英语语法《句子成分和基本句型的讲解》课件.ppt

1、现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subjectsubject）、谓语（predicatepredicate）、表语（predicativepredicative）、宾语（objectobject）、定语（attributeattribute）、状语(adverbialadverbial)和补语（complementcomplement）。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。句子包括哪些成分？句子包括哪些成分？主语：主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主

2、题的主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从部分一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当它的位置一般在句首句充当它的位置一般在句首The girlThe girl is pretty.is pretty.ReadingReading is useful.is useful.To seeTo see is to believe.is to believe.TheyThey are good friends.are good friends.谓语：谓语：谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成简单动词或者

3、动词短语构成They They areare teachers.teachers.She She lookslooks well.well.He He studiesstudies hard.hard.He He laughed atlaughed at his classmates.his classmates.He He can speakcan speak English.English.宾语宾语 宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当它和及物动语，不定式，动名词，从句充当它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后词

4、一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后She plays She plays the pianothe piano.He often helps He often helps meme.I like I like watching TVwatching TV.She likes She likes to go to shopto go to shop this this afternoon.afternoon.I think I think that he is good guythat he is good guy.表语：表语：表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样

5、，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面短语，或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面I am I am a teachera teacher.She is She is happy.happy.Everybody is Everybody is herehere.They are They are at homeat home now.now.My job is My job is to teach Englishto teach English.Seeing is Seeing is believing.belie

6、ving.补语补语：补充说明。（由：补充说明。（由动词类别动词类别来决定）来决定）补语的构成形式：补语的构成形式：1 1）名词）名词 2 2）代词）代词 3 3）形容词形容词 4 4）数词）数词 5 5）不定式）不定式 6 6）-ing-ing 形式形式7 7）过去分词）过去分词 8 8）介词短语）介词短语 9 9）名词从）名词从句句 主语补语主语补语Tom was madeTom was made monitormonitor.宾语补语宾语补语I made Tom I made Tom monitormonitor.表语补语表语补语I am sure I am sure to succeed

7、.to succeed.宾语补足语宾语补足语 在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用 它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当在分词和过去分词充当 If you let me go,Ill make you If you let me go,Ill make you kingking.Leave

8、the door Leave the door openopen.We found John We found John outout when we arrived.when we arrived.Make yourself Make yourself at homeat home.I saw him I saw him enterenter the hall.the hall.The boss keeps them The boss keeps them workingworking all day.all day.I heard my name I heard my name calle

9、dcalled.定语定语 定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词，代词，数定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语，从句都可以充当定语 The The blackblack bike is mine.bike is mine.Whats Whats your your name?A name?A brokenbroken vase.vase.I have I have 5 5 books.A books.A sleepingsleeping boy.boy.They made They made paper

10、paper flowers.flowers.The boy The boy in the roomin the room is Jack.is Jack.I have something I have something to doto do.It is a It is a swimmingswimming pool.pool.状语状语 状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词它表示行为发状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度一般由副词生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也

11、可由从句来充当，也可由从句来充当He did it He did it carefully.carefully.Without his helpWithout his help,we couldnt work it out.,we couldnt work it out.In order toIn order to catch up with my classmates,I catch up with my classmates,I must study hard.must study hard.I was born I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi

12、on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.He is writing He is writing with a penwith a pen.种类种类类型类型主语主语S谓语谓语动词动词v表语表语/宾宾语语p宾语宾语0宾补宾补oc第第1种种S+VWework第第种种He playsviolin.第第种种We arestudents第第种种S+v+IO+DO shegaveme a pen.第第种种S+V+O+OC He mademelaugh基本句型基本句型 一：一：（主系表）（主系表）（是系动词）（是系动词）1.This is an English-Chinese dictiona

13、ry.这是本英汉辞典。2.The dinner smells good.午餐的气味很好。3.He fell in love.他堕入了情网。4.Everything looks different.一切看来都不同了。5.He is growing tall and strong.他长得又高又壮6.The troubleis that they are short of money.麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7.Our well has gone dry.我们井干枯了。8.His face turned red.他的脸红了。page43 一一.对表示状态变化的系动词的考查对表示状态变化的系动词的考查 英

14、语中常见的表示状态变化的系动词有英语中常见的表示状态变化的系动词有 get get，turn turn，turn out turn out（结果是（结果是），），go go，come come（成为），（成为），fall fall，become become 等。等。2.2.对对 appear appear 的考查的考查 appear appear 的含义是的含义是“似乎，好像，看来（如关于某人的似乎，好像，看来（如关于某人的性格、感情或意图）性格、感情或意图）”，此时不用进行式，后接形容词、，此时不用进行式，后接形容词、名词、动词不定式等。名词、动词不定式等。She She appeared

15、 appeared rather upset about something.rather upset about something.看看来有些什么事使她心烦。来有些什么事使她心烦。Do let your mother know all the truth.She Do let your mother know all the truth.She appears _ everything.appears _ everything.（上海（上海 2001 2001）A.to tell B.to be told A.to tell B.to be told C.to be telling D.t

16、o have been told C.to be telling D.to have been told 分析：句意是分析：句意是“一定要把一切真相告诉你妈妈。她看上去一定要把一切真相告诉你妈妈。她看上去已经知道一切事情。已经知道一切事情。”句中句中 tell tell 后面没有宾语，故用不后面没有宾语，故用不定式的被动式，又因为定式的被动式，又因为“知道一切知道一切”发生在发生在“告诉真相告诉真相”之前，要用完成式。所以正确答案是之前，要用完成式。所以正确答案是 D D。基本句型基本句型 二：二：（主谓）（主谓）主语主语：可以作主语的成分有名词名词（如boy），主格代词主格代词（如you），

17、动词不动词不定式定式，动名词动名词等。主语一般在句首句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！谓语谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（不及物动词（vi.vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句副词、介词短语、状语从句等。（不及物动词）（不及物动词）1.The sun was shining.太阳在照耀着。2.The universe remains.宇宙长存。3.We all breathe,eat,and dri

18、nk.我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。4.Who cares?管它呢？5.What he said does not matter.他所讲的没有什么关系。6.The pen writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。主语主语可有修饰语可有修饰语-定语定语，谓语谓语可有修饰语可有修饰语-状语状语。如如:1.1.The The redred sun sun rises rises in the east.in the east.2.So they had to travel 2.So they had to travel by air or boatby air or boat.3.We got u

19、p 3.We got up early so as to catch the firstearly so as to catch the first bus.bus.4.She sat 4.She sat therethere alonealone,reading a novel.reading a novel.5.He came back 5.He came back when we were eating.when we were eating.6.6.WeakWeak buildings will fall down buildings will fall down in an eart

20、hquakein an earthquake,but strong ones may stay up.but strong ones may stay up.巩固练习：巩固练习：1 1她昨天回家很晚。她昨天回家很晚。2 2会议将持续两个小时。会议将持续两个小时。3 3在过去的十年里我的家乡已经发生了巨大变化在过去的十年里我的家乡已经发生了巨大变化.4 419191919年，在北京爆发了年，在北京爆发了“五五.四四”运动。运动。5 5每天八时开始上课。每天八时开始上课。2.The meeting will last two hours.2.The meeting will last two ho

21、urs.3.Great changes have taken place in my home 3.Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.town in the past ten years.4.The May Fourth Movement broke out 4.The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919.in Beijing in 1919.5.Classes begin at eight every day.5.Classes

22、 begin at eight every day.1.She went home very late yesterday evening1.She went home very late yesterday evening.基本句型基本句型 三：三：（主谓宾）（主谓宾）构成宾语的代词必须是构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格代词宾格，如：，如：meme，himhim，themthem等等 （及物动词）（及物动词）1.Who knows the answer?谁知道答案？2.She smiled her thanks.她微笑表示感谢。3.He has refused to help them.他拒绝帮

23、他们。4.He enjoys reading.他喜欢看书。5.They ate what was left over.他们吃了剩饭。6.He said Good morning.他说：早上好！7.I want to have a cup of tea.我想喝杯茶。8.He admits that he was mistaken.他承认犯了错误。巩固练习：巩固练习：1 1昨晚我写了一封信。昨晚我写了一封信。2 2今天下午我想同你谈谈。今天下午我想同你谈谈。3 3这本书他读过多次了。这本书他读过多次了。4 4他们成功地完成了计划。他们成功地完成了计划。5 5那位先生能流利地说三种语言。那位先生能流

24、利地说三种语言。I wrote a letter last night.I wrote a letter last night.I want to talk with you this afternoon.I want to talk with you this afternoon.He has read this book many times.He has read this book many times.They have carried out the plan successfully.They have carried out the plan successfully.That

25、 gentleman can speak three languages That gentleman can speak three languages fluently.fluently.基本句型 四：（主谓间宾直宾）（及物）（及物）（多指人）（多指人）（多指物）（多指物）1.She ordered herself a new dress.她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2.She cooked her husband a delicious meal.她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3.He brought you a dictionary.他给你带来了一本字典。4.He denies her nothi

26、ng.他对她什么都不拒绝。5.I told him that the bus was late.我告诉他汽车晚点了。6.He showed me how to run the machine.他教我开机器。这类句型常有给某人某物、送某人某物、留给某人某物等意思。常见的这类谓语动词有 give(给某人),bring(带给某人),tell(告诉某人),send(送给某人),leave(留给某人),pass(递给某人),read(给某人读),write(给某人写),take(给某人拿),show(给某人看),teach(教某人),get(给某人弄到),award(授予某人),lend(借给某人),r

27、ent(租赁某人),buy(给某人买),pay(支付某人),hand(递给某人),recommend(将某人推荐给)等。例如：（注：上面各词的中文释义是刻意按照该词的常用动词句型而给的，以便于大家更好地理解该词出现于哪个基本句型中。）She brought me a shirt.她给我带来一件衬衣。Pass him the dictionary,please.请将词典递给他。I lend him my bicycle.我把自行车借给他了。但若要但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词（人），则要借助于介词toto或或forfor。如：

28、。如：He brings cookies to me every day.He brings cookies to me every day.She made a beautiful dress for She made a beautiful dress for me.me.用用toto侧重指动作的方向，表示侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着朝着，向着，对着某人。某人。用用for for 侧重指动作的受益者，侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替表示为了某人，替某人某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助toto的）的）bringbring,give,lend,han

29、d,offer,pass,pay,promise,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,askreturn,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等；等；（需借助（需借助forfor 的）的）buy,call,cook,choose,buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,sparespare等。等。巩固练习：巩固练习：1 1J

30、ohnson Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。先生去年教我们德语。2 2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。3 3请把那本字典递给我好吗？请把那本字典递给我好吗？4 4他把车票给列车员看。他把车票给列车员看。Mr Johnson taught us German last year.Mr Johnson taught us German last year.Grandma told me an interesting story last night.Grandma told me an interesting story last night.Would

31、you please pass me the dictionary?Would you please pass me the dictionary?He showed the ticket to the conductor.He showed the ticket to the conductor.说明说明:此结构由此结构由“主语主语+及物的谓语动词及物的谓语动词+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。则句意不够完整。The sun keep

32、s us The sun keeps us warm.warm.I heard him I heard him singing.singing.You must get your hair You must get your hair cut.cut.基本句型基本句型 五：五：（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）（及物）（及物）（宾语）（宾语）（宾补）（宾补）名词/代词宾格+名词The war|made|him|a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格+形容词New methods|make|the job|easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.名词/代词宾格+介词短语I|often

33、 find|him|at work./我经常发现他在工作.名词/代词宾格+动词不定式The teacher|ask|the students|to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户.名词/代词宾格+分词I|saw|a cat|running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.常带复合宾语结构的及物动词有：elect(选举),feel(感觉到),find(发现),get(使得),have(使，让),hear(听到),imagine(想象),keep(保持),make(使),notice(注意到),see(看见),let(使),smell(闻到),

34、start(使开始),watch(注视，看),appoint(任命),believe(相信),call(称),catch(发现),allow(容许),ask(请求，要求),cause(使得),consider(认为),expect(预期),know(知道),tell(告诉),think(想，认为),want(想要),wish(希望),listen to(听),look at(看，瞧)等等。例如：We elected him our monitor.我们选他当班长。President appointed John manager of Marketing.总裁任命约翰为营销部经理。The new

35、s made me happy.那消息使我很高兴。We know him to be an expert.我们知道他是专家。The story made us laugh.那故事使我们笑了起来。He heard somebody opening the door.他听见有人在开门。I found myself in dark.我发现自己还蒙在鼓里。用用 it it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：的句型结构方式。即：主语主语+谓语谓语+it+it+宾补宾补

36、+真正真正宾语宾语。如：。如：I found it very pleasant to be with your I found it very pleasant to be with your family.family.巩固练习：巩固练习：1 1我们叫她我们叫她Alice.Alice.2 2我们大家都认为他是诚实的。我们大家都认为他是诚实的。3 3他们把小偷释放了。他们把小偷释放了。4 4我要你把真相告诉我。我要你把真相告诉我。5.5.卫兵命令我们立即离开。卫兵命令我们立即离开。6.6.每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。7 7他每个月理一次发他每个月理一次发

37、8 8我们不会让她在晚上外出的。我们不会让她在晚上外出的。We call her Alice.We call her Alice.All of us considered him honest.All of us considered him honest.They have set the thief free.They have set the thief free.I want you to tell me the truth.I want you to tell me the truth.The guards ordered us to leave at The guards orde

38、red us to leave at once.once.Every morning we hear him read English aloud.Every morning we hear him read English aloud.He has his hair cut every month.He has his hair cut every month.We wont let her go out at night.We wont let her go out at night.句子成分练习题句子成分练习题(一一 )(一).指出下列句中主语的中心词（4分，4分钟）The teache

39、r with two of his students is walking into the classroom.There is an old man coming here.The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.(二)选出句中谓语的中心词（10分，10分钟）I dont like the picture on the wall.A.dont B.like C.picture D.wall

40、The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A.get B.longer C.days D.summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A.Do B.usually C.go D.bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A.will be B.meeting C.the library D.afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A.Did B.twi

41、ns C.have D.breakfast(三)挑出下列句中的宾语（10分，10分钟）My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.How many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?The old man sitting

42、 at the gate said he was ill.They made him monitor of the class.Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.You will find it useful after you leave school.They didnt know who Father Christmas really is.(四)挑出下列句中的表语（5分，5分钟）The old man was feeling very tired.Why is he worried about J

43、im?The leaves have turned yellow.Soon They all became interested in the subject.She was the first to learn about it.(五)挑出下列句中的定语（6分，6分钟）They use Mr,Mrs with the family name.What is your given name?On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.The man down

44、stairs was trying to sleep.I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!(六)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语（6分，6分钟）She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.He asked her to take the boy out of school.She found it difficult to do the work.They call me Lily sometimes.I saw Mr Wang get on the

45、 bus.Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?(七)挑出下列句中的状语（8分，8分钟）There was a big smile on her face.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.He began to learn English when he was eleven.The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li

46、 hurried off.She loves the library because she loves books.I am afraid that if youve lost it,you must pay for it.The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.(八)划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语（5分，5分钟）Please tell us a story.My father bought a new bike for me last week.Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.Did he leave any message for me?