高考英语-专题解析阅读理解-考点分类导练课件.ppt

1、 根据上下文猜测生词的含义是考生根据上下文猜测生词的含义是考生必须掌握的一项重要阅读技能必须掌握的一项重要阅读技能,因此因此,词词义猜测题是高考阅读理解的必考题型。义猜测题是高考阅读理解的必考题型。这类题包括猜测单词、短语、句子的意这类题包括猜测单词、短语、句子的意思和判断指代内容。思和判断指代内容。要求考生根据语境猜测生词、短语或句子的要求考生根据语境猜测生词、短语或句子的意思意思,或者推断熟词生义。题干中常含有或者推断熟词生义。题干中常含有mean,refer to,be replaced by等。如：等。如：技巧点拨技巧点拨解答这类试题最重要的方法是理解含生词部解答这类试题最重要的方法是

2、理解含生词部分的上下文分的上下文(也就是人们常说的语境也就是人们常说的语境)来推测来推测其意思。以下是可供参考的几个小技巧：其意思。以下是可供参考的几个小技巧：1.1.根据接近或递进关系根据接近或递进关系:由由andand或或oror等可确等可确定生词的义域定生词的义域,推知它的大致意义。推知它的大致意义。2.2.根据选择或相对关系根据选择或相对关系:对比对比or(or(要么要么,或或者者)前面和后面的句子或词语前面和后面的句子或词语,来猜测生词来猜测生词的含义。的含义。3.3.根据同位或解释关系根据同位或解释关系:通过生词后的定语通过生词后的定语(定语从句或分词短语等定语从句或分词短语等)、

3、表语、同位语、表语、同位语、逗号、括号、破折号等的解释说明来推测逗号、括号、破折号等的解释说明来推测其意思。其意思。4.4.根据转折或对比关系根据转折或对比关系:由上下句之间由上下句之间的转折或对比关系来推测词义。的转折或对比关系来推测词义。5.5.根据因果关系根据因果关系:根据前后的因果关系根据前后的因果关系来推断其中的某个生词或短语的意思。来推断其中的某个生词或短语的意思。既可由因推果既可由因推果,也可由果推因。也可由果推因。6.6.根据列举的实例根据列举的实例:根据根据such as,for example等后列举的实例也可推测出前等后列举的实例也可推测出前面某个词语的意思。面某个词语的

4、意思。7.7.根据并列同类关系根据并列同类关系:一般说来一般说来,并列的并列的几个事物应属同类事物几个事物应属同类事物,由此可推测其由此可推测其中一个的大概意思。中一个的大概意思。考题中若要求我们猜测熟悉词考题中若要求我们猜测熟悉词语的意思语的意思,我们必须通过上下文得出我们必须通过上下文得出其在特定场合下的特殊意思其在特定场合下的特殊意思,那些常那些常规含义的选项不会是要选择的正确规含义的选项不会是要选择的正确答案。答案。经典例题经典例题阅读下列文段阅读下列文段,从每题所给的从每题所给的A、B、C和和D项中项中,选出最佳选项。选出最佳选项。.Recycling in the home is

5、very important of course.However,being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need.We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible,but it would be far better if we did not bring so much material home in the first place.61.What does t

6、he underlined phrase“that over-consumption”refer to?A.Using too much packaging.B.Recycling too many wastes.C.Making more products than necessary.D.Having more material than is needed.解析：解析：据上文推测据上文推测。由上文的。由上文的we already have more material than we need很易选出很易选出D。但我们也可根据构。但我们也可根据构词法词法 来猜测：我们学过动词来猜测：我们学

7、过动词consume(消费消费,消耗消耗),可知可知consumption应为其名词形式应为其名词形式,前面加上前面加上over(超过超过)的的over-consumption应为应为“过度消费过度消费,过过度消耗度消耗”之意之意,故选故选D。课堂练习课堂练习阅读所选文段阅读所选文段,从每题所给的从每题所给的A、B、C和和D项中项中,选出最佳选项。选出最佳选项。(1)Can dogs and cats live in perfect harmony in the same home?People who are thinking about adopting a dog as a friend

8、 for their cats are worried that they will fight.A recent research has found a new recipe of success.According to the study,if the cat is adopted before the dog,and if they are introduced when still young(less than 6 months for cats,a year for dogs),it is highly probable that the two pets will get a

9、long swimmingly.Two-thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog.31.The underlined word swimmingly in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _.A.EarlyB.sweetlyC.QuicklyD.smoothly1.D 据上下文推测。本文首句以疑问句据上下文推测。本文首句以疑问句Can dogs and cats live in perfect harmony in

10、 the same home?开头开头,接着接着就是与此相关的调研结果或回答就是与此相关的调研结果或回答;由表明研究结果的句由表明研究结果的句子子“A recent research has found a new recipe of success”和调查结果的句子和调查结果的句子“Two-thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog”可知，两者可知，两者“相处得好相处得好”。故选。故选D。(2)When something goes wrong,it ca

11、n be very satisfying to say,“Well,its so-and-sos fault.”or“I know Im late,but its not my fault;the car broke down.”It is probably not your fault,but once you form the habit of blaming somebody or something else for a bad situation,you are a loser.You have no power and could do nothing that helps cha

12、nge the situation.However,you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation.This is the winners key to success.47.The underlined word remedy in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _.A.AvoidB.acceptC.improve D.co

13、nsider2.C据上文推测。由上文据上文推测。由上文,你没有能力也不你没有能力也不可能可能“改变改变the(bad)situation”,然而然而“你你可以可以remedy the situation”,根据这种转折根据这种转折的逻辑关系可推出的逻辑关系可推出,remedy应是应是“改善改善”之意。之意。(3)We once had a poster competition in our fifth grade art class.“You could win prizes,”our teacher told us as she wrote the poster information on

14、 the blackboard.We studied the board critically.Some of us looked with one eye and held up certain colors against the blackboard,rocking the sheets to the right or left while we conjured up our designs.Others twisted their hair around their fingers or chewed their erasers while deep in thought.We ha

15、d plans for that tendollar grand prize，each and every one of us.3.A据近义推测。上下句是据近义推测。上下句是Some.Other.句式，句式，while we conjured up our designs的对应部分是的对应部分是while deep in thought，可见，可见conjured up是是deep in thought的近意表达，的近意表达，意为意为“思考，构想思考，构想”，故选，故选A。47.The underlined phrase in paragraph 3 most probably means _

16、.A.formed an idea forB.made an outline forC.made some space forD.chose some colors for3.A据近义推测。上下句是据近义推测。上下句是Some.Other.句式句式,while we conjured up our designs的对应部分是的对应部分是while deep in thought,可见可见conjured up是是deep in thought的近意表的近意表达达,意为意为“思考思考,构想构想”,故选故选A。(4)Parents and kids today dress alike,listen

17、 to the same music,and are friends.Sometimes,when Mr.Ballmer and his 16-year-old daughter,Elizabeth,listen to rock music together and talk about interests both enjoy,such as pop culture,he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager.“I would never have said to my

18、mom,Hey,the new Weezer album(威瑟乐团的专威瑟乐团的专辑辑)is really great.How do you like it?”says Ballmer.“There was just a complete gap in taste.”Music was not the only gulf.From clothing and hairstyles to activities and expectations,earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to move in separate

19、 orbits.41.The underlined word“gulf”in Para.3 most probably means _.A.InterestB.distanceC.DifferenceD.separationToday,the generation gap has not disappeared,but it is getting narrow in many families.4.C据近义或反义推测。因据近义或反义推测。因“Music was not the only gulf”与上段末句是递进关系与上段末句是递进关系,可见可见gulf与与gap是近义关是近义关系系;这里是回

20、忆过去与现在这里是回忆过去与现在(文章首段文章首段)的对比的对比,可见这里可见这里的的gulf与文章首段首句中的与文章首段首句中的alike和和same是反义关系是反义关系,因因此此,gulf的意思是的意思是“差异差异(difference)”。(5)Family researchers offer a variety of reasons for these evolving roles and attitudes.They see the 1960s as a turning point.Great cultural changes led to more open communicati

21、on and a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say(有发言权有发言权).“My parents were on the before side of that change,but todays parents,the 40-year-olds,were on the after side,”explains Mr.Ballmer.44.By saying“todays parents,the 40-year-olds,were on the after side.”the author means t

22、hat todays parents _.A.follow the trend of the changeB.can set a limit to the changeC.fail to take the change seriouslyD.have little difficulty adjusting to the change5.A据上文推断。结合上一段可知据上文推断。结合上一段可知,todays parents就是就是60年代后的父母，他们与孩子有更多的交流年代后的父母，他们与孩子有更多的交流,更加民主更加民主,他们应当是他们应当是“顺应这种变化趋势顺应这种变化趋势”的的,故选故选A。

23、课外作业课外作业(1)We have two daughters：Kristen is seven years old and Kelly is four.Last Sunday evening,we invited some people home for dinner.The guests arrived.I introduced my two daughters to each of them.The adults were nice and kind and said how lucky we were to have such good kids.Each of the guests

24、 made a particular fuss over Kelly,the younger one,admiring her dress,her hair and her smile.They said she was a remarkable girl to be carrying coats upstairs at her age.I thought to myself that we adults usually make a big“to do”over the younger one because shes the one who seems more easily hurt.W

25、e do it with the best of intentions.But we seldom think of how it might affect the other child.56.The underlined expression“make a big to do over”(paragraph 4)means _.A.show much concern aboutB.have a special effect onC.list jobs to be done forD.do good things for1.A据因果关系或近义推测。本句据因果关系或近义推测。本句“因为她是似乎

26、更易因为她是似乎更易受到伤害的那一个受到伤害的那一个”“”“所以我们成年人就对年幼的那所以我们成年人就对年幼的那个格外关注个格外关注”,可见答案为可见答案为A。另外。另外,由上句中与之近义由上句中与之近义的的made a particular fuss over Kelly,the younger one,admiring her dress,her hair and her smile也可推出。也可推出。(2)Being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise.Leadership means power,com

27、mands respect and,most important,encourages achievement.Unlike vitamin C,leadership skills cant be easily swallowed down.They must be carefully cultivated.Different from popular belief,most good leaders are made,not born.They learn their skills in their everyday lives.But which do they develop?How d

28、o they(and how can you)get others to follow?60.The underlined word“cultivated”(paragraph 1)roughly means _.A.encouragedB.comparedC.examinedD.developed2.D据对比关系和下文解释。由前句据对比关系和下文解释。由前句“领导艺术领导艺术不像不像(unlike)维生素维生素C一样一口吞下一样一口吞下”可知可知,“领领导艺术必须是慢慢培养的导艺术必须是慢慢培养的”;下段的解释就更为下段的解释就更为清楚清楚,are made,learn.in their e

29、veryday life,特特别是别是But which do they develop?中的中的develop,非非常明显地告诉我们答案是常明显地告诉我们答案是D。(3)“There is certainly a lot of energy in waves,”he said.Scientists are working to use that energy to make electricity.Most waves are created when winds blow across the ocean.“The wind starts out by making little ripp

30、les(涟漪涟漪),but if they keep on blowing,those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves,”Taylor said.“Waves are one of natures ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.”65.The underlined phrase“picking up”(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to _.A.starting again B.speeding

31、 upC.gathering D.improving3.C据前提条件与结果推测。首先要据前提条件与结果推测。首先要“聚集聚集(gather)”能量能量,然后才能将其发送出去然后才能将其发送出去(sending it off)。也可用代入检验法排除法。也可用代入检验法排除法:用其他选项代入用其他选项代入原句原句,也后面的也后面的sending it off在逻辑上也都讲不通。在逻辑上也都讲不通。此外此外,还可从前句中的还可从前句中的get bigger and bigger得到提得到提示。示。(4)If the world were a village of 1,000 people.One-t

32、hird of the people in the village are children,and only 60 are over the age of 65.Just under half of the married women in the village have access to modern equipment.About one-third have access to clean,safe drinking water.Of the 670 adults in the village,half can not read nor write.62.The underline

33、d part“have access to”(in Para.4)means _.A.use B.buy C.produce D.try4.A代入检验排除法。用代入检验排除法。用“生产生产”和和“试验试验”代代入句中，根据常识即可排除选项入句中，根据常识即可排除选项C和和D。由下文。由下文“Of the 670 adults in the village,half can not read nor write.”可知可知,还有半数成年人非常贫穷还有半数成年人非常贫穷,“用用”不起现代设备。不起现代设备。(5)When some kind of pain killer was brought o

34、ut recently,researchers found that the colours turned the customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective.65.The underlined part“the colours turned the customers off”means that the colours _.A.attracted the customers stronglyB.had weak effects on the customersC.tricked the cust

35、omers into shoppingD.caused the customers to lose interest5.D据因果关系推测。由据因果关系推测。由“because they made the product look weak and ineffective(因为这些因为这些颜色使这种药看起来没有效果颜色使这种药看起来没有效果)”可知可知,“这些颜色这些颜色会使顾客对这样的药失去兴趣会使顾客对这样的药失去兴趣”。要求考生根据语境判断代词要求考生根据语境判断代词(this,that,it,they,them,one等等)或代动词或代动词(do，does,did等等)究究竟指代什么。题

36、干中通常含有竟指代什么。题干中通常含有refer to。技巧点拨技巧点拨 一般说来一般说来,代词的指代内容大多在它的前一代词的指代内容大多在它的前一句中句中,或者前几个句子中或者前几个句子中,有时也在它的后一句中。有时也在它的后一句中。找到指代的内容后把它放在这个代词的位置上，找到指代的内容后把它放在这个代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理看一看这句话是否合理,与前后的内容是否一致与前后的内容是否一致,然后再判定它是否为正确答案。然后再判定它是否为正确答案。经典例题经典例题阅读下列文段阅读下列文段,从每题所给的从每题所给的A、B、C和和D项中项中,选出最佳选项。选出最佳选项。As a woman

37、,I feel unsafe here.I spend a bomb on taxis because I will not take public transport after 10 p.m.I used to use it,but now Im afraid.58.The underlined part“it”(in Para.4)refers to _.A.a taxiB.the moneyC.a bombD.public transport 解析解析:句中句中it应是指代前一句中的应是指代前一句中的public transport；用；用public transport代入句中代入句

38、中,该该句话是合理的句话是合理的,前后意义一致前后意义一致,故选故选D。课堂练习课堂练习(1)By the end of the seventeenth century,when newspapers were beginning to be read by more people,printed materials became an important way to promote products and services.The London Gazette was the first newspaper to set aside a place just for advertisin

39、g.This was so successful that by the end of the century several companies started businesses for the purpose of making newspaper ads for merchants.61.What does the word“This”in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.Advertising in newspapers.B.Including pictures in ads.C.Selling goods in markets.D.Working with ad a

40、gencies.1.A由本句前面的由本句前面的newspaper to set aside a place just for advertising可以推出。可以推出。(2)My most vivid memory is being woken and brought down to sit on my fathers knee,his arm in a bandage.He was judged unfit to return to sea and took a shore job in Glasgow for the rest of the war.For as long as I can

41、 remember,he had a weak heart.Mother said it was caused by the torpedoes.He said it was because of the cigarettes.Whichever,he died suddenly in his early 50s.63.The underlined word“it”in Paragraph 6 refers to the fathers _.A.weak heartB.taking a shore jobC.failure to return to seaD.injury caused by

42、a torpedo2.A由本段第由本段第2 句中的句中的he had a weak heart可知可知,it指指weak heart。(3)Within weeks of the race,Henry Ford formed a new automobile company.In the 1903,a doctor in Detroit bought the first car from the company.That sale was the beginning of Henry Fords dream.Ford said:“I will build a motor car for the

43、 great mass of people.”A.the selling of Ford cars at reduced pricesB.the sale of Model T to the mass of peopleC.the selling of a car to a Detroit doctorD.the sales target for the Ford Company64.“That sale”in Paragraph 4 refers to _.3.C由前后句的意义衔接关系可知由前后句的意义衔接关系可知,“这笔交易这笔交易”是指前句的是指前句的“特律的一名医生购买了这个公司的特律

44、的一名医生购买了这个公司的第一辆汽车第一辆汽车”。(4)A university education is of huge and direct benefit to the individual.Graduates earn more than non-graduates.Meanwhile,social mobility is ever more dependent on having a degree.However,only some people have it.So the individual,not the taxpayers,should pay for it.There a

45、re pressing calls on the resources(资资源源)of the government.Using taxpayers money to help a small number of people to earn high incomes in the future is not one of them.68.The underlined word“them”refers to _.A.taxpayers B.pressing calls C.college graduates D.government resources4.B由前后的意义衔接关系可知由前后的意义衔

46、接关系可知,是代替前句中的是代替前句中的pressing calls。前句说。前句说“政府资源有一些迫切需要的地政府资源有一些迫切需要的地方要用方要用”而而“用纳税人的钱来帮助一小部分人在未来获用纳税人的钱来帮助一小部分人在未来获得更高收入并不是政府迫切需要花钱的地方得更高收入并不是政府迫切需要花钱的地方”。(5)The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian a

47、nd 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces.It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did Westerners.“The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural diffe

48、rence in facial expressions,”Jack said,“Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion,Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less.”A.The participants in the study.B.The researchers of the study.C.The errors made during the study.D.The data collected from the study.68.

49、What does the underlined word“they”refer to?5.A前一段说到研究人员选取了前一段说到研究人员选取了13个西方白种人和个西方白种人和13个个东方亚洲人东方亚洲人,通过观察他们的眼部运动来研究文化差异通过观察他们的眼部运动来研究文化差异;此处此处that they show是修饰是修饰eye movement的定语从句的定语从句,意意为为“他们表现出来的眼部运动他们表现出来的眼部运动”,这个这个“他们他们”,自然就自然就是指在这项研究中参加测试的那是指在这项研究中参加测试的那26个人个人,故选故选A。课外作业课外作业 (1).You are never

50、going to win.If John wants to see them,I cannot stop him.Hes their father I want them to see him!However,his visit in his present condition will disturb the childrens stable life.John,who has spent much of his time in California recently,has only hired a house for himself in Pennsylvania,according t