英语基础语法课件.ppt

1、Welcome to English Grammar ClassChapter 1 General IntroductionBefore learning grammar,please think over and answer the following questions:What is grammar?How do you understand it?Do we need to study grammar to learn a language?Why or why not?3.How many parts of speech(词类)are there in English?4.What

2、 are Notional words(实词)and Form words(虚词)?5.由短语构成的词类有几种?6.什么是短语(词组)?短语分为多少类?7.句子的主要成份有哪些？8.How many types of sentence?Answers to the questions:Grammar-a study of the organization of languageGrammar 词法(Morphology)句法（Syntax）词法-研究词形变化的部分。如名词的数、格，形容词和副词的比较级和最高级，动词的时态、语态等都属于词法范围。句法-研究句子结构的部分。如句子的成分、语序以及句

3、子种类等都属于句法范围。语法图表词法：名词（单、复数，所有格）数词（基数词、序数词、分数词）动词（时态、语态、语气）形容词（原级、比较级、最高级）副词（原级、比较级、最高级）十大词类 代词（人称、物主、指示、疑问、关 系等）介词（简单、合成、成语介词）冠词（定冠词、不定冠词）连词（并列连词、从属连词）感叹词句子的主要成份-主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语 句子种类:陈述句(declarative sentence)按功能划分 祈使句(imperative sentence)感叹句(exclamatory sentence)疑问句(interrogative sentence)一般疑问句(ge

4、neral question)疑问句 特殊疑问句(special)选择疑问句(alternative)反意疑问句(disjunctive)简单句(simple sentence)按结构划分 并列句(compound sentence)复合句(complex sentence)Chapter 2 Word Formation 转化-词形不变，由一种词类转化为另一词 类，如book(书n.)-(订购v.)派生-通过加前缀或后缀构成另一个词，如 happy-unhappy work-worker 合成-由两个或更多的词合成一个词，如 first+class first-class hard-work

5、ing duty-free forget-me-not(课间休息,请欣赏)卡萨布兰卡 fell in love with you watching Casablanca Back row of the drive-in show in the flickering light Popcorn and cokes beneath the stars became champagne and caviar Making love on a long hot summers night I thought you fell in love with me watching Casablanca Ho

6、lding hands neath the paddle fans in Ricks candlelit cafe Hiding in the shadows from the spots Moroccan moonlight in your eyes Making magic at the movies in my old Chevrolet Oh!A kiss is still a kiss in Casablanca But a kiss is not a kiss without your sigh Please come back to me in Casablanca I love

7、 you more and more each day as time goes by I guess therere many broken hearts in Casablanca You know Ive never really been there So,I dont know I guess our love story will never be seen on the big wide silver screen But it hurt just as bad when I had to watch you go I love you more and more each da

8、y as time goes byPractice说出下列词属于哪种构词法Sunflower,triangular,bottleneck,television,mini-computer,deadline,boyish,dorm,WHO,entrance,break-through,ad.brunch,monthly,superman,women-teachers.要点:1.转化(功能转换)常见情况 v.n.也有：v.adj.n.v.n.adj.adj.v.n.adv.adv.v.num.v.adj.n.另有：v.n.(词形不变，重音改变)record,research2派生（derivati

9、on）加前缀一般不改变词类，只改变词意。但前缀en-,be-,a-可以和名词或形容词构成动词。加后缀通常只改变词类，词意不变。3.合成 主要类型：attribute（定语）合成形容词（compound adj.）Predicative（表语）Subject （主语）合成名词(compound n.)Object（宾语）一些次要的构词法1)Clipping/Shortening-截短法/缩短法2)Blending-混合法3)Initial letters and acronyms 缩写词和首字母缩略词4)trade name,load words 商标名；外来词Practice Give the

10、 full form of each of the following ad flu lab dorm fridge Complete the sentences by giving compound nouns1.She makes dresses.She is a .2.The machine washed clothes.It is a .3.He likes to collect stamps.He is interested in .Assignment:熟记含有否定意义的前缀及表示特定意思 的前缀（课本24-31页）Homework:Tell how the underlined

11、words in these sentences have been converted.Eg.(v.n.)1.Slow()down before you reach the crossroads.2.He pocketed()his change and left.3.The gang of four wronged()a lot of innocents().4.He was admitted to the university after a three-year wait().5.Many of his friends backed()his plan.Complete the sen

12、tences by adding prefixes1.If a person is against pollution,then he is pollution.2.This happened after the war.It was a war event.3.He used the machine too much.He used the machine.4.That country has not been fully developed.It is developed.5.Last week he made his house larger.He larged his house.6.

13、He spelt the word incorrectly.He spelt the word.7.They were husband and wife before.She is his wife.Assignment:熟记含有否定意义的前缀及表示特定意思的前缀（课本24-31页）Chapter 3 Nouns 名词一、名词的种类及复数变化 专有名词(proper n.)(不可数)名词 个体名词 (可数名词)普通名词 集体名词 (common n.)物质名词 (不可数名词)抽象名词 加-s books teachers(基本)sz 加-es boxes buses iz heroes z名词

14、的复数变化：把“y”改“i”再加es factories iz 改f/fe为v加es wifewives vz roofs chiefs safes fs 不变 deer sheep 特殊变化 child-children二、名词的数、格、性1名词的数（number）补充：外来语的复数形式：1）词尾 is es basis bases crisis crises2)词尾 on a phenomenon phenomena3)词尾 um a datum data medium media4)词尾 us i/es focus foci/focuses复合名词的数1）中心词改为复数 passer-b

15、y passers-by;brother-in-law brothers-in-law2）复合名词中有一个是动词时，则在词尾加S forget-me-nots;grown-ups3）前后两词均改为复数 woman-teacher women-teachers2.名词的格(case)主格(nominative case)通格(common case)宾格(objective case)所有格/属格(possessive/genitive case)名词所有格的构成法及用法所有格的形式 The Possessive Case1）单数 -s Hellens doctor a dogs tail2）复

16、数 -s ladies hats teachers office -s Childrens Day 3）复合名词 最后一词+s father-in-laws car4)以and连接的两个名词 共同所有(最后一个名词加s)Tom and Marys school 各别所有(分别加s)Toms and Marys schools无生命的名词所有格(of属格)1)the+所有物+of+(the,that,my)+所有者 the door of our classroom the leaves of that tree 例外:Do you know the name of the teacher ta

17、lking to John over there?2)表示价格、距离、时间、重量等的名词，单数加 s；复数加 拟人化 for Gods sake Heavens will 时间 todays newspaper ten minutes walk 距离 three miles journey 重量 twenty pounds weight 价格 ten dollars worth of coffee 惯用语 to ones hearts content 尽情地;心满意足双重所有格（Double genitive）结构：(a,an,this that,these,those,some,any,no

18、)+名词+of+s（所有格代词）(表示部分或带有某种感情色彩)this beautiful picture of yours a friend of my fathers This good child of yours is really loved by every one!你这个好宝贝，真是逗人爱！That damned husband of hers.她那个该死的丈夫！Assignment:1.自学名词的性(gender)部分(feminine gender阴 性;masculine gender阳性 and neutral中性)2.熟悉名词在句子中的作用(课间休息,请欣赏)Count

19、ry Road Take me Home Almost heaven west Virginia Blue ridge mountains Shenandoah river Life is old there older than the treesYounger than the mountains Growin like a breezeCountry roads take me homeTo the place I belongWest Virginia mountain mommaTake me home country roadsAll my memories gather roun

20、d herMiners lady stranger to blue waterDark and dusty painted on the skyMisty taste of moon shineTear drops in my eyesI hear her voice in the morning Hours she calls meRadio reminds me of my home far awayDriving down the road I get a feeling that I shouldhave been home yesterday,YesterdayCountry roa

21、ds take me home To the place I belongWest Virginia mountain mammaTake me home country roadsChapter 4 The Article 冠词冠词重点掌握：重点掌握：冠词的种类及用法冠词的种类及用法e.g.We work eight hours a day.(每天每天)I will never forget the day when we got married.The tea of Hangzhou is very good.2.何时使用何时使用“a”或或“an”a-用于辅音用于辅音(发音发音)之前之前(

22、“phonetic”not“letter”)an-用于元音用于元音(发音发音)之前之前“(phonetic”not“letter”)不定冠词(a,an)用于不限定的单数名词之前 定冠词(the)用于特定的单数或复数名词之前 e.g.a useful book a one-eyed man an umbrella an old man a house an hour a high price an honest boy一、不定冠词的用法（6项）二、定冠词的用法（10项）三、专有名词与定冠词(3+8项)四、零冠词（12项）五、冠词的位置一、不定冠词(a,an)的用法用 法例 句1a=one（表示一

23、个There is a book on the desk.Rome was not built in a day.2a=any,every（表示同类的全体）A dog is a faithful animal.=The dog is a faithful animal.=Dogs are faithful animals.3a=the same（同样的）Birds of a feather flock together.物以类聚.They are of an age.他们同年.4a=per（每一）He came home twice a month.We work eight hours a

24、day.(每天)5 a=a certain（某一个）Do you know a Mr.Smith?A Mr.Brown called on you.6 a=one like（像的人）He wishes to become an Edison.他希望成为像爱迪生那样的发明家.二、定冠词1the+前面出现过的名词 They have a son and a daughter.The son is a doctor and the daughter is a teacher.2 最高级the+序数词 +名词 only same This is the most interesting story I

25、 have ever heard.He was the first man to come here.Man is the only animal that can talk.3the+比较级+of the two He is the taller of the two.4 play the+乐器 She plays the piano(guitar/violin）very well.5 宇宙独一无二的东西 the earth/moon/sea/sun/world/sky 6 方向；方位 Turn to the right/the left/the north/the south 7 by t

26、he+计量名词（按；论；以计）They are paid by the month/hour.by the dozen/by the pound 8 the+身体部位 He took me by the hand.He hit me on the head 9the+形容词=复数普通名词 抽象名词 The rich(=rich people)are not always happier than the poor(=poor people).The beautiful(=beauty)lives forever 10 短语the+名词+从句(表示特定的人或事物)He is the studen

27、t who I taught.The lamps on the wall are very pretty.三、专有名词与定冠词1、专有名词前不加定冠词用 法例 句1人名、地名、国名 Mary is the best student in the class.Shanghai is the largest city in China.China is the largest country in Asia.2周日名和月名 We have no class on Saturday.National Day comes on October 1.3 街（路）名、车站(前面有专有名词)、公园 Our

28、college lies at 5 West Tongji Road.We met at Guangzhou Station.Zhongshan Park is a very beautiful place.2、但在下列情形下要加定冠词1the+姓氏复数（指全家人）The Wangs live nest door.2正式国名的“全称”或带有of的短语 the United Statesthe Peoples Republic of Chinathe city of Foshan(=Foshan City)3 被限定的专有名词 Tom is the Newton of the age.汤姆是当代

29、的牛顿(=科学家）4 山脉；群岛（孤岛、独山之前不加）the Alps 阿尔卑斯山脉the Philippines 菲律宾群岛但Mt.Tai 泰山 Mt.Ali 阿里山 5 与“水”有关的名称，如海、洋、河、湖等 the Pacific Ocean 太平洋the Yellow River 黄河the Suez Canal 苏伊士运河the Sun Moon Lake 日月潭 6 公共建筑物 the Peoples Great Hallthe White Housethe Military Museum 7书报、杂志 the Bible 圣经the Times 泰晤士报the Peoples D

30、aily 8全体国民 The Chinese are a peace-loving people.中国人是爱好和平的民族。the Americans/the English 四、零冠词（名词前不用冠词，我们称之为零冠词）1表示总称的复数名词 Children love cartoons.2 称呼用语 Sir,please give me a cup of tea.3家人称谓(家人称谓在任何位置，第一个字母须大写)Father wont be home for dinner.I refused to answer Mothers question.4 三餐名称 What do you often

31、 have for breakfast/lunch/supper/dinner 5 学科名称 Mathematics/chemistry is difficult to learn.6 表示“职务、头衔”的名词作补语或同位语 We made him chairman of the Students Union.Brown,leader of the class,is an able man.7 by+运输方法 by ship/car/taxi/train/letter/land/sea 8运动、游戏的名称 They like to play basketball/football/volley

32、ballHe is playing chess with his friend.9a kind of a sort of +名词（不加）a type of What kind of car do you want to buy?She is a different type of woman.10Church,school,hospital等名词，指这些建筑物存在的用途时为抽象名词，不加冠词。（但指建筑物本身或场所时为普通名词，要加冠词）go to school/church/college比较：He is very ill,and has to go to hospital.I an goi

33、ng to the hospital to visit a sick friend.11抽象名词与物质名词 Failure is the mother of success.Gold is more expensive than silver.但We cant drink the water which is not clean.五、冠词的位置1、what,such,many可用于a(n)之前，但不能用于the,this 或my等词之前句型whatsuch +a(n)（形容词）+名词many 例句What a big nose he has!She is such a kind lady.Ma

34、ny a student believes the story.2、too,how,so,as本身是副词，所以在a/an之前需要有形容词句型toohow +形容词+a(n)+名词so as 例句It is too good a chance to be lost.How pretty a flower it is!I have never seen so interesting a film.He is as kind a man as you.Some usages:惯用法短语中带有a的惯用法as a rule;as a whole;all of a sudden;at a loss(茫然不

35、知);in a hurry2.在名词成对出现的成语里，常省去不定冠词aarm in arm;day after day;face to face;young and old;from beginning to end;from head to foot;from cover to cover(自始自终)；from morning till night(课间休息,请欣赏)Hand in handfrom Seoul Olympic GameWe can see the fire in the skyWe feel the beating of our hearts togetherThis is

36、 our time to rise aboveWe know the chance is here to live foreverFor all time(Refrain:)Hand in hand we standAll across the landWe can make this world a better place in which to liveHand in hand we can!Start to understandBreaking down the walls that come between us for all timeAll the timeBreaking do

37、wn the walls between usHand in handBreaking down the wallsEvery time we give it allWe feel the flame eternally inside usLift our hands up to the skyThe morning calm helps us to live in harmonyFor all timeChapter 5 Pronouns1.代词的定义说明代替前面提过或暗示过的名词同一名词连续使用会嫌累赘,而代词则可以连续使用代词除通顺简洁外还有承接作用,使文字彼此呼应例句When a bo

38、y or a girl enters college,he or she will find it different from high school.2.代词的种类及用法1 人称代词物主代词反身代词I/me,you,he/him,she,we,they(主/宾格)my,your,his,her,our,their,its(所有格)mine,yours,his,hers,ours,theirs(主/宾格)myself,yourself,himself,ourselves2 指示代词This,that,these,those,3不定代词 由body,one,thing构成的合成代词 some,

39、any,other,all,another,both,little,few,many,much,none,either4疑问代词 who,what,which,whom,whose5连接代词 who,what,which,whom,whose 引导名词性从句(who,what.which)+ever 引导状从或名词性从句6关系代词 who,whom,which,whose,that,as 引导定语从句 代词用法注意事项、有关格 两个以上人称代词并用时，其顺序是：单数 按2-3-1人称排序 复数 按1-2-3人称排序2、在比较级从句中，人称代词随意义而决定主格或宾格He likes you be

40、tter than me.=He likes you better than (he likes)me.He likes you better than I.=He likes you better than I(like you)二、It的用法代替前面提过的名词指时间、天气、距离做形式主语或宾语用于强调句型 It 可做形式上的主语，以代替后面的不定式、动名词或 名词从句。句型如下：to+V (不定式)It+动词+V-ing (动名词)that+S+V (名词从句)(形式主语)(真正主语)It is wrong to tell a lie It is no use crying over th

41、e spilt milk.(覆水难收)It is uncertain who will come.It 可做形式上的宾语,以代替后面的真正宾语,句型如下:take,find to+V主语+make,believe +it+宾补+that+S+V think,consider V-ingI make it a rule to get up early.I took it for granted that he knew me.He found it difficult asking others help.It用于强调句型Pattern:It+be+被强调部分+that(who)引起的从句 It

42、 was the teacher who taught us seriously.It was in this house that he lived ten years.三、各类代词在句中的作用（the function of pronouns）人称代词 主语 We are all Chinese.主格 表语 Who is it?It is I(me).动词宾语 We will help them.宾格 介词宾语 The teacher will have a talk with us.物主代词（代词所有格）possessive pron.形容词性的物主代词在句中都是做定语 We all l

43、ove our motherland.Show us your good handwriting.名词性的物主代词在句中可作主语、宾语和表语 Your radio is old,but mine is new.Since you borrowed his watch,let me borrow hers.They have their friends,we have friends of ours,too.Whose son is this child?Its hers.反身代词self pron.动词宾语 Please help yourself to some fish.介词宾语 A bi

44、ke can work by itself.同位语 We d better ask the guest himself about it.相互代词相互代词reciprocal pron.We often help each other/one another.We care for each others/one anothers study(所有格所有格)2.指示代词指示代词demonstrative pron.this,that,these,those可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和 状状语语This is mine and that is hers.Try to

45、keep all these in mind.I like this boy,but he likes that one.Can you promise that much?你能答应那么多吗？你能答应那么多吗？such 与与some的用法的用法作定语作定语 I have never seen such a man as him.The same thing happened again.作主语作主语 The same can be done by you.Such is my father,simple and honest.作表语 Our opinions are just the same

46、.3.不定代词 Indefinite pron.表数的不定代词 few,a few;many,a number of,a large number of;(接复数可 数名词)none of;no,（接可数名词或代词宾格）(谓语单复数皆可)all,（接单、复数皆可）some,any;（接可数或不可数名词）both,（接复数名词或复数代词宾格）neither,either,one,other,another,each,every,（表单数）others,（接复数谓语）somebody,something,nobody,nothing,everybody,everything,anybody,any

47、thing,都表单数概念,定语通常后置表量的不定代词 little,a little,much,some,a great deal of,;a lot of,lots of,a great lot,a good lot(等后接不可数名词，作“大量”解，如果后接可数名词复数，则作“大批”解)关于限定代词与不可数名词以及与复数可数名词的搭配关系列表如下：1与不可数名词搭配 2与复数可数名词搭配 3与不可数名词及复数名词搭配 much,(a)little,less,the least,a great deal of,a great amount of many,(a)few,fewer,(the)f

48、ewest,a great number of more,(the)most,plenty of.a lot of,lots of,enough 4.疑问代词（用作特殊疑问句的疑问词）疑问代词在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语Who says such a thing?Who is who?This cup is whose?Who/Whom are you speaking to?Whose letter is it?5.连接代词 （与疑问代词同形）引导名词性从句，疑问代词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语，还可引导不定式短语作宾语。由构成的疑问代词引导状语从句。(例句见教材P97-101)6.

49、关系代词 （引导定语从句）关系代词前必有一先行的名词,否则,它就没有可代的关 系。关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语和定语。The teacher is over 70.The teacher who is over 70 still He still teaches at school.teaches at school.（关系代词指代teacher，在从句中作主语）The book was bought long ago.The book,which you You mentioned the book last week.mentioned last week,was bought lon

50、g ago.The boy is our classmate.The boy whose leg was hurt just His leg was hurt just now.now is our classmate.Chapter 6 Numerals 数词数词 Classifications of numerals:Cardinal numerals 基数词基数词 Ordinal numerals 序数词序数词 Fractional numerals 分数词分数词 一、一、Cardinal numerals基数词基数词 1）基数词写法和读法：）基数词写法和读法：345 (three hu