外研版高中英语选修8-课件Module4-Grammar课件.ppt-(课件无音视频)

1、Review of adverbials and adverbial clauses 状语是用来修饰状语是用来修饰_、_、_或或_:一般表示时间、地一般表示时间、地点、点、方式、方式、程度、程度、条件、条件、目的、结果、目的、结果、让步、伴随情况等意义让步、伴随情况等意义。1.状语的位置状语的位置 英语中的状语在句中的位置比较灵活英语中的状语在句中的位置比较灵活:动词动词形容词形容词副词副词整个句子的成分整个句子的成分修饰形容词的状语，修饰形容词的状语，通常放在所修饰的通常放在所修饰的词词_;修饰动词的状语修饰动词的状语,一般放在所修一般放在所修饰的动词饰的动词_。但有些副词如但有些副词如al

2、ways,often,usually,never,ever等作状语时，则放在等作状语时，则放在_之前之前,_、_或或_之后。之后。之前之前之后之后实意动词实意动词助动词助动词be动词动词情态动词情态动词1.Work in pairs.Match the underlined words and phrases with the statements.1)You can usually tell which part of the English-speaking world someone comes from by their accent.2)It can sound very diffe

3、rent from place to place.3)For example,within London the most famous dialect is cockney.4)It is only usually spoken by people from the east of that city so it is not the only form of English you will hear.5)English spread across the world over hundreds of years because of trade,exploration and busin

4、ess.6)Sometimes it is difficult for British and American people to understand the Australian accent.7)A few years ago a well-known English author was signing copies of his books in a Sydney bookshop.8)A customer came up to the author holding a copy of the book and said Emma Chissit.(a)A prepositiona

5、l phrase can be used as an adverbial.()(b)An adverb can be used as an adverbial.()(c)A noun phrase can be used as an adverbial.()1,3&52,67(d)A clause can be used as an adverbial.()(e)An-ing phrase can be used as an adverbial.()481.副词一般在句子中作状语。副词一般在句子中作状语。He speaks English very well.2.不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。

6、不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。I come specially to see you.3.介词短语介词短语 My parents often tell us about their bitter life in the past.Ten years ago,she began to live in Dalian.4.从句作状语从句作状语 When she was 12 years old,she began to live in Dalian.You wont pass the exam unless you study hard.5.分词作状语分词作状语 Having had a quarr

7、el with his wife,he left home in a bad temper.Inhibited in one direction,it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.1)Which adverbial is used to express result?()2)Which adverbials are used to express manner?()3)Which adverbial is used to express degree?()2.Work in pairs.Read the sen

8、tences in Activity 1 again and answer the questions.4 1,824)Which adverbial is used to express place?()5)Which adverbial is used to express cause?()6)Which adverbial is used to express time?()7)Which adverbial is used to express frequency?()6 573The infinitives and the-ed form of verbs can be used a

9、s adverbials.The infinitives and the-ed form and-ing form of verbs can also be used to express time,reason,manner,purpose,result,condition,and concession.Conclusion:3.Complete the passage with the correct adverbials from the box.because of the new opportunities the city offered,very,of the region,to

10、day,an area of central England,During the 13th and 14th centuries,often,between north and south,in the palaces of LondonThe English we write and speak(1)_Comes from a mix of the dialects of London and the east Midlands,(2)_.East Midlands English was(3)_ important because as a dialect from the centre

11、 of the country,it was a bridge(4)_,and most people could understand it.todayan area of central Englandvery between north and southGreat numbers of traders,religious people and others passed through the various towns(5)_ such as Nottingham and Leicester.(6)_,large numbers of east Midlanders moved to

12、 London(7)_.of the region During the 13th and 14th centuries because of the new opportunities the city offeredThey(8)_ reached high positions in business and government which then had an effect on the forms of language used.So it is fair to say that the Queens English started in the towns of the Mid

13、lands as well as(9)_.often in the palaces of LondonAdverbial clauses 状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句的状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句的_、_或或_等，按意义分为等，按意义分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方式、比较等状语从句。让步、方式、比较等状语从句。动词动词形容词形容词副词副词1.时间状语从句时间状语从句 引导时间状语从句的从属连词有引导时间状语从句的从属连词有after,as,before,once,since,till,until,when,whenever,while,

14、as soon as,no sooner than,hardly when,scarcely when等，以及名词短语等，以及名词短语 the moment,the instant,every time等。等。例如：例如：I saw him when/while he was going out of the room.在他走出房间时我碰见了他。在他走出房间时我碰见了他。Edisons mother had been a teacher before she got married.爱迪生的妈妈结婚前是位老师。爱迪生的妈妈结婚前是位老师。注意：注意：no sooner than,hardly

15、when,scarcely when 这三个结构意为这三个结构意为“_”，相当于，相当于_，均可引导时间状语从句，但只能用于均可引导时间状语从句，但只能用于_，即主谓语用过去完成时，从句，即主谓语用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。用一般过去时。No sooner,hardly,scarcely置于句首时，置于句首时，主句要部分主句要部分_。一一就就as soon as过去时过去时倒装倒装我一到家我一到家,天就下起雨来了。可译为：天就下起雨来了。可译为：As soon as I came home,it began to rain.I had no sooner come home than it

16、 began to rain.I had hardly/scarcely come home when it began to rain.No sooner had I come home than it began to rain.Hardly/scarcely had I come home when it began to rain.【考例考例】选用括号内合适的内容填空。选用括号内合适的内容填空。1)_(Once/Until)the damage is done,it will take many years for the farmland to recover.(北京北京2015)【

17、点拨点拨】Once。设空处引导时间状语从句，表示。设空处引导时间状语从句，表示“一旦一旦”，相当于，相当于as soon as，故选，故选Once。Once2)If you miss this chance,it may be years _(since/before)you get another one.(重庆重庆2015)【点拨点拨】before。it may be+一段时间一段时间+before.表示表示“可能要过多久才可能要过多久才”，before引引导的句子常用一般现在时态。句意为导的句子常用一般现在时态。句意为“如果你错过了这次机会，可能需要很如果你错过了这次机会，可能需要很多年

18、你才能再获得一次。多年你才能再获得一次。”before3)It was the middle of the night _(while/when)my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.(江西江西2014)【点拨点拨】when。设空处引导时间状语从句，表示。设空处引导时间状语从句，表示时间点，故选时间点，故选when。while引导的时间引导的时间状语从句表示时间的延续，谓语常用延状语从句表示时间的延续，谓语常用延续性动词。续性动词。when2.地点状语从句地点状语从句 地点状语从句通常由地点状语从句通常由_,_

19、等引导。如：等引导。如：He lived where he liked.他住在他喜欢的地方。他住在他喜欢的地方。Where there is a will,there is a way.有志者有志者,事竟成。（谚语）事竟成。（谚语）wherewhereverWherever they went,they were warmly welcomed.他们所到之处都受到热烈欢迎。他们所到之处都受到热烈欢迎。3.原因状语从句原因状语从句 原因状语从句通常由原因状语从句通常由_,_,_,_等引导。如：等引导。如：He didnt attend the meeting because he had too

20、 much work to do.他因为要干的活太多没来参加会议。他因为要干的活太多没来参加会议。because sinceasnow thatSince he cant answer the question,youd better ask someone else.既然他回答不了这个问题，你最好问别既然他回答不了这个问题，你最好问别人吧。人吧。As I havent seen the film,I cant tell you what I think of it.由于我没看过这部电影，所以谈不出对它由于我没看过这部电影，所以谈不出对它有什么看法。有什么看法。Now that you hav

21、e come,you may stay.你既然来了，就留下吧。你既然来了，就留下吧。注意：注意：for也可表也可表“原因原因”，语气较弱，有时可与，语气较弱，有时可与because换用，但它是并列连词，它连接的换用，但它是并列连词，它连接的句子并不总是原因，有时可能对前面的分句子并不总是原因，有时可能对前面的分句提出推断的理由，不能回答句提出推断的理由，不能回答why 引导的引导的疑问句，它连接的分句只能疑问句，它连接的分句只能_，且前，且前面有面有_。后置后置逗号逗号The ground is wet,for it rained last night.地面很湿，因为昨天晚上下雨了。（表地面很

22、湿，因为昨天晚上下雨了。（表原因，可用原因，可用because代替）代替）It rained last night,for the ground is wet.昨天晚上下雨了，因为地面很湿。（提昨天晚上下雨了，因为地面很湿。（提出判断的理由，出判断的理由，“地湿地湿”不是不是“下雨下雨”的原因，不可用的原因，不可用because代替）代替）【考例考例】选用括号内合适的内容填空。选用括号内合适的内容填空。1)Mark needs to learn Chinese _(since/though)his company is opening a branch in Beijing.(山东山东2013

23、)【点拨点拨】since。his company is opening a branch in Beijing是是Mark needs to learn Chinese的原因，故设空处引导原因状语从句，的原因，故设空处引导原因状语从句，选选since。since2)Coach,can I continue with the training?Sorry,you cant _(unless/as)you havent recovered from the knee injury.(重庆重庆2012)【点拨点拨】as。you havent recovered from the knee injur

24、y是是you cant(continue with the training)的原因，故设空处引导原因状的原因，故设空处引导原因状语从句，选语从句，选as。as4.目的状语从句目的状语从句 目的状语从句常由目的状语从句常由_ _ _ 等引导。如：等引导。如：I am saving money in order that/so that I can buy a house.我正在攒钱我正在攒钱,以便买一所房子。以便买一所房子。so that,in order that,so,that,incase(以防、以免以防、以免),lest(以防以防),for fear that(以防、以免以防、以免)I

25、n order that there should be no misunderstanding,we propose to hold a meeting.为了不出现误解为了不出现误解,我们建议开一个会。我们建议开一个会。注意：注意：1)so that,in order that,so that 引导的目引导的目 的状语从句的状语从句常含情态动词常含情态动词_ _等。等。如：如：He got up early so that he could catch the early bus.他早早起床他早早起床,以便能赶上早班车。以便能赶上早班车。can,could,may,might,will,wo

26、uld,should2)lest for fear that in case“should+动词原动词原 形形”型虚拟语气。型虚拟语气。_可省略可省略。如：。如：Shut the window for fear(that)it should rain.关上窗户，以防下雨。关上窗户，以防下雨。shouldIll explain it to him lest he(should)doubt me.我向他解释了这件事，以免他怀疑我。我向他解释了这件事，以免他怀疑我。Take your raincoat in case it rains/(should)rain.带上雨衣以防下雨。带上雨衣以防下雨。【

27、考例考例】选用括号内合适的内容填空。选用括号内合适的内容填空。Cathy had quit her job when her son was born _(so that/now that)she could stay home and raise her family.(浙浙江江2014)【点拨点拨】so that。she could stay home and raise her family是是Cathy had quit her job的目的，故的目的，故选选so that。可引导目的状语的连词还有。可引导目的状语的连词还有in case,in order that等。等。so tha

28、t5.结果状语从句结果状语从句 结果状语从句常由结果状语从句常由_ _等引导。如：等引导。如：The question is of great importance that it cant be neglected.这个问题很重要这个问题很重要,不能忽视。不能忽视。sothat,such that,so that,thatIt was very cold,so that the river froze.天很冷，河水结冰了。天很冷，河水结冰了。He was so brilliant that he made a lot of inventions.他很有才华，搞了许多发明。他很有才华，搞了许多

29、发明。比较：比较：He got up early so that he caught the early bus.他早早就起床他早早就起床,结果赶上了早班车。结果赶上了早班车。He got up early so that he could catch the early bus.他早早起床他早早起床,以便能赶上早班车。以便能赶上早班车。6.条件状语从句条件状语从句 条件状语从句常由条件状语从句常由_ _ _ _ _等引导。如：等引导。如：If I make a promise,Ill keep it.如果我许下诺言，我就遵守。如果我许下诺言，我就遵守。if,unless,as/so long

30、 as（只要），（只要），in case（如果，万（如果，万一），一），suppose/supposing(that)（假（假如，倘若），如，倘若），on condition(that)（如（如果，只要）果，只要）Ill lend you the money,as/so long as you take my advice.只要你接受我的劝告，我就借钱给你。只要你接受我的劝告，我就借钱给你。Suppose/Supposing(that)all the doors are locked,how will you get into the house?假如所有的门都锁上了，你怎么进这所房子？假如所

31、有的门都锁上了，你怎么进这所房子？In case I forget,please remind me of it.一旦我忘了，请提醒我这件事一旦我忘了，请提醒我这件事。注意：注意：条件状语从句中常用条件状语从句中常用_代替代替_，用，用_代替代替_。如：。如：一般现在时一般现在时一般将来时一般将来时一般过去时一般过去时过去将来时过去将来时If it rains tomorrow,the sports meet wont take place.如果明天下雨，运动会将不举行。如果明天下雨，运动会将不举行。He said he wouldnt come unless he was invited.他

32、说如果不被邀请，他不来。他说如果不被邀请，他不来。7.让步状语从句让步状语从句 让步状语从句常由让步状语从句常由_ _ _ _ _等引导。如：等引导。如：although,though,as,even if,even though,whoever,whatever,whenever,however,wherever,no matter who(what,when,where,how),whetherAlthough/Though he was a Spanish,he spent most of his life in Germany.他虽然是西班牙人他虽然是西班牙人,但他的大半生是在德但他的

33、大半生是在德国度过的。国度过的。Even if/though you dont like music,you must have heard of him.即使你不喜欢音乐即使你不喜欢音乐,你也一定听说过他。你也一定听说过他。Whatever/No matter what happens,you must be calm.不论发生什么情况，你必须镇静。不论发生什么情况，你必须镇静。注意：注意：Although,though,as三者均可引导三者均可引导_,意为意为“虽然虽然”,“尽管尽管”。让步状语从句让步状语从句although和和though引导的让步状语从句放引导的让步状语从句放在主句在

34、主句_均可均可,as引导的让步状语从句引导的让步状语从句一般放在一般放在_;although引导的让步状语引导的让步状语从句从句_,though引导的引导的_，as引导的引导的_,且如果从句且如果从句中单数名词或形容词最高级作表语，倒中单数名词或形容词最高级作表语，倒装时不再用装时不再用_;although和和though引导引导的让步状语从句的让步状语从句_,as则不可。则不可。前后前后句首句首不倒装不倒装 可倒装可可倒装可不倒装不倒装必须倒装必须倒装冠词冠词可用虚拟语气可用虚拟语气8.方式状语从句方式状语从句 方式状语从句常由方式状语从句常由_ _等引导。等引导。如：如：You ought

35、 to do as your teacher tells you.你应按老师说的去做。你应按老师说的去做。as(象、如、照）象、如、照）和和as if/though(好象、似乎好象、似乎)I have changed the plan as you suggested.我已根据你的建议改变了这个计划。我已根据你的建议改变了这个计划。He talks as if/though he knows all about it.他谈起来似乎对此了如指掌。他谈起来似乎对此了如指掌。注意：注意：as if和和as though 的意义和用法基本相同，的意义和用法基本相同，它们引导的从句多用它们引导的从句多用

36、_，也可用，也可用_。如：。如：He waked as if/as though he were(was)drunk.他走起来好像喝醉了。他走起来好像喝醉了。His father loves me as if/as though I were his son.他父亲很喜欢我他父亲很喜欢我,好像我是他的儿子。好像我是他的儿子。虚拟语气虚拟语气陈述语气陈述语气【考例考例】选用括号内合适的内容填空。选用括号内合适的内容填空。1)Just _(as/because)a single word can change the meaning of a sentence,a single sentence

37、can change the meaning of a paragraph.(浙江浙江2015)【点拨点拨】as。设空处引导方式状语从句，表示。设空处引导方式状语从句，表示“正如正如”，故选，故选as。as2)Jack wasnt saying anything,but the teacher smiled at him _(even if/as if)he had done something very clever.【点拨点拨】as if。设空处引导方式状语从句，表示。设空处引导方式状语从句，表示“似乎，好像似乎，好像”，故选，故选as if。as if9.比较状语从句比较状语从句 比较状

38、语从句常由比较状语从句常由_ _等引导。如：等引导。如：She is as tall as Tom.她与汤姆一样高。她与汤姆一样高。She is not as/so tall as Tom.她不如汤姆高。她不如汤姆高。as as,not as/so as,thanHe doesnt get up as/so early as his brother.他起床不如他兄弟早。他起床不如他兄弟早。Tom was less old than Mary.汤姆没有玛丽大。汤姆没有玛丽大。No one can be more fit for his office than he is.没人比他更称职。没人比他

39、更称职。1.Look at this sentence.Remember that the underlined words are conjunctions.Example:The quality of the voice makes your friend instantly recognisable,even though you cant see him or her.Now underline the conjunctions in these sentences.1.When you receive a phone call from a friend,how long does

40、it take you to know who it is?2.You could say that there are as many varieties of English as there are speakers of it.3.But as it is so widely spoken,it has become impossible to say which English is“correct”and which is “incorrect”.4.As long as speakers can understand each other,“correctness”seems l

41、ess important.5.There are so many differences between their dialects that they could not understand each other.2.Match the conjunctions in Activity 1 with their uses below.Example:The quality of the voice makes your friend instantly recognisable,even though you cant see him or her.(concession)(a)com

42、parison(b)time(c)cause(d)result(e)conditionas many asWhen asso thatAs long as3.Complete the sentences with the correct words or phrases.1._ people understand you,it doesnt matter if you make mistakes.(a)As long as (b)Although (c)So that2._ people from Singapore and Jamaica meet,will they understand

43、each other?(a)No matter what (b)If (c)Whatever3._ hard I study,my pronunciation doesnt get any better.(a)However (b)Since (c)Unless4._ shes only been living here for a year,Wang speaks excellent English.(a)As (b)Although (c)Because5._ I am studying Chinese,I would like to take an exam in the subject

44、.(a)Even though (b)Since(c)Whatever6.We like learning French,_ we may never go to France.(a)even though (b)in case (c)however7.Im learning English _ I can make my dream true and someday travel around the world.(a)as long as (b)no matter what (c)so thatWork in pairs and discuss these questions.1.Can

45、you hear the difference between different accents in English?2.What do you think the differences are?For example,do you think American and British speakers of English pronounce any sounds differently?3.Do you think that one variety of English is easier to understand than another?4.Do you think there

46、 is a right and a wrong way to speak a language?Why?Why not?选用合适的连词完成下面短文。选用合适的连词完成下面短文。as,because,before,when,in order that The announcement of a marriage date for girls of the Tujia ethnic minority in China is usually welcomed with crying,as is the custom.For this reason,the new bride(新娘新娘)should

47、begin to cry up to one month 1._ the wedding ceremony.beforeIf she doesnt behave 2._ the custom requires,her suitability and virtue will be poorly judged.3._ she will be regarded as a good girl,she should begin to learn how to cry for marriage at the age of twelve.4._ it sometimes is a hard task for

48、 girls,some of them will invite an experienced person to teach them.5._ they are fifteen years old,girls will compete to see who cries best.asIn order thatBecauseWhen选用合适的连词完成下面对话。选用合适的连词完成下面对话。because,though,when,as if,so that (A director is discussing with a set designer about how to design the se

49、ttings for a play.)Director:You see what I want is to give the audience a feeling of size.I want everything to be super large,1._ the play will leave a strong impression on the audience.so thatFor example,I want the actors to look 2._ theyre lost in these huge dark mountains.Set designer:3._ I under

50、stand what youre saying,Im afraid I cant agree.Its all right for Act Two when theyre in the mountains,but what about Acts One and Three?Director:In my opinion,4._ Act One takes place mainly indoors,as ifThoughbecausewe can just have a closed set for that a nice living room,say,then 5._ Act One is ov