专四培训-阅读理解课件.ppt

1、阅读理解培训阅读理解培训大纲要求大纲要求v读懂难度相当于美国Newsweek的国际新闻报道；读懂难度相当于Sons and Lovers的文学原著；v阅读速度为每分种120-180个单词，理解准确率不低于70%；能在5分钟内速读1000词左右、中等难度的文章，掌握文章的大意。v能掌握阅读材料的主旨大意，了解说明该主旨大意的事实和细节；既能理解字面意义，又能进行判断和判断；能根据需要自觉调整阅读速度。测试题型测试题型测试时间：25分钟题 数：20题分 值：20分内 容：此部分由数篇阅读材料组成，共长1800个单词左右。题材广泛，体裁多样。注：此部分是对考生语言综合运用能力的检验，要求考生既有相当

2、的阅读速度，又有较高的理解水平。v在体裁方面，大纲要求充分体现其多样性，体裁包括记叙文、描写文、说明文、议论文以及广告、说明书、图表等应用文体，但主要以议论或说明文为主，每套试题中兼顾一篇记叙文或描写文等。阅读理解文章的来源多为英语国家原版报刊或书籍，大多数为论说性文章，考生应该注意这种倾向。阅读材料的语言难度中等，重点词汇基本上不超出大纲规定的范围。题目命制一般遵循以下基本原则：第一、试题严格按照考试大纲规定的评价目标和试卷结构进行命制。命题内容不超过大纲的评价目标，题型和题量也要严格按照大纲的规定命制。在选取文章时，要注意文章的选材范围和难度，力图让考生在充分理解文章的基础上对问题做出正确

3、的回答，同时要使试题具备适当的难度和较高的效度、信度和区分度，以实现考试目标。第二、试题指向性必须清楚、准确、周密，易于理解，不出偏题怪题。试题应避免科学性失误，还应避免不健康的、带有各种偏见的语言材料。答案要求明确、合理、唯一。第三、文章、题目安排一般遵循由易到难的原则，方便考生逐步进入答题状态，消除因试题安排不合理导致对考生评价的偏差。考生应掌握一些必备的解题技巧。其中最基本的两项是“精确定位”和“选项分析”。第一，所有阅读考试的核心解题思路就是精确定位。建议考生在阅读时，每读完一个段落就简短地总结一下，争取养成对段落大意的总结归纳能力，以提高定位的准确度。第二，选项分析是得高分的必修技巧

4、。专业四级阅读文章都精选自英语报刊杂志或网站，但是命题却由中国本土专家精心设计，其中的选项设置具备相当的难度。只有摸清了命题专家的出题模式和选项设置规律，才能真正取得高分。一、篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾处常考一、篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾处常考 Every year thousands of people are arrested and taken to court for shop-lifting.In Britain alone,about HK$3,000,000s worth of goods are stolen from shops every week.This amounts to

5、something like HK$150 million a year,and represents about 4 percent of the shops total stock.As a result of this“shrinkage”as the shops call it,the honest public has to pay higher prices.常出题点常出题点Why does the honest public have to pay higher prices when they go to the shops?A.There is a“shrinkage”in

6、market values.B.Many goods are not available.C.Goods in many shops lack variety.D.There are many cases of shop-lifting There was nothing much I wanted to eat:the remains of a bunch of celery,a blue-tinged heel of bread,a lemon going soft.Ive fallen into the habits of the solitary;my meals are snatch

7、ed and random.The author didnt like the food in the refrigerator because it was NOT _.A.fresh B.sufficient C.nutritious D.delicious二、特殊标点处常考二、特殊标点处常考三、语义转折处常考三、语义转折处常考 But no temperature made the mad elephants more mad or more sane.Their wearisome heads went up and down at the same rate,in hot weath

8、er and in cold,wet weather and dry,fair weather and foul.Only _ were not affected by weather.A.the workmen B.the inhabitants C.the steam-engines D.the rustling woods四、列举、举例或打比方处常考四、列举、举例或打比方处常考 Many employers,for example,will overlook occasional inefficiencies from their secretary provided she has a

9、 pleasant personality.We can infer from the passage that an employer might tolerate his secretarys occasional mistakes,if the latter is _.A.direct B.cheerful C.shy D.capable五、因果关系处常考五、因果关系处常考 Seven was another significant number,usually regarded as a bringer of good luck.Nine is usually thought of a

10、s a lucky number because it is the product of three times three.According to the passage,which of the following groups of number swill certainly bring good luck to people?A.3 and 7 B.3and 9 C.7 and 9 D.3 and 13六、复杂句、特殊句处常考六、复杂句、特殊句处常考 womens magazine with the goods advertised by those periodicals A

11、careful balance has to be struck:if you show a labor-saving device,follow it up with a complicated recipe on the next page;on no account hint at the notion that a woman could get herself a job,but instead foster her sense of her own usefulness,emphasizing the creative aspect of her function as a hou

12、sewife.The goods advertised in womens magazines are really meant to _.A.free housewives from houseworkB.encourage housewives to go out to workC.make housewives into excellent cooksD.give them a false sense of fulfillment七、否定处常考七、否定处常考Few of us are content to accept ourselves as weare,and few are bra

13、ve enough to ignore thetrends of fashion.The author thinks that people are _.A.Satisfied with their appearance.B.Concerned about appearance in old ageC.Far from neglecting what is in fashionD.Reluctant to follow the trends in fashion八、文中人物观点处常考八、文中人物观点处常考 Psychologists view the subject either as a m

14、atter of frustration or a joke.Now the biologists have moved into this minefield,and some of them have found that there are real differences between the brains of men and women.But being different,they point out hurriedly,is not the same as being better or worse.Which of the following statements is

15、CORRECT?A.Biologists are conducting research where psychologists have given up.B.Brain differences point to superiority of one sex over the other.C.Results of scientific research fail to support popular belief.D.The structural difference in the brain between the sexes has long been known.按照大纲要求，考生“能

16、掌握所读材料的主旨大意，了解说明主旨大意的事实和细节；既理解字面意思，又能根据所读材料进行判断和推理；既能理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文的逻辑关系。该能力要求实际上包含了五个层次，对应了五种基本题型：事实细节题、推理判断题、语义理解题、观点态度题和主旨大意题。当然，以上分类只是一个粗略划分，不排除很多题型兼而有之，如有些细节题离不开推断，主旨题也需要对细节的兼顾等。具体可做以下区分：历年专业四级英语阅读题的题型可以概括为5种：事实细节题、推理判断题、主旨大意题、语义理解题、观点态度题。事实细节题事实细节题v主要考查对阅读材料的某一特定细节或文章主要事实的理解，v问题主要包括询问人(who)、

17、物(what)、时间(when)、地点(where)、原因(cause)、结果(effect)以及文中数据(data)等。v此类题更多将题目信息与原文有关细节进行语义转换，做题时易犯的错误是未注意转换的准确性，从而导致错误。v有时命题人会故意利用一些貌合神离的手段，比如给出与原文中一模一样的字眼来迷惑考生，而实际上选项中的字眼与文中的相同字眼却不是对应同一事情。一、同义转述为解一、同义转述为解Sending a child to school in England is a step which many parents do not find easy to take.In theory,a

18、t least,the problem is that there are very many choices to make.Parents find choosing a school hard because_.A.there is a limited number of choicesB.some schools are very expensiveC.some schools are government schoolsD.they are faced with a variety of offers二、与原文矛盾不为解二、与原文矛盾不为解It was not until the 1

19、3th and 14th centuries that surnames became fixed,although for many years after that,the degree of stability in family names varied considerably in different parts of the country.We learn from the first paragraph _ for many years after the 13th and 14th centuries.A.family names became descriptive an

20、d occupational B.people in some areas still had no surnamesC.some people kept changing their surnamesD.all family names became fixed in England 三、照抄原文信息不为解三、照抄原文信息不为解Since the early 1930s,Swiss banks had prided themselves on their system of banking secrecy and numbered accounts.Swiss banks took prid

21、e in _.A.the number of their accountsB.withholding client informationC.being mysterious to the outsidersD.attracting wealthy foreign clients四、与原句内容相似但过于绝对化的不为解四、与原句内容相似但过于绝对化的不为解By 2005,nearly all college texts and many high school and junior high books will be tied to Internet sites that provide so

22、urce material,study exercises and relevant news articles to aid in learning.only,everything,all,none,must,never,alone,everyone,each,entirely,absolute,any,have to,no,completelyWhich of the following statements is INCORRECT according to the passage?A.By 2005 all college and school study materials will

23、 turn electronic.B.By 2005 printed college and school study materials will be supplemented with electronic material.C.By 2005 some college and school study materials will be accompanied by CD-ROMs.D.By 2005 Internet links make worldwide library search a possibility.五、含有模糊性的概括词往往是解五、含有模糊性的概括词往往是解Surp

24、risingly,no one knows how many children receive education in English hospitals,still less the content or quality of that education.Proper records are just not kept.The author points out at the beginning that _.A.every child in hospital receives some teachingB.not enough is known about hospital teach

25、ingC.hospital teaching is of poor qualityD.the special childrens hospitals are worst offsome,sometimes,certain,someone,morethan,less真题：真题：8 1Many people believe that science helps society progress through Aapplied knowledge Bmore than one aspect Ctechnology only Dthe use of machines (2010年Text A第81题

26、)首先定位：由题干中的Many people believe定位至第二段第二旬Many people believe，however，that our progress depends on two different aspects of science其次，分析选项：定位句明确指出社会进步要靠two different aspects of science，由此可知，B符合原文，故为答案。在下一句中提到The first of these is the application of the machines，products and systems of applied knowledge

27、 that scientists and technologists develop可见，applied knowledge只是一个方面，不全面，故排除A；而the application of the machines是applied knowledge中的部分内容，故排除DC含有only，含义绝对化，故排除。推理判断题推理判断题 该题型要求考生根据文章内容进行推理和引申，透过文章表面信息了解潜在意义。此类题的题干中一般含有imply，infer，deduce，conclude等词。常见的题干表现形式有：1It can be inferred from the passage that2Wh

28、at can we learn from the last paragraph?3It can be inferred that4We know from the passage that5It is implied in the passage that6It can be concluded from the passage that7We can infer from the passage that8From the passage we can conclude that9The passage is based on the authors一、准确定位考察点一、准确定位考察点We

29、have used silicon chips for only a few years,but life is changing faster every day.What will life be like twenty years from now?What will the world be like two million years from now?At the end of the passage the author seems to suggest that life in future is _.A.disastrousB.unpredictableC.exciting

30、D.colorful Mrs.McGillicuddy looked from her window through the windows of the parallel carriages.Most of the blinds were down,but occasionally the occupants of the carriages were visible.The other train was not very full and when there were many empty carriages.Mrs.McGuillicuddy seems to be a(an)_ p

31、erson.A.observant B.interested C.nosy D.nervous二、绝对化说法不为解二、绝对化说法不为解 Little wonder the latest survey concludes that the extent and type of hospital teaching available differ a great deal across the country.It is found that half the hospitals in England which admit children have no teacher.A further q

32、uarter have only a part-time teacher.It can be inferred from the latest survey that _.A.hospital teaching across the country is similarB.each hospital has at least one part-time teacherC.all hospitals surveyed offer education to childrenD.only one-forth of the hospitals have full-time teachers三、细节重复

33、不为解三、细节重复不为解 Every year thousands of people are arrested and taken to court for shop-lifting.In Britain alone,about HK$3,000,000s worth of goods are stolen from shops every week.This amounts to something like HK$150 million a year,and represents about 4 percent of the shops total stock.As a result o

34、f this“shrinkage”as the shops call it,the honest public has to pay higher prices.Why does the honest public have to pay higher prices when they go to the shops?A.There is a“shrinkage”in market value.B.Many goods are not available.C.Goods in many shops lack variety.D.There are many cases of shop-lift

35、ing.针对推理判断题，考生首先在文章中找到题干部分的中心词，或是它们的同义词、近义词，再根据其上下旬或所属段落内容进行推理，这样就能找到文章所要表达的内容了。真题：88We can infer from the passage that the higher the lines are seen，the,the images they present Asmaller Blarger Cclearer Dbrighter (2010年Text B第88题)首先定位：由题干关键词images定位至第二段第四句The images are SO large that they can only

36、be viewed at a height of 1，000 feetmeaning from an aircraft其次分析：结合原文定位至前一句Seen at ground level the designs are a jumbled senseless mess可推知，从地面上看，只会看见乱糟糟的一堆东西，看不出来是什么图案，但是在高空看，就会清晰地看出是什么图案了，由此推出C正确。其他三项均与这里提到的a jumbled senseless mess不相关，故都排除。主旨大意题主旨大意题 该题型考查考生对整篇文章的理解能力。做此类题目时，首先要弄清是问某一段还是全文的大意，可利用文中

37、主要信息来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫作主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。v可先寻找主题句。一般情况下，主题句出现在文章开头或结尾。但有时也可能不会出现主题句，需要读者自己去概括归纳。v在确定文章标题(title)的时候，我们要以文章的中心为依托。但应注意的是，中心大意不完全等同于标题。文章的中心一般较详细地陈述文章内容，而文章的标题通常情况下则较简明，且常是名词或名词短语。常见的题干形式：1主题类(topic，subject，main idea，general ide

38、a)The main idea of the passage is The passage is mainly about Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?What is the passage mainly about?2目的类(purpose)The passage is meant to The purpose of this passage is to 3标题类(topic，title)The best title for the passage might be

39、真题举例：84What does the passage mainly discuss?AApplication of technology BProgress in modern society CScientists ways of thinking and acting DHow to become a successful scientist (2010年Text A第84题)v首先确定考题类型：由题干可知本题考查的是文章的主旨，也即考查对文章的 整体理解与把握。v其次分析：文章开篇通过一个问句引出对科学作用的思考，第二段和第三段介绍了社会进步依赖于科学的两个方面，之后第四段首句通过一

40、个 问句What are these special methods of thinking and acting?引出全文主题。后面的内容都是对成功的科学家的思维和行为方式的具体说明。末段对这一主旨进行概括。v These seem to be some of the ways in which a successful scientist of technologist thinks and acts。可见本文的主要内容是关注methods of thinking and acting，故C为答案。v A和B是第二段提到的细节内容，属于以偏概全，故均排除；vD具有较强干扰性，这里虽然提到a

41、 successful scientist，但却是说如何成为成功的科学家，这与本文谈到的成功的科学家如何思维和行动是完全不同的概念，而且a successful scientist部分主要在文章后半部分进行论述，与前三段关联不多，故排除。语义理解题语义理解题 该题型主要测试考生对阅读文章中出现的关键词、短语或句子含义的理解能力。此类题目通常考查两方面，一是对单词和短语的考查；二是对句子含义的考查。而对于文中单词的考查又无外乎三种情况：第一、在特定语境中判断常用多义词的具体含义；第二、根据上下文推测出生僻词的含义；第三、根据上下文推测出代词所指代的具体内容。常见的题干形式有：vThe word“

42、”in Paragraph*mostly probably meansv By saying“”in Paragraph*,the author meansv The phrase“”in Paragraph*most probably refers tov The statement“”in Paragraph*probably meansv The word“it in the sentence“”in Paragraph*refers tov Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word“”in Paragrap

43、h*?关键是要有猜词技巧。常用的有以下几种：(1)利用构词法来推测词义。(2)利用文中的定义、解释推测词义。选用生僻词语时，作者往往在上下文，尤其是在下文进行解释、说明，或用一个较简单的词重复该词。(3)利用文中的举例或列举线索推测词义。列举或举例往往表明上文与下文的关系，据此可推测出某一生词的大致意思。(4)利用比较或对照关系推测词义。(5)利用词与词或词组与词组之间存在的搭配与衔接关系，即它们之间的逻辑关系来判断词义。一、同义转述为解一、同义转述为解Ive fallen into the habits of the solitary.At night the house was more

44、than ever like a strangers.By“At night the house was more than ever like a strangers”,the author probably means that _.A.the house was too dark at night.B.there were unfamiliar rooms in the houseC.she felt much more lonely at nightD.the furniture there didnt belong to her二、通过所举事例解题二、通过所举事例解题In the U

45、nited States,the so-called“digital divide”seems to be disappearing.In early 2000,a poll found,that,where half of white households owned computers,so did fully 43%of African-American households,and their numbers were growing rapidly.Hispanic households continued to lag behind,but their rate of comput

46、er ownership was expanding as well.“Digital divide”in the 4th paragraph refers to _.A.the gap in terms of computer ownershipB.the tendency of computer ownershipC.the dividing line based on digitsD.the ethnic distinction among American households三、利用对比关系来解题三、利用对比关系来解题 four categories:patronymic,occup

47、ational,descriptive and local .Even such a name as Simpson may belong to this last group,and not to the first,had the family once had its home in the ancient village of that name.Otherwise,Simpson means“the son of Simon”as might be expected.“Patronymic”in the second paragraph is closest in meaning t

48、o“formed from _”.A.the name of ones fatherB.the family occupationC.ones family homeD.ones family history四、代词向前看四、代词向前看 But it isnt that easy to explain the actual differences between skills of men and women on this basis.In schools throughout the world girls tend to be better than boys at“language s

49、ubjects”and boys better at maths and physics.If these differences correspond with the differences in the hemispheric trunkline.“These differences”in paragraph 5 refer to those in _.A.skills of men and womenB.school subjectsC.the brain structure of men and womenD.activities carried out by the brain五、

50、借助词根、词缀来解题五、借助词根、词缀来解题Socrates method of teaching was to ask questions and,by pretending not to know the answers,to press his students into thinking for themselves.His teaching had unsurpassed influence on all the great Greek and Roman schools of philosophy.The word“unsurpassed”in the third paragrap