第三部分专题二主旨大意题(2020高考帮·英语)课件.ppt

1、专题二主旨大意题【高考帮英语】第三部分阅读理解A.方法帮题型全突破目录CONTENTS方法1 精确归纳标题的方法方法2 概括文章大意的方法方法3 总结段落大意的方法B.考法帮考情全揭秘A.方法帮题型全突破方法1 精确归纳标题的方法方法2 概括文章大意的方法方法3 总结段落大意的方法 一、题型概述一、题型概述 主旨大意题在阅读理解试题中所占比例及难度都相当大。主旨大意是文章要表达的主要内容,是全文的核心,是作者在文章中努力通过各种细节信息来阐明的中心话题。把握主旨大意对正确理解全文具有重要意义。主旨大意题旨在考查考生对文章主旨大意的理解和概括能力。考题中往往出现下列词语:subject,topi

2、c,theme,title,main idea等。主旨大意题的设问特点可以大致归纳为以下两个:1.就全文或某段的中心思想或主题提问。2.就文章的标题提问。英语 第三部分：阅读理解题型突破二、二、选项特点选项特点1.正确选项的特点(1)通常不含细节信息和表示绝对意义的词。(2)能概括文章或段落的主要内容。2.干扰项的特点(1)以偏概全。概括的范围过于狭窄,只阐述了文章的一部分内容(也就是文章的局部信息)或文章主题的一个侧面。(2)断章取义。以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的内容,或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。英语 第三部分：阅读理解(3)主题扩大。归纳、概括的范围过大,超过文章实

3、际所讨论的内容。(4)似是而非。关键词好像在文章中提到了,但认真分析之后会发现它与文章的内容毫无联系。(5)张冠李戴。命题者有意把属于A的特征放在B上。英语 第三部分：阅读理解 三、解题方法与步骤三、解题方法与步骤 做这类题时常用略读法。略读法是抓段落要点的捷径。找出各个段落的主题句,然后把它们联系起来就很容易概括出文章的中心思想。文章的标题是中心思想最精练的表达,标题要能概括文章的主题,范围既不能过大也不能太片面。此外,在选择文章标题时,还应注意语言方面的特点:精练、醒目、含义深刻等。做题时要注意以下步骤:1.先看问题,看题目是否和主旨、标题相关。2.略读各个段落,找出主题句,要特别注意首尾

4、两段。3.联系主题句,概括主旨或标题。英语 第三部分：阅读理解方法1 精确归纳标题的方法1.归纳标题类题目的常见设问形式Which is the best title for this passage?Which of the following can be the best title for this passage?What would be the most suitable title for the text?2.做题方法(1)要想正确解题,首先要了解标题的基本特点:浓缩性强,多为一个短语;涵盖面广,一般要求能覆盖全文;精确度高,不能随意改变文章的内容及要点信息。(2)选定标题的

5、基本原则要在阅读原文的基础上,仔细考虑所给选项与文章主题是否有密切的联系。看它对文章的概括是否准确,覆盖面是否够广。注意避免出现概括不够、过度概括、以具体细节代替主旨大意等错误。英语 第三部分：阅读理解(3)选定标题的四大标准:精概括文章中心思想的语言要精练。准注意文章的内涵和外延,作者的观点表达得要准确。统标题要能统领文章的细节信息。新标题要新颖,对读者有吸引力,能激发读者的阅读兴趣。典例典例12018全国,BGood Morning Britains Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning,but

6、she is cooking up a storm in her latest role showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.In Save Money:Good Food,she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste,while preparing recipes for u

7、nder 5 per family a day.And the Good Morning Britain presenter says shes been able to put a lot of what shes learnt into practice in her own home,preparing meals for sons,Sam,14,Finn,13,and Jack,11.英语 第三部分：阅读理解 We love Mexican churros,so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaura

8、nt,she explains.I pay 5 for a portion(一份),but Matt makes them for 26p a portion,because they are flour,water,sugar and oil.Everybody can buy takeaway food,but sometimes were not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.The eight-part series(系列节目),Save Money:Good Food,follows in the footstep

9、s of ITVs Save Money:Good Health,which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.With food our biggest weekly household expense,Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week.In tonights Easter special they come to 英语 第三部分：阅读理解the aid

10、 of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget.The team transforms the familys long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.27.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Keeping Fit by Eating SmartB.Balancing Our Daily DietC.Making Yourself a Perfect ChefD

11、.Cooking Well for Less英语 第三部分：阅读理解解析解析考查标题判断。通读全文可知,本文主要介绍了Susanna Reid主持的一档电视节目Save Money:Good Food。仔细研读每一段的主题句(第一段中的showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget,第二段中的offers top tips on how to reduce food waste,while preparing recipes for under 5 per family a day

12、和最后一段中的The team transforms.with less expensive but still tasty recipes)可知,Save Money:Good Food这个节目旨在帮助普通家庭用更少的钱做出美味可口的饭菜,故选D。另外,从文学角度分析,Cooking Well for Less这个标题使用了Well和Less,它们在含义上形成对比,能成功吸引读者的注意,使他们对文章产生兴趣,比平铺直叙告知文章大意的标题更具文学色彩。答案答案D英语 第三部分：阅读理解方法2 概括文章大意的方法1.文章大意类题目的常见设问形式Which of the following bes

13、t states the theme of the passage?Which is the main topic/idea of this passage?What does this passage mainly deal with?What is mainly described in the text?Which of the following can best summarize this passage?Whats the subject discussed in this passage?2.做题方法每篇文章都会有一个中心,获取文章中心思想的有效方法就是辨认主题句。主题句具有简

14、洁、概括性强等特点,起着统领全文的作用,文中的所有事实、细节都是为主题句服务的。主题句常出现在文章的首段或结尾段。因此,我们要特别注意文章的首段和结尾段。有的文章没有主题句,中心思想隐含在文章中,比如故事类题材的文章,这需要我们对文章的事实细节进行分析、归纳和推断,从而概括出文章大意。英语 第三部分：阅读理解易错警示：易错警示：主题句定位法 主题句定位法是解答主旨大意题的一种行之有效的方法。有些文章有明确的主题句,对于这类文章,寻找主题句多采用浏览法。浏览时,一般不用逐句细看,只要选读文章的首段、尾段,或每段的首句和尾句等,重点搜索与主题相关的信息。主题句的位置一般有以下几种:英语 第三部分：

15、阅读理解1.主题句出现在文首。文章开门见山,给出了主题句,随之用细节对其进行解释、支撑。2.主题句出现在文末。文章先表述细节,之后在文末归纳概括出主题。3.主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题,作者先提出主题,结尾时再次升华主题。4.主题句出现在文章的中间。文章首先提出问题,对问题进行描述,讨论之后在文章的中间部分给出主题句,而后又做进一步的解释。英语 第三部分：阅读理解典例典例22017丙卷(全国III),CAfter years of heated debate,gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park.Fourteen w

16、olves were caught in Canada and transported to the park.By last year,the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States,but they were gradually displaced by human development.By

17、 the 1920s,wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area.They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada,where there were fewer humans around.The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results.Deer and elk 英语 第三部分：阅读理解populations major food sources(来源)for the wolf gre

18、w rapidly.These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation(植被),which reduced plant diversity in the park.In the absence of wolves,coyote populations also grew quickly.The coyotes killed a large percentage of the parks red foxes,and completely drove away the parks beavers.As early as 1966,biologist

19、s asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park.They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems.Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.英语 第三部分：阅读理解 The government spent nearly 30 year

20、s coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves.The U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone.Today,the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.Elk,deer,and coyote populations are down,while beavers and red foxes ha

21、ve made a comeback.The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.英语 第三部分：阅读理解8.What is the text mainly about?A.Wildlife research in the United States.B.Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.

22、C.The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.D.The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.解析解析考查主旨大意。纵观全文可知,本文主要讲的是将灰狼重新引入黄石国家公园的原因以及这一举措的成效。答案答案D英语 第三部分：阅读理解方法3 总结段落大意的方法1.段落大意题的常见设问形式What is the last paragraph chiefly concerned with?What does the writer try to express in Paragraph 3?Which

23、of the following can best summarize Paragraph 1?Whats the main idea discussed in the first paragraph?2.做题方法每个段落通常都有一个中心,段落主题句通常会出现在段落的首句或尾句,有时也会在中间。在阅读中应尽量利用有关信息确定主题句的位置。一般说来,采用归纳法写的段落,主题句出现在段尾;采用演绎法写的段落,主题句出现在段首;若段落按照特殊 一般 特殊的方式来写,主题句可能出现在段落的中间。有时,段落中没有出现主题句,考生要学会根据段落的内容概括出主题句。典例典例3In 1988,a compan

24、y in Ohio invented an alcohol-based hand cleaner,which was meant to be used by health-care worker,when soap and water were unavailable.Joe Kanfer,the companys C.E.O.,told me recently,There were a couple of other alcohol products out there,but they were really ugly.Either they were greasy(油腻的)or they

25、 burned your hands white.Kanfer took a year and a half to develop this product which is visually appealing and does almost no 英语 第三部分：阅读理解harm to ones skin.Still,Kanfer lost money on it for more than a decade because people couldnt get what it was for.The product was called Purell.Today,you see it e

26、verywhere.My doctor uses it several times during every office visit.You can hear it in almost every office in the U.S.and school picnics would be impossible without it.The former president Grorge W.Bush was called a racist for using hand cleaner after first shaking hands with Barack Obama,but Bush a

27、lso gave some of it to Obama and recommended it as a cold preventative(预防药).What was once barely even a product is now a growing product category,worth hundreds of millions per year.英语 第三部分：阅读理解29.What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about?A.Purell brings in lots of money for Kanfer.B.Purell has been w

28、idely used in the US.C.Purell is a cold preventative.D.Purell meets different needs.解析解析考查段落大意。由第二段中的The product was called Purell.Today,you see it everywhere.以及下文的举例可以看出本段主要讲的是这种产品的广泛用途。答案答案B英语 第三部分：阅读理解B.考法帮考情全揭秘 近几年高考阅读理解中出现的主旨大意题以标题归纳题和文章大意题为主,段落大意题偶有出现。虽然这类题目的难度较大,但一旦掌握其对应的做题方法(前文已讲),难题便迎刃而解。英语

29、 第三部分：阅读理解Passage 1 2018全国,B体裁:说明文话题:城市发展词数:310难度:建议时间:6分钟高考真题高考真题 Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are,like a nearby port or river.People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade.New York City,for example,is near a

30、 large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River.Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million.But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time.Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight.In 1896,Dawson,Canada,was unmapped wilderness(荒野).英语 第三部分：阅读理解But gold

31、was discovered there in 1897,and two years later,it was one of the largest cities in the West,with a population of 30,000.Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris.People went there for gold.They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of mi

32、les up icy rivers.The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warning.An avalanche(雪崩)once closed the path,killing 63 people.For many who made it to Dawson,however,the rewards were worth the difficult trip.Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold,4,000 got

33、rich.About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.英语 第三部分：阅读理解But no matter how rich they were,Dawson was never comfortable.Necessities like food and wood were very expensive.But soon,the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found.The city was crowded with disappointed people

34、with no interest in settling down,and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska,they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.Today,people still come and go to see where the Canadian gold rush happened.Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City its present population is 762

35、.英语 第三部分：阅读理解24.What attracted the early settlers to New York City?A.Its business culture.B.Its small population.C.Its geographical position.D.Its favourable climate.25.What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson?A.Two-thirds of them stayed there.B.One out of five people got rich.C.

36、Almost everyone gave up.D.Half of them died.英语 第三部分：阅读理解26.What was the main reason for many people to leave Dawson?A.They found the city too crowded.B.They wanted to try their luck elsewhere.C.They were unable to stand the winter.D.They were short of food.27.What is the text mainly about?A.The rise

37、 and fall of a city.B.The gold rush in Canada.C.Journeys into the wilderness.D.Tourism in Dawson.英语 第三部分：阅读理解命题分析命题分析 素养解读本文有助于学生在阅读的过程中了解城市的发展问题,认识人类发展的相互依赖性与共同价值,树立人类命运共同体意识。本文通过分析城市兴起、壮大、衰落的原因,能够培养学生分析问题的能力,并能让他们对事物或问题作出正确的价值判断。这主要体现了学科核心素养中的文化意识和思维品质这两个方面。试题分析27题为主旨大意题。学生要通读全文,理清文章脉络,进而总结出文章大意。英

38、语 第三部分：阅读理解庖丁解牛庖丁解牛 文章结构第一段:城市位置的重要性。第二段:人们蜂拥至加拿大道森市的原因。第三段:道森市的衰落和现状。熟词生义 make it常见义:成功本文义:顺利到达英语 第三部分：阅读理解 难句突破句式分析：本句表示部分否定，等同于 But all cities dont develop slowly over a long period of time.。否定词与all,every,both等词连用时构成部分否定。句意：但并非所有的城市都在很长一段时间内发展缓慢。英语 第三部分：阅读理解【答案与解析】本文主要介绍了加拿大道森市的历史、发展与现状。24.C考查推理判

39、断。根据第一段中的New York City,for example,is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River.Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million可推知,纽约市靠近哈德逊河入海口处的一个大港口,其优越的地理位置吸引了早期的定居者,故C项Its geographical position正确。A项它的贸易文化,B项它的少量人口,D项它的有利气候,在文中均无信息支撑。25.B考查细节理解。根据第二段中的Of the

40、first 20,000 people who dug for gold,4,000 got rich可知,在最初的20 000淘金者中,有4 000人变得富有了,英语 第三部分：阅读理解故答案为B。A项无中生有,文中并未提及最初到道森市的20 000人中有三分之二的人留在了那里;C项说大家几乎都放弃了,这与文中描述的4 000人变得富有矛盾;文中第二段提到,在前往道森市的途中,雪崩造成了63人死亡,并不是10 000人死亡,故D项错误。26.B考查细节理解。根据第三段中的But soon.and when they heard there were new gold discoveries

41、in Alaska,they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come可知,当道森市的黄金都被发现后,人们听说阿拉斯加发现了黄金,他们便很快离开了道森市。由此可推知,他们想去阿拉斯加碰碰运气。A项偷换概念,文中说的是 The city was crowded with disappointed people with no英语 第三部分：阅读理解interest in settling down(这个城市挤满了失望且无心定居下来的人们);C项无中生有,文中并未说他们不能忍受这里的冬季;D项曲解文意,文章提到 Necessities like fo

42、od and wood were very expensive(诸如食品和木材这样的生活必需品非常昂贵),并不是说他们缺少食品。27.A考查主旨大意。本文主要讲述了道森市的兴衰,故A项正确。B项加拿大淘金热,以偏概全;C项荒野之旅,曲解文意;D项道森市的旅游业,不符合文意。英语 第三部分：阅读理解Passage 2 2017乙卷(全国),C体裁:说明文话题:爵士乐词数:333难度:建议时间:7分钟高考真题高考真题Some of the worlds most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celeb

43、rate the first annual International Jazz Day.UNESCO(United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization)recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music,its significance,and its potential as a unifying(联合)voice across cultures.1 Despite the celebrations,though,in the U.S.t

44、he jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older,and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.2 英语 第三部分：阅读理解Its Jason Morans job to help change that.As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz,Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz,make the music more accessible,and prese

45、rve its history and culture.Jazz seems like its not really a part of the American appetite,Moran tells National Public Radios reporter Neal Conan.What Im hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore.Its actually co

46、lor,and its actually digital.Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost.The music cant be presented today the way itwas in 1908 or 1958.It has to continue to move,because the way the world 英语 第三部分：阅读理解works is not the same,says Moran.La

47、st year,Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Wallers music for a dance party,just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music,says Moran.For me,its the recontextualization.In music,where does the emotion(情感)lie?Are we,as humans,gaining any ins

48、ight(感悟)on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts?Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context,says Moran,so I want to continue those dialogues.Those are the things I want to foste

49、r.英语 第三部分：阅读理解28.Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day?A.To remember the birth of jazz.B.To protect cultural diversity.C.To encourage people to study music.D.To recognize the value of jazz.29.What does the underlined word that in paragraph 3 refer to?A.Jazz becoming more accessible.B

50、.The production of jazz growing faster.C.Jazz being less popular with the young.D.The jazz audience becoming larger.英语 第三部分：阅读理解30.What can we infer about Morans opinion on jazz?A.It will disappear gradually.B.It remains black and white.C.It should keep up with the times.D.It changes every 50 years.