高考英语-必备语法-3-介词和介词短语课件.ppt

1、一表示时间和日期的介词表示时间和日期的介词1.in用在表示年、季节、月份,或泛指上午、下午或晚上的名词前;on用在表示某一天,某一天的上午、下午或晚上的名词前;at用在表示某一时刻或时间上的某一点的词前。We will have a meeting at 8 oclock in the morning on Sunday.我们将在星期天早上八点钟开会。2.for后接“一段时间”,表示某事持续多久,多与完成时连用;during表示“在期间”;through表示“一直,自始至终”。The new boy looked at the teacher for a few seconds.这个新来的男孩

2、子看了老师几秒钟。I went to France during the summer holiday.暑假期间我去了法国。They worked hard through the winter.整个冬天他们都在努力工作。3.from,sincefrom表示时间的起点,意为“从”,多用于“from.to/till.”中;since表示“自从以来”。I have been waiting here from morning till noon.我在这里从早上等到中午。-5-An anti-corruption campaign has continued since Dec.25,2013 wh

3、en the Communist Party of China issued a five-year anti-corruption plan.自从中国共产党在2013年12月25日宣布反腐五年计划以来一场反腐运动还在继续。注意:for和since都常与完成时连用,但for接时间段,since接时间点。如for two hours(持续)两小时;since last week从上周直到现在。-6-4.before,by,till,untilbefore指“在之前”,与after相对。by指“不迟于,到时为止,在以前”,by后接过去时间,常与过去完成时连用;by后接将来时间,常与将来完成时连用。

4、till(until)“直到为止”,在肯定句中,till/until必须与延续性动词连用;在否定句中,till/until常与非延续性动词连用。Please come before ten oclock.请在十点钟以前回来。September 30 is the day by which you must pay your bill.在9月30日之前,你必须支付账单。You must wait for him till tomorrow.你必须一直等他到明天。-7-5.after,inafter+一段时间:表示“在之后”,用于一般过去时;但时间为点时间时,只能用after,即after+点时间

5、,用于各种时态。in+一段时间:表示以说话时为起点一段时间之后,与一般将来时连用;但表示“在之内”时,用于各种时态。After eight it began to rain.八点后开始下雨。Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half an hour.简很匆忙,因为去机场的火车半小时内就发车了。-8-二表示方位的介词表示方位的介词1.on意为“在的上面”;over意为“在(垂直)的正上方”;above意为“在(不一定垂直)的上方”;under意为“在(垂直)的正下方”;below意为“在(不一定垂直)的下方

6、”;near意为“在附近”;next to意为“紧挨着”;round/around意为“在周围”;by意为“在旁边”;along表示沿着街、路、河岸等;across主要表示从某物的表面“横过”,涉及“面”的概念;past意为“从旁经过”;up表示向上,由南到北,由西到东,由沿海到内陆,由小地方到大地方,由农村到城市,反之则用down;through指从某物的内部“穿过”;over指“越过”某一障碍物。Pipes carry oil across the desert.输油管横过沙漠。It took us ten minutes to drive through the tunnel.我们开车1

7、0分钟穿过了隧道。2.表示两者的位置关系时,in表示“在同一区域内或同一范围内”;on表示“接壤,相邻”;to表示“相离,相隔”,两者不属同一范围,也不接壤。Mongolia is/lies on the north of China.蒙古与中国北部接壤。-10-三表示计量的介词表示计量的介词1.at表示“以速度,以价格”。The only reason a man would sell salt at a lower price would be because he was desperate for money.一个人以低价卖盐的唯一原因可能是因为他非常需要钱。2.for表示“用交换,以

8、为代价”。He sold his car for 500 dollars.他以五百美元把车卖了。注意:at表示单价(price),for表示总钱数。3.by表示“按计算”,后跟度量单位。接具体单位前用定冠词the,接具体度量名词时该名词前不加冠词。They are paid by the day.他们按天计算报酬。-11-四表示行为的工具、手段或者方式的介词表示行为的工具、手段或者方式的介词1.by表示用某种方式,多用于交通。如by bus乘公共汽车,by e-mail通过电子邮件。注意:表示搭乘交通工具用by时,名词前不加冠词;用in时,名词前要加冠词。请比较:I went there by

9、 car/in a car.2.with表示“用某种具体工具、身体的某部分或器官”。We speak with our mouths.我们用嘴说话。注意:with表示用某种工具时,名词前必须用冠词或物主代词。-12-3.in表示用某种材料或语言。Please speak in English and write in ink.请用英语说并用墨水写。4.through表示“以(方法、手段),经由”,后面多接抽象名词。You can only achieve success through hard work.只有通过努力工作,你才能获得成功。-13-五表示表示“除除之外之外”的介词的介词(短语短

10、语)besides表示包含,“除之外还有”。except表示排除,“除之外”,指整体里面排除部分,后面可接代词、副词、介词短语,还可接that从句或wh-从句。but表示排除,多与nobody,none,no one,nothing,anything,everyone,all,who等连用,其后可以接不定式。except for表示“除之外”,常在说明基本情况后,从细节上加以修正。-14-五表示表示“除除之外之外”的介词的介词(短语短语)besides表示包含,“除之外还有”。except表示排除,“除之外”,指整体里面排除部分,后面可接代词、副词、介词短语,还可接that从句或wh-从句。b

11、ut表示排除,多与nobody,none,no one,nothing,anything,everyone,all,who等连用,其后可以接不定式。except for表示“除之外”,常在说明基本情况后,从细节上加以修正。-15-apart from表示“此外,除之外还有”,相当于besides/as well as;表示“撇开来说,除去”,相当于except(for);in addition to表示“除之外还有”,相当于besides。Apart from going shopping,the old lady likes walking except when it rains.天不下雨

12、时,这位老太太除了购物还喜欢步行。Beijing is a beautiful city,except for its traffic.除了交通问题,北京是一座很美的城市。-16-六表示原因的介词表示原因的介词1.for表示原因,常与sorry,famous,punish,praise,thank,blame等词连用。The Smiths are praised for the way they bring up their children.史密斯夫妇因培养孩子的方式而受到了表扬。2.at指情感变化的原因,意为“因听到或看到而”。He was surprised at the news.他对

13、这个消息感到吃惊。3.from指“外在的原因”,如受伤、车祸、劳累等。The young man died from an accident.那个年轻人死于车祸。4.of指“内在的原因”,如疾病、饥饿,年老等。The old man died of hunger.那个老人饿死了。5.with指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因。He was trembling with cold.他冷得发抖。6.by表示外部的,尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。She took your umbrella by mistake.她错拿了你的伞。-18-七of 和和to1.of+抽象名词=形容词of+gr

14、eat/much+抽象名词=very+形容词of+no+抽象名词=not+形容词The book is of great value to our research.这本书对我们的研究有很大价值。This old machine is of no use.这台旧机器没用了。2.to与情感名词连用,表示“某种行动后产生的感觉”to+ones+情感名词=to the+情感名词+of sb.To our great surprise,the boy lied to the teacher.令我们非常吃惊的是,那个男孩对老师撒谎了。-19-八against1.(表示方向)与方向相反;逆着;迎着;顶着a

15、gainst the wind 迎着风;逆着风2.(表示方位)紧靠着;倚靠着against the wall 靠着墙3.(表示对象)对不利;对有害;以为竞争对手;违反;违背fight against同战斗;against the natural law 违背自然规律It was a real race against time to get the project done.Luckily,we made it.完成这项工程的确是和时间的一场赛跑。幸运的是,我们做到了。4.(表示对比)和比;和对照;以为背景against the blue sky 以蓝天为背景-20-九beyond1.(表示位

16、置)在往另一边;在往那一边;在往的更远处The house is beyond the bridge.房子在桥那边。2.(表示时间)迟于;晚于;在之后Dont stay here beyond midnight.不要在这里过夜。3.(表示范围)超出;非所能及The switch on the wall was beyond the babys reach.墙上的开关小孩子是够不到的。-21-4.(表示程度)超出的范围;超过;对来说太难Math is beyond me.I can never get high grades.数学对我来说很难。我从来都得不了高分。5.(表示数目)多于;超过The

17、re werent beyond twenty people present.出席的人不超过20个。-22-十常用介词短语常用介词短语1.atat lunch在吃午饭at table在吃饭at school在上学at church在做礼拜at peace在和平时期at first=at the beginning初期at the beginning of 在的初始阶段at the end of.在结束时2.inin a sense从某种意义上说in common共同;共有in place在适当的位置in practice在实际中;实际上in public公开地;当众in turn 依次;轮流;

18、反过来in case 以免;万一in detail 详细地in office 在执政in power 当权;在执政in progress在进行中-24-in return 作为回报in time 及时;最终in the way 挡路in exchange for 用以交换in favour of 同意;支持in the meanwhile 同时in spite of 不管;不顾in terms of 就来说in addition to 此外,除以外-25-3.onon behalf of 代表on condition that 以作为条件on sale出售on strike在罢工on the

19、increase正在增加on the go忙个不停on the air正在广播on the contrary 相反-26-4.underunder control 在控制之中under discussion在讨论中under development在发展中under construction在建设中under repair在修理中5.forfor lack of 由于缺乏for the benefit of 为了的利益as for 就而论;关于-27-4.underunder control 在控制之中under discussion在讨论中under development在发展中under

20、 construction在建设中under repair在修理中5.forfor lack of 由于缺乏for the benefit of 为了的利益as for 就而论;关于6.byby chance=by accident 偶然;碰巧by name 用名字;名叫by far 到目前为止7.out ofout of order发生故障;失调out of place不得其所的;不适当的out of control 失去控制out of ones reach 某人够不着的地方out of the question 不可能out of question 毫无疑问-29-.用适当的介词或介词短

21、语填空1.For those who fly to Guilin,its only an hour away by car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.2.At the same time,they warm up again for the night.3.Last year was the warmest year on record,with global temperature 0.68 above the average.4.Have you ever heard of the trees that are

22、homes to animals both on land and sea?5.A common memory they all have of their school days is the school uniform.1.byby car是固定表达,意为“乘坐汽车”。2.Atat the same time意为“同时”。3.above句意:去年是记录中最暖和的一年,全球气温高于平均值0.68摄氏度。4.to句意:你曾经听说过是水陆两栖动物的栖息地的树吗?be home to是固定短语,意为“是的所在地/栖息地/家园/产地”。5.of句意:他们对于学生时代的共同的回忆就是校服。分析句子结

23、构可知,they all have是定语从句,修饰memory,把该定语从句去除就可以看出,此处考查的是名词memory与介词的搭配。memory of“关于的回忆”。6.They were asked to rank them again,in the order they would vote for them.7.Seeing the sunlight,passers-by or trees outside might make you more aware of how you look,might make you think about walking or might inspi

24、re you to choose a green salad.8.Her interest in reading also benefited from the fact that her parents only let her watch half an hour of TV a day.9.To our delight,the kids quickly adjusted themselves to the situation.10.To their amazement,they found that it was effective in trapping all the article

25、s.6.for此处表示“为投票”,故填介词for,vote for.意为“投票支持”。7.of考查固定搭配。be aware of意为“知道;意识到”。8.in名词interest通常与介词in连用,形容词interested也是和in连用,构成be interested in.“对感兴趣”的固定搭配。9.to句意:令我们高兴的是,孩子们很快适应了环境。adjust oneself to为固定搭配。10.Toto ones amazement是固定搭配,表示“令某人惊讶的是”。-33-11.The room he has just rented is about 9 meters in len

26、gth and 3 meters wide.12.While other guys caught only three or four a day,Sams boat was always full of fish.13.The young man could not believe his own ears and was in great surprise.14.I laughed as I watched my children play with their toys for hours,and thanked God for the greatest gift I had ever

27、been given.15.We can become a smart shopper by choosing for value,not for looks;in other words,choose good quality goods with plain packages.11.in句意:他刚刚租的房子大约有9米长,3米宽。in length“在长度上”,习惯用法。12.ofbe full of“充满”,为固定搭配。13.inin surprise“惊讶地”,是固定搭配。14.for从搭配可知表示时间的长短用介词for+时间段,故此处填for。15.in根据句意可知,空格后部分的内容用

28、来进一步解释说明空格前的内容;再根据提示词other words,所以填in;in other words“换句话说”。-35-16.America is growing older.Today,10 out of every 100 Americans are over 65.17.On some other websites,you can connect with people from all over the world.18.Ordinary people use it for shopping,banking,bill-paying,and communicating with

29、family and friends.19.Great pity!His illness is beyond the treatment available so far.20.Meanwhile,Doctor Marescaux in New York watched her on a video screen and then sent messages to the robot machine through the computer.16.over根据前文growing older的情况判断现在十分之一的美国人超过65岁,over表示“超过”。17.fromfrom all over

30、the world“来自世界各地”,from表示来源、出处。18.for根据短语use sth.for doing sth.“用做某事”,故填for。19.beyond句意:太遗憾了!他的疾病在目前还没有有效的治疗方法。根据前面的“Great pity!”判断此处填beyond,beyond treatment表示“无法治疗”。20.through此处表示通过电脑给机器人发送信息,故填through。-37-21.The Scottish girl with blue eyes won the first prize in the Fifth Chinese Speech Contest.22

31、.People wont pay attention to you when they still have a lot of ideas of their own crying for expression.23.She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went off the road.24.It is unbelievable that Mr Lucas leads a simple life despite his great wealth.25.A serious study of physics is impossible

32、 without some knowledge of mathematics.21.with句意:那个长着蓝色眼睛的苏格兰女孩在第五届汉语演讲比赛中获得了一等奖。介词短语在句中做定语,with意为“长着,拿着,带着,穿着”。22.forcry for“急需,因而哭”。句意:当人们有很多自己的想法急于表达时他们不会关注你的。23.off句意:她在拐弯处开车速度太快了,车差点儿偏离了道路。go off the road是固定搭配,意为“偏离了道路”。24.despite句意:令人难以置信的是,尽管卢卡斯先生很富有但他过着简朴的生活。despite“尽管,不管”。25.without句意:没有一些数

33、学方面的知识,认真进行物理研究是不可能的。without“无,没有”,在此表条件。-39-.用适当的介词完成句子(每空一词)1.穿着红衣服的女孩们在讲意大利语。The girls dressed in red were speaking in Italian.2.他们面临的任务似乎远远超出他们的能力。The tasks they were faced with seemed far beyond their ability.3.由于你没有告诉我,我对你很生气。Im pretty angry with you for not telling me.4.她躺在床上,闭着双眼。She lay in bed with her eyes closed.5.她一听到这消息就痛哭流涕。On hearing the news,she burst into tears.1.in;in2.with;beyond3.with4.in;with5.On;into