英语语法术语-附讲解课件.ppt
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1、Grammatical Terms 句群Look at John.He is doing the work his teacher assigned yesterday.He feels a little annoyed at the hard job.But he has to do it.John is doing the work his teacher assigned yesterday.John is doing the work.that his teacher assigned yesterday.the work his teacher assigned yesterday.
2、John is doing the work his teacher assigned yesterday John is do+ing the work his teach+er as+sign+ed yesterday Grammatical TermsMorpheme 词素Free Morpheme 自由词素可以直接作为单词使用morpheme word单词素词可以充当Free root自由词根+affix derivative 派生词可以和其他free morpheme结合compound复合词Bound Morpheme 粘附词素 Affix词缀,分为两种 *Inflectional
3、 Affix屈折词缀Derivational Affix 派生词缀,分为前后缀 Prefix前缀 Suffix后缀*Combining form组合形式(有时可以充当粘附词根)*Grammatical Terms *Simple Word 简单词 *Morpheme Word单词素词 Compound Word 复合词 Derivative 派生词Grammatical Terms 。所以,这些词汇的数量变动和意义变动极小,也就是很封闭。Preposition 介词 Pre+position Pronoun 代词 Pro+noun Determiner 限定词 determine+(e)r *
4、Conjunction 连词 con+junct(join)+ion Auxiliary助动词Grammatical Terms与Closed Class相对应,有些词类的词数量或者义项不断增加或减少,因此这些词类整体是动态变化的,被称为Open Class 开放词类。属于开放词类的都是Content Word 实义词,因为这些词类是对人、物、行为、性质状态的描写,而这些词有着实际的指向意义。Noun 名词 Main Verb 主动词 Finite Verb 限定动词(受主语和时态限制,充当主句谓语)Non-finite Verb 非限定动词(-ed,doing,to do及其各种变形,表示行
5、为状态,可以具有动词性、限定性和名词性。充当独立主格的谓语动词,名词的后置限定,单独使用的表示已经发生、正在发生或者将要发生的行为的名词性结构)Adjective形容词 Adverb副词 adverbial 状语Grammatical TermsNoun Phrase 名词词组(以名词为中心词)eg.the tall boy sitting in the cornerVerb Phrase 动词词组(以主动词为中心词)Simple Verb Phraseeg.It gets dark.Complex Verb Phrase(有助动词的动词词组)eg.It is getting dark.Gra
6、mmatical TermsFinite Verb Phrase 限定动词短语(实际是受限定)eg.The boy is sitting in the corner.Non-finite Verb Phrase非限定动词短语(实际是不受限定)eg.限定性The boy sitting in the corner is Tom.状语性The boy,sitting in the corner,is staring at the girl.名词性The boy likes sitting in the corner.eg.以下的例子均做状语。We went there to see a film.
7、Having seen the film,we had a discussion.Painted by a famous artist,the portrait is invaluable.Grammatical TermsAdjective Phrase(可以有前后修饰语,有时还会有后置补充成分说明出现该状态的适用范围、原因、结果等)fine pretty difficult (以下的形容词短语均只标注中心词)not careful enoughThat work is too difficult for that child.(斜线部分补充适用范围)The weather is too h
8、ot to be enjoyable.(斜线部分补充too hot导致的结果)Ill be glad to help you repair the car if you show me whats wrong.(后面的成分补充说明glad的原因)Grammatical TermsAdverb Phrase 副词词组Preposition Phrase 介词词组The boy is in the corner.作主语补语I saw lots of cars outside the building.作宾语的补语The boy in the corner is Tom.作后置限定He knows
9、everything about it.作后置限定The boy is reading in the corner.作地点状语In 1999,the citys revenue exceeded ten thousand million dollars.作时间状语Grammatical TermsIndependent Clause 独立分句eg.He knows everything about it.He knows everything about it;but I know nothing.Dependent/Subordinate Clause 从句/从属分句eg.I dont th
10、ink he knows everything about it.Main Clause主句He complained that what you said was not true.整个句子是一个主句。又如:John(语境省略了 did it).但是将一个事情或状况变成名词性结构的that后面的成分,what you said was not true.也是完整的主谓结构,也是主句。what you said是名词性从句,that.true也是名词性从句。Grammatical TermsSimple Clause简单分句(分句里只有一个主谓结构)Complex Clause复杂分句(含有状
11、语从句、主语从句或宾语从句)It is not true.(从句子的层次来说,是一个简单句;从分句的层次来说,是独立的简单分句。)What you said is not true.(从句子的层次来说,因为有名词性从句作主语,所以整个句子是一个复杂句;从分句的层次来说,这是一个独立的复杂分句。)He said that it was true.(从句子的层次来说,因为有名词性从句作宾语,所以整个句子是一个复杂句;下划线部分只有一个主谓结构,而且通过that变为从属的名词性结构,因此是从属简单分句)He complained that what you said was not true.(从句
12、子的层次来说,因为有名词性从句作宾语,所以整个句子是一个复杂句;下划线部分有两个主谓结构,而且通过that变为从属的名词性结构,因此是从属复杂分句)Grammatical TermsFinite Clause 限定分句(受时间和主语的人称、数的限定,作主句,还有体和态的变化)Non-finite Clause 非限定分句(不受时和主语的限定,不作主句,但也会有体和态的变化)思考:以下标注的内容分别在句中充当什么成分?I signed the paper to get the license.(下划线为限定分句)It is forbidden to smoke in this room.(斜线为
13、非限定分句)Cant you recall telling that story last week.The man,wearing such dark glasses,obviously could not see clearly.Leaving the room,he tripped over the mat.Covered with confusion,they apologized abjectly(可怜地).The discussion completed,the Chairman adjourned the meeting.Grammatical Terms非限定动词作主句谓语的情
14、况:双重谓语中的第二个谓语。The boy sat under the tree reading a book.The hero died beloved,revered and mourned by people.*Verbless Clause 无动词分句Hungry and exhausted,the climbers returned.(主句主语的状态)Confident of the justice of their cause(事业),they agreed to put their case before the arbitration panel.One of the most
15、 popular tourist sites in Italy,Pompeii was viewed by nearly two million visitors each year.(主句主语的身份)Christmas then only days away,the family was pent up with excitement.(快要抑制不住了)(独立主格:从句主语的状态)Grammatical Terms*Full Sentence 完全句*Minor Sentence 不完全句When did he arrive?(完全句)Last night.(不完全句)This is a w
16、ooden house.(完全句)No Smoking.(不完全句)Simple Sentence 简单句He put on his coat.说明:The students I teach have made better grades in the past few weeks.I teach虽然是后置限定,但它只是名词词组的一部分,并不在句中直接充当成分,在句中直接充当成分的是名词词组the students I teach,故整个句子仍然是简单句。Compound Sentence并列句(陈述两个行为或状态)He put on his coat and went out.Grammat
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