高考英语阅读理解-推理判断题的解题技巧课件.ppt

1、阅读阅读-推理判断题推理判断题所谓推断，就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息，所谓推断，就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息，推断出未知的信息，即把有关的文字作为已知部分，推断出未知的信息，即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。据以推断的有关文字可能是词从中推断出未知部分。据以推断的有关文字可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。此类考题或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。此类考题虽然没有明确的答案，但考生在理解全文的基础上可虽然没有明确的答案，但考生在理解全文的基础上可以进行推理和判断其答案。推理判断题主要包括推断以进行推理和判断其答案。推理判断题主要包括推断隐含意思、推断目标读者、推

2、断观点态度、推断文章隐含意思、推断目标读者、推断观点态度、推断文章出处、推断写作意图等。尤以推断隐含意义的题居多。出处、推断写作意图等。尤以推断隐含意义的题居多。第一类第一类 推断隐含意义推断隐含意义 旨在考查考生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者旨在考查考生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力。的言外之意或弦外之音的能力。推断隐含意义的题干中常含推断隐含意义的题干中常含infer(推断推断)，suggest(暗示暗示)，imply(暗示暗示)，indicate(暗示暗示)，conclude(推断，得出结论推断，得出结论)等词等词语。常见的题干设题形式如下语。常见的题干设题形式如下

3、：1We can know from the passage that _2.We can infer from the(first/last)passage that _3The passage/author implies/suggests that _4It can be concluded from the passage that _5The underlined sentence indicates that _一、常见的设问形式一、常见的设问形式解答这类题时，首先通过寻读找到相关信息点解答这类题时，首先通过寻读找到相关信息点(推理的依推理的依据据)；然后细读、理解相关信息点的字面

4、意义；最后结合语境和；然后细读、理解相关信息点的字面意义；最后结合语境和常识，在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断，从而理解作常识，在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断，从而理解作者的言外之意。解答此类题目，需注意以下几个问题者的言外之意。解答此类题目，需注意以下几个问题：1严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推理，切忌掺严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推理，切忌掺杂自己的主观想法或经验。杂自己的主观想法或经验。2如果某选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，那它就如果某选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，那它就不是推论，也就不是正确答案。不是推论，也就不是正确答案。二、解题方法二、解题方法3如果某选

5、项所表达的内容与经验相吻合，文中却没如果某选项所表达的内容与经验相吻合，文中却没有涉及，那它属于主观臆断的结论，也不是正确答案。有涉及，那它属于主观臆断的结论，也不是正确答案。4如果某个选项所表达的内容虽在文中提到，但很片如果某个选项所表达的内容虽在文中提到，但很片面或很不完整，那也不是正确答案。面或很不完整，那也不是正确答案。5文中的虚拟语气和情态动词文中的虚拟语气和情态动词(should，must，may等等)往往能流露出作者的弦外之音，这有助于我们确定正确答案。往往能流露出作者的弦外之音，这有助于我们确定正确答案。6.注意作者在文章中的措辞，比如作者在形容词前用注意作者在文章中的措辞，比

6、如作者在形容词前用了了too，excessively，rather等，则常带有否定的意味。等，则常带有否定的意味。例例 The position was offered at the last minute，and I was given two weeks to prepare，a period I spent searching for briefcase(公文包公文包)and standing before my fulllength mirror，repeating the words，“Hello，class.Im Mr.Davis.”Sometimes I would give m

7、yself an aggressive voice.Sometimes I would sound experienced.But when the day eventually came，my nerves kicked in and the true Mr.Davis was there.I sounded not like a thoughtful professor，but rather a 12yearold boy.What can we learn about the author from the Paragraph?AHe would be aggressive in his

8、 first class.BHe was wellprepared for his first class.CHe got nervous upon the arrival of his first class.DHe waited long for the arrival of his first class.解析：解析：推断隐含意义题。根据本段中的推断隐含意义题。根据本段中的“But when the day eventually came，my nerves kicked in and the true Mr.Davis was there.”和和“I sounded not like

9、a thoughtful professor，but rather a 12 year old boy.”可知本题选可知本题选C。答案：答案：C 第二类第二类 推断写作意图推断写作意图推断写作意图，即要求考生根据短文内容推断作者推断写作意图，即要求考生根据短文内容推断作者写该文章的目的写该文章的目的。1The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to _2The passage is meant to _3The authors purpose is to show _4The purpose of the article is to

10、_一、常见的设问形式一、常见的设问形式 作者的写作目的通常有娱乐读者、说服读者接受某种作者的写作目的通常有娱乐读者、说服读者接受某种观点和告知读者某些信息三种观点和告知读者某些信息三种。解答此类题时主要有两种方法解答此类题时主要有两种方法：1主旨推断法：写作目的是阐述作者为何要表达某个主旨推断法：写作目的是阐述作者为何要表达某个中心主题，因此可根据主旨推断作者的写作目的。中心主题，因此可根据主旨推断作者的写作目的。2文体推断法：根据文体的特点和用途来推断作者的文体推断法：根据文体的特点和用途来推断作者的写作目的。如记叙文，写作目的。如记叙文，二、解题方法二、解题方法 特别是个人的有趣经历或幽默

11、故事类的文章，其目的特别是个人的有趣经历或幽默故事类的文章，其目的是娱乐读者；夹叙夹议的文章，其目的是让读者得到是娱乐读者；夹叙夹议的文章，其目的是让读者得到某种启示或教育；广告和议论文的目的是说服读者接某种启示或教育；广告和议论文的目的是说服读者接受某种产品、服务或接受某种观点；科普说明文或新受某种产品、服务或接受某种观点；科普说明文或新闻报告，其目的是告知读者某些信息闻报告，其目的是告知读者某些信息。例例Cold weather can be hard on pets，just like it can be hard on people.Sometimes owners forget th

12、at their pets are just as used to the warm shelter(住所住所)as they are.Some owners will leave their animals outside for a long period of time，thinking that all animals are used to living outdoors.This can put their pets in danger of serious illness.There are things you can do to keep your animal warm a

13、nd safe.Keep your pets inside as much as you can when the weather is bad.If you have to take them out，stay outside with them.When youre cold enough to go inside，they probably are too.If you must leave them outside for a long time，make sure they have a warm，solid shelter against the wind，thick beddin

14、g，and plenty of nonfrozen water.What is the purpose of this text?ATo solve a problem.BTo give practical advice.CTo tell an interesting story.DTo present a research result.解析：解析：推断写作目的题。根据第一段的中心句推断写作目的题。根据第一段的中心句(最后一句最后一句)可知可知，这是一篇说明文这是一篇说明文，其目的是给其目的是给养宠物的人提一些实用的建议。养宠物的人提一些实用的建议。答案：答案：B第三类第三类 推断观点态度推

15、断观点态度推断观点态度，即要求考生推断作者对某人某事推断观点态度，即要求考生推断作者对某人某事的看法或作者所持的观点。的看法或作者所持的观点。1The author seems to be in favor of/against _2The author may probably agree with/support _3Whats the authors opinion about.?4In the authors opinion.?一、常见的设问形式一、常见的设问形式根据文章的内容和作者的措辞能推断作者所持的观点根据文章的内容和作者的措辞能推断作者所持的观点或看法，判断作者的态度是客观的、

16、主观的，肯定的、否定或看法，判断作者的态度是客观的、主观的，肯定的、否定的或是中立的。的或是中立的。例例It is not just unkind but also dangerous to say a fourhourly feeding schedule will make a baby satisfied.The first of the experts to advocate a strict clockwatching schedule was Dr.Frederic Truby King who was against feeding in the night.Ive never

17、heard anything so二、解题方法二、解题方法ridiculous.Baby feeding shouldnt follow a timetable set by the mum.What is important is feeding a baby in the best way，though it may cause some inconvenience in the first few weeks.What does the author think about Dr.Frederic Truby King?AHe is strict.BHe is unkind.CHe ha

18、s the wrong idea.DHe sets a timetable for mothers.解析：解析：推断作者观点态度题。由推断作者观点态度题。由“Ive never heard anything so ridiculous(荒谬可笑的荒谬可笑的)”可知。可知。答案：答案：C第四类第四类 推断文章出处推断文章出处推断文章出处，即通过阅读材料，感知内容，从推断文章出处，即通过阅读材料，感知内容，从而推断材料的来源。而推断材料的来源。1The text is most likely to be taken from _2Where does the text probably come

19、from?3Where can we most probably read this text?一、常见的设问形式一、常见的设问形式解答这类推断题时，可根据文章的内容或结构来推解答这类推断题时，可根据文章的内容或结构来推断，也可根据各种文体的特征来判断其出处，如广告的用断，也可根据各种文体的特征来判断其出处，如广告的用词和格式非常特殊，因此容易辨认；报纸的前面会出现日词和格式非常特殊，因此容易辨认；报纸的前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称；产品说明的特点也比较明显，一期、地点或通讯社名称；产品说明的特点也比较明显，一般会介绍其名称、作用或操作方式等。般会介绍其名称、作用或操作方式等。例例 The

20、 multimillion pound new Library of Birmingham(LoB)will be the most visible sign of the way the city is accepting the digitalization(数字化数字化)of everyday life.二、解题方法二、解题方法 Set to open in 2013，the 188m LoB is already beginning to take shape next to the Birmingham Repertory Theatre，with which it will sha

21、re some equipment.As digital media(媒介媒介)is important to its idea，the project is already providing chances for some of the many small new local companies working at the new technologies.Brian Gambles，the LoB project director，says it is about giving people the right tools for learning.“The aim is to m

22、ix the physical with the digital，providing 24hour services which can be used through many different ways.It is important to enable us to reach more people，more effectively.”The digital library will，he says，be as important as the physical one，allowing the distant use of the services，making sure that

23、it is never closed to the public.Even before the LoB is complete，the public has been able to go online to visit the Virtual(虚拟的虚拟的)LoB，designed by Baden，the Birmingham virtual worlds specialists.Not only have the public been able to learn about the LoB，but the virtual one has also enabled those work

24、ing on the LoB to understand the building and how it will work before it even opens.Two other small Birminghambased digital companies are also working on the LoB projects.Substrat，a digital design company，is developing what it calls an example of an“enlarged reality”project.It is about the use of an

25、 exciting smart phone，an important part of the LoB which is in the early stages of development.And The Peoples Archive is an online library of historical figures of the city being built up by a digital content company in Cahoots，in which users will be encouraged to add to and comment on the material

26、.Gambles says:“Technology will enable us to make the librarys content and services open to citizens as never before.”The text is most probably taken from _Aa computer bookBa library guideCa project handbookDa newspaper report解析：解析：推断文章出处。文章开头用简短的话概括文推断文章出处。文章开头用简短的话概括文章章，结尾又有评论结尾又有评论，符合新闻报道的特点。符合新闻报

27、道的特点。答案：答案：D第五类第五类 推断目标读者推断目标读者推断目标读者，即要求考生根据短文内容和文中推断目标读者，即要求考生根据短文内容和文中的措辞推断此篇文章主要是写给谁看的。的措辞推断此篇文章主要是写给谁看的。1The passage is probably written for _2Who is the passage written for?3The text is written mainly for _一、常见的设问形式一、常见的设问形式解答此类题要根据文章内容，特别是从作者使用的词解答此类题要根据文章内容，特别是从作者使用的词语、口气和人称来判断。语、口气和人称来判断。例例

28、 Exploit your parking spaceAn unused parking space or garage can make money.If you live near a city center or an airport，you could make anything up to 200 or 300 a week.Put an advertisement(广告广告)for free on Letpark or Atmyhousepark.Rent(出租出租)a room二、解题方法二、解题方法Spare room?Not only will a lodger(房客房客)e

29、arn you an income，but also，thanks to the governmentbacked“rent a room”program，you wont have to pay any tax on the first 4，500 you make per year.Try advertising your room on Roomspare or Roommateeasy.Make money during special eventsDont want a fulltime lodger?Then rent on a shortterm basis.If you liv

30、e in the capital，renting a room out during the Olympics or other big events could bring in money.Grashpadder can advertise your space.For whom is the text most probably written?ALodgers.BAdvertisers.CHouse owners.DOnline companies.解析：解析：推断目标读者题。文中围绕如何利用家中闲推断目标读者题。文中围绕如何利用家中闲置的空间来赚取额外的收入进行论述置的空间来赚取额外

31、的收入进行论述，故其目标读故其目标读者应为房主。者应为房主。答案：答案：C阅读下列文段，从题后所给的阅读下列文段，从题后所给的A、B、C和和D项中选出项中选出最佳选项。最佳选项。1When I was a teenager，my mothers broken English embarrassed me.But now，I see it differently.To me，my mothers English is perfectly clear，perfectly natural.It is my mother tongue.Her language，as I hear it，is vivi

32、d，direct，and full of observation and wisdom.It was the language that helped shape the way I saw things，expressed ideas，and made sense of the world.u即学即练即学即练What does the author think of her mothers English now?AIt confuses her.BIt embarrasses her.CIt helps her understand the world.DIt helps her tole

33、rate rude people.解析：解析：推 断 隐 含 意 义。由推 断 隐 含 意 义。由“B u t n o w，I s e e i t differently.To me.and made sense of the world”可知选可知选C。答案：答案：C 2When I put on my flashlights，I was saying to other drivers，“I have a problem here.I am weak and doing the best I can.”And everyone understood.Several times，I saw d

34、rivers who wanted to pass.They couldnt get around me because of the stream of passing traffic.But instead of getting impatient and angry，they waited，knowing the driver in front of them was in some way weak.What did the other drivers do when they saw the flashlights?AThey speeded up to pass.BThey wai

35、ted with patience.CThey tried their best to help.DThey put on their flashlights too.解析：解析：推断隐含意义。由该段中的推断隐含意义。由该段中的“But instead of getting impatient and angry，they waited，knowing the driver in front of them was in some way weak.”可知选可知选B。答案：答案：B 3Sometimes situations call for us to act strong and brav

36、e even when we dont feel that way.But those are few and far between.More often，it would be better if we dont pretend we feel strong when we feel weak or pretend that we are brave when we are scared.In this passage，the author advises us to_.Ahandle problems by ourselvesBaccept help from othersCadmit

37、our weaknessDshow our bravery解析：解析：推断隐含意义。根据文章最后一句推断隐含意义。根据文章最后一句“More often，it would be better if we dont pretend we feel strong when we feel weak or pretend that we are brave when we are scared.”可知选可知选C。答案：答案：C 4However，it wasnt all sweetness and light.There was a reported coldness between the cat

38、 and dog in 25%of the homes，while aggression and fighting were observed in 10%of the homes.One reason for this is probably that some of their body signals were just opposite.For example，when a cat turns its head away，it signals aggression，while a dog doing the same signals submission.Some cats and d

39、ogs may fight when_Athey are cold to each other解析：解析：推断隐含意义。根据该段中的推断隐含意义。根据该段中的“One reason for this is probably that some of their body signals were just opposite.”一句可知选一句可知选C。答案：答案：CBthey look away from each otherCthey misunderstood each others signalsDthey are introduced at an early age 5The signi

40、ficance of the research on cats and dogs may go beyond petsto people who dont get along，including neighbors，colleagues at work，and even world superpowers.If cats and dogs can learn to get along，surely people have a good chance.What can we human beings learn from cats and dogs?AWe should learn to liv

41、e in harmony.BWe should know more about animals.CWe should live in peace with animals.DWe should learn more body languages.推断隐含意义。通读全文不难判断：猫狗且推断隐含意义。通读全文不难判断：猫狗且能和谐相处能和谐相处，人类有何不可？根据该段大意可知本题人类有何不可？根据该段大意可知本题选选A。解析：解析：答案：答案：A6A year after graduation，I was offered a position teaching a writing class.Te

42、aching was a profession I had never seriously considered，though several of my stories had been published.I accepted the job without hesitation，as it would allow me to wear a tie and go by the name of Mr.Davis.My father went by the same name，and I liked to imagine people getting the two of us confuse

43、d.“Wait a minute，”someone might say，“are you talking about Mr.Davis the retired man，or Mr.Davis the respectable scholar？”The author took the job to teach writing because_Ahe wanted to be respectedBhe had written some storiesChe wanted to please his fatherDhe had dreamed of being a teacher 推理隐含意义。根据该

44、段中的推理隐含意义。根据该段中的“as it would allow me to wear a tie and go by the name of Mr.Davis.”一句可知选一句可知选A。解析：解析：答案：答案：A 7Providing guidance for parents on how to raise children is an ageold tradition.Perhaps the most widelyused guide was Baby and Child Care by Benjamin Spock，published in 1946，one of the bigge

45、st bestsellers of all time.Michael Ungar adds a new handbook to show how parents can instill in their children a sense of compassion(同情同情)，giving priority to“we”rather than to“me”He draws on other authorities，his own experience as a father，and the understanding he has achieved from yearsof offering

46、help to disturbed families.Practical guidance is offered on producing children who are responsible for themselves and others.Ungar fully recognizes the difficulty of helping young people move from selfcenteredness to caring for other people.Accordingly，he ends each chapter with a“Tips List”that offe

47、rs effective suggestions on how to prepare children to become compassionate by engaging in simple acts of kindness.The importance of associations with parents and other adults is explored in two chapters that show how relationships can lead to responsibility.What Ungar calls“good touch”，both physica

48、lly and emotionally，is thoughtfully examined as a way of fostering connections and kinship(亲密关系亲密关系)Chapters are devoted to showing how children can be helped to take responsibility for themselves and others；to criticizing what are called“monster homes”in wealthy suburbs；and to arguing for communiti

49、es that facilitate(促促进进)human interaction.The author of this helpful guidebook is a Canadian social worker on the faculty of Dalhousie University in Halifax，Nova Scotia.He earned bachelors and masters degrees in social work at McGill University and his doctorate in social work at Wilfrid Laurier Uni

50、versity.As an accomplished researcher and practitioner,Ungar has numerous publications to his credit.His new book will deservedly enhance his wellmerited reputation.It is a useful addition to the list of parental handbooks.(1)The above passage is most probably taken from a _Aresearch paper Bbiograph