔溃、卧病在床6个月个月 1838年年 争取成为州议员的发言人争取成为州议员的发言人没有成功没有成功 1840年年 争取成为选举人争取成为选举人失败失败 1843年年 参加国会大选参加国会大选落选落选 1846年年 再次参加国会大选再次参加国会大选这次当选这次当选 1848年年 寻求国会议员连任寻求国会议员连任失败失败 1849年年 想在自己的州内担任土地局长的工作想在自己的州内担任土地局长的工作被拒绝被拒绝 1854年年 竞选美国参议员竞选美国参议员落选落选 1856年年 争取副总统的提名争取副总统的提名得票不到得票不到100张张 1858年年 再度竞选美国参议员再度竞选美国参议员再度落

36、败再度落败 1860年年 当选美国总统当选美国总统 The process of The Civil War In 1861,the Civil War was began.In 1863,Lincoln issued The Emancipation Proclamation,which granted freedom to all slaves.In July 1863,the turning point of the war came at Gettysburg.In April 1865，the Civil War was ended.Emancipation Proclamation

37、Emancipation Proclamation-issued by Pres.Abraham Lincoln that freed the slaves of the Confederacy.-This transformed the war from a war to save the Union,to a war to abolish slavery That on the first day of January,in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three,all persons held as

38、 slaves within any State or designated part of a State,the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States,shall be then,thenceforward,and forever free;and the Executive Government of the United States,including the military and naval authority thereof,will recognize and maintain

39、 the freedom of such persons,and will do no act or acts to repress such persons,or any of them,in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.“1863年元月1日起，凡在当地人民尚在反抗合众国的任何一州之内，或一州的指明地区之内，为人占有而做奴隶的人们都应在那时及以后永远获得自由；公众国政府行政部门，包括海陆军当局，将承认并保障这些人的自由，当他们或他们之中的任何人为自己的自由而作任何努力时，不作任何压制他们的行为。Battle of Ge

40、ttysburg(July 1863)The turning point Gettysburg Address“Government of the People,by the People and for the People shall not perish from the earth”民有、民治、民享的政民有、民治、民享的政府将不致从地球上消失府将不致从地球上消失The war resolved two fundamental issues.1)Slavery was abolished.2)America became a single,indivisible(不可分割的)nation

41、.Reconstruction era(1865 1877)The 13th Amendment,ratified in December 1865,ended slavery in the United States.South responded by creating white terrorist society-KKK(Ku Klux Klan)The Gilded Age 1865 to 1890KKKKKKThe Ku Klux Klan was originally founded by veterans of the Confederate Army in the south

42、ern states after the Civil War to oppose social change and black emancipation by violence and terrorism.Members disguise themselves in white robes and hoods,and often use a burning cross,as a symbol of their organization.Its main purpose was to resist Reconstruction,and it focused on putting down th

43、e freed slaves(奉行白人至上主义，美国种族主义的代表性组织奉行白人至上主义，美国种族主义的代表性组织)WWI and the US The United States in the 1920sThe Great Depression and the New DealWWII and the USAmerican History(1900-1945)New DealNew Deal President Franklin D.Roosevelt:a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century,leading t

44、he United States during a time of worldwide economic depression and total war The aim was to save American democracy and the capitalist system The programs and policies to promote economic recovery and social reformRoosevelt in 1933 32nd President of the United States The New Deal was a series of do

45、mestic programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1936,and a few that came later.They included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term(1933-37)of President Franklin D.Roosevelt.The programs were in response to the Great Depression,and f

46、ocused on what historians call the 3 Rs:Relief,Recovery,and Reform.That is Relief for the unemployed and poor;Recovery of the economy to normal levels;and Reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.WWII and the USWWII and the US 1939 1945 Source;Germany the Axis powers Vs.the Alli

47、es American wartime foreign policy Isolationist The Lend-Lease program neutralityAttack on Pearl HarborAttack on Pearl Harbor In 1941 Japan attacked U.S.bases at Pearl Harbor The two war arenas:European arena Pacific arenaThe Postwar AmericaThe Postwar America*UN,1945*Truman Doctrine:Cold War*Marsha

48、ll Plan:economic aid to Western European countries*NATO,1949The Postwar AmericaThe Postwar AmericaThe Korean War(1950-1953)-The Korean War was another step of the US to contain Communist expansion.The Vietnam War(1950-1975)the anti-war movementthe Civil Rights movementthe counterculture movement the

49、 feminist movementThe Civil Rights MovementThe Civil Rights MovementIt was a fight between the White and the Blacks and the fight of the Blacks for racial segregation and racial discrimination.The Little Rock IncidentIn 1957,when the courts ordered 12 black students admitted to the local high school

50、,Arkansas governor used State National Guard to prevent the admission of African-American students to all white schools in Little Rock.In return,President Eisenhower sent US troops to give protection to the black students going the school.The Civil Rights MovementThe Civil Rights Movement Martin Lut