管理沟通双语Chap006课件.ppt

1、McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies,All Rights ReservedMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,All Rights Reserved.6-2Designing Documents,Data Displays,and Visuals Design ImportanceDesigns&ConventionsLevels of DesignPage Design GuidelinesUsing VisualsVisual Design

2、GuidelinesIntegrating VisualsDesigning BrochuresDesigning Web pagesUsability Testing6-3Why Design Matters Saves time and money Reduces legal problems Builds goodwill Attractive pages look friendly,easy to read Grouping ideas shows structure 6-4Design:Part of Writing Think about design at each step A

3、s you plan,think about audience Skilled or busy?Read straight through or skip around?As you write,use lists,headings.Use visuals to convey numerical data clearly Get feedback from your audience As you revise,check the design guidelines that follow 6-5Design&Conventions Vary widely by audience,geogra

4、phic area,industry,or department Change over time Violating is risky Presents incorrect interpretations Signals author is unreliable or unknowledgeable6-6Levels of DesignIntraindividual letters and wordsInterblocks of textExtragraphics that go with the textSupraentire document6-7Page Design Guidelin

5、es1.Use white space 2.Use headings 3.Limit words in all capital letters4.Use no more than two fonts per document6-8Page Design Guidelines,continued5.Justify margins selectively6.Put key items at top left or bottom right7.Use a grid for visual unity8.Use highlighting,decorative devices,and color in m

6、oderation6-9Use White Space White Spaceempty space on the page Makes message easier to read To create white space,use Headings Mix of paragraph lengths Lists of parallel items(same form)Bullets or numbers when order is exact XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

7、XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX6-10Use Headings Headingswords,phrases,or short sentences Group points;divide document Show organization Help reader;save readers time Make page look interesting To create headings Make each specific Keep headings parallel Make sure they cover material until

8、 next heading6-11Limit Words in All Capital Letters Words in all capitals Lose their unique shapes Have same rectangular shape Lack ascenders and descenders Causes reader to slow down Causes more reading errorspeoplePEOPLE6-12Use No More Than Two Fonts Fontsunified styles of type Serif font letters

9、have feet Easy to read;used for paragraphs Ex:New Courier,Times Roman Sans serif font letters lack feet Harder to read;used for headings,tables Ex:Arial,Tahoma,UniversUnivers6-13Use No More Than Two Fonts,continued Most documents use just one font Create emphasis by using Bold Italics Varied sizes F

10、ont size 12-point ideal for most business documents Headings may be larger 6-14Justify Margins Selectively Full justificationtext even at left and right margin Want formal look Want to use fewest pages Ragged right margintext even on left,uneven on right Want informal look Use very short lines Want

11、to revise selected pagesXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX6-15Put Key Items at Top Left or Bottom Right Readers eye moves in Z pattern Starts at upper left corner of page Reads to the right and down Quadrants

12、 in order of importance Top left Bottom right Bottom left Top right126-16Use a Grid for Visual Unity Grid2 or 3 imaginary columns on page;may be subdivided All elements lined up in columns Creates pleasing symmetry Unifies long documents6-17Use Decorative Devices in Moderation Use decorative devices

13、 sparingly Add interest/emphasis with dingbats,clip art Use color for main headings,not detailsIn North America,red usually means danger6-18Use Visuals To present ideas completely To find/show relationships To make points vivid To emphasize material To present material concisely,with less repetition

14、 Every visual should tell a story6-19Visual Design Guidelines1.Check quality of data2.Determine story you want to tell3.Choose visual that fits the story4.Follow conventions for designing visuals5.Use color and decoration with restraint6.Be sure that visual is accurate,ethical6-201.Check Quality of

15、DataCheck data comes from reliable sourceCheck you have data for all factors you should considerUse data based on assumptions and definitions in careful titlesDo not use visuals of unreliable data6-212.Determine Story You Want to TellGood stories maySupport a hunch you haveSurprise or challenge know

16、ledgeShow unexpected trends or changesHave commercial or social significanceProvide information needed for actionBe relevant to audience6-222.Determine Story You Want to TellTo find stories1.Focus on a topic2.Simplify the data on that topic and convert number to simple units3.Look for relationships

17、and changes4.Process the data to find more stories6-233.Choose the Right Visual for the StoryUse table when reader needs exact valuesUse pie chart to show parts of a whole6-243.Choose the Right Visual for the StoryUse bar chart to compare items,show relationshipsUse paired charts to tell complex sto

18、ries6-253.Choose the Right Visual for the Story Uses line charts to Compare items over time Show frequency or distribution Show correlations6-263.Choose the Right Visual for the StoryUse photographs to Create a sense of authenticityShow item in useUse drawings to Show dimensions Emphasize detail6-27

19、3.Choose the Right Visual for the StoryUse maps to emphasize location6-283.Choose the Right Visual for the StoryUse Gantt charts to show timelinesDetermine what levels of training,education and communication will be necessary for implementing the optionSelect most feasible option based on criteria 2

20、3Develop plan for assessing option implementation 4Determine criteria for exploring each option1Final PresentationWeek9/109/249/3010/710/149/17Interim Meeting bi-weekly status calls Develop an implementation plan Determine resources and responsibilities are necessary to complete tasks 5Determine cri

21、tical path to estimate time required to complete all tasks 76Kick-off Meeting6-29!3.Choose the Right Visual for the StoryPerspective makes graphs hard to read!6-304.Follow Conventions for Designing VisualsSix Parts of Every Visual1.Title that tells story visual shows2.Clear indication of what data a

22、re3.Clearly labeled units4.Labels or legends identifying axes,colors,symbols,etc.5.Source of data used to create visual6.Source of visual if not your work 6-315.Use Color&Decoration w/Restraint Audiences interpret color based on contexts Color connotations vary among cultures and professions Red=go

23、in China;stop in U.S.Blue=masculinity in U.S.;criminality in France;strength/fertility in Egypt Use minimum shading and lines For black-and-white graphs,use shades of gray6-326.Be Sure Visual is Accurate,Ethical Make sure audience does not have to study visual to learn main point Distinguish between

24、 actual and estimated or projected values Include the context of data Avoid perspective and 3-D graphs Avoid combining with multiple scales Use images that are bias-free6-33Integrating Visuals into Your Text Refer to every visual in your text Refer to the table or figure number,not the title Ex:Tabl

25、e 10 shows a detailed comparison.Ex:Data in Figure 6 reveals a marked trend of.Put visual as soon after reference as space and page design permit Ex:As Figure 3 shows(page 10),.Ex:(See Table 2 on page 14.)6-34Integrating Visuals into Your Text,continued.Summarize main point of visual before the visu

26、al itself Amount of discussion depends on audience,complexity of visual,and importance of point After visual,evaluate the data,discuss its implications Weak:Listed below are the results.Better:As Figure 4 shows,sales doubled in the last decade.6-35Designing BrochuresUse this process to create effect

27、ive brochures1.Determine your objectives2.Identify your target audiences3.Identify central selling point4.Choose image you want to project5.Identify objections;brainstorm ways to deal with them6-36Designing Brochures,continued6.Draft text to see how much space it takes7.Select visuals to accompany t

28、ext8.Experiment with different papers and layouts 9.Make every choice a conscious oneColor Font Layout Paper10.Polish prose and graphics6-37Brochure Design Principles Put central selling point on cover Use a visual that tells a story Use grid to align elements Repeat graphics;use contrasting sizes,s

29、hapes Use color effectively6-38Brochure Design Principles,continued Make text look appealing Use no more than two fonts Avoid italic type and underlining Use small tab indents Insert plenty of white space Use ragged right margin Dont put vital points on back of reply coupon6-39Designing Web Pages:Te

30、xt Help surfing reader learn about Web page sponsor Offer contents list,link to each part Put most interesting,useful points at top of first screen Make clear what readers will get if they click a link6-40Designing Web Pages:Visuals Use white or light background Keep graphics small Provide visual va

31、riety Unify pages;show sponsor on each Include on every page-Link to home page Name and e-mail address of webmaster Date page was last revised6-41Designing Web Pages:Visuals,continued Use little animation;let readers control its use If page includes sound,put off button where users can see it at onc

32、eVisit Xenogene,a Web design company.Thumbnails show sample Web page designs6-42Designing Web PagesCommon Web page design mistakes Text audiences cannot read Content that doesnt answers questions Difficult navigation and search tools Complex and lengthy forms Bugs,typos,or corrupted data Outdated content6-43Usability Tests1.Watch someone use document to do a task2.Ask reader to think aloud during taskInterrupt at key points to find out what reader thinksAsk reader to describe thought process afterwards3.Ask reader to put+and-signs in margins to show likes and dislikes