焊接的健康与安全课件.ppt

1、Hazards:危害性 Welding has both“Apparent”hazards and“Hidden”hazards.Apparent hazards are those which can be easily identified.Hidden hazards are those not seen and often forgotten.焊接分明显的危害和隐藏的危害，明显的危害是容易鉴定而隐藏的危害是不明显而且容易忽略的。Some of these are:Electrical Shock触电触电 Over exposure to arc radiation电弧光辐射电弧光辐射

2、Fumes and gasses 有害的烟和气Burns and fire灼伤和火灾灼伤和火灾 Compressed gas cylinders压力容器压力容器 Noise噪音噪音 Electrical Safety:电气安全Electric shock and electrocution are possible hazards with all welding processes.在整个焊接过程中，触电和电击是可能存在的危害。There are two different areas of concern.有两个不同的区域需要注意The primary side 主要方面Fuse or B

3、reaker panel保险丝或者断路面板 Power Supply cables电源线Internal parts of the power source.电源内部零件 Electrical Safety:Electric shock and electrocution are possible hazards with all welding processes.在整个焊接过程中，触电和电击是可能存在的危害There are two different areas of concern.有两个不同的区域需要注意The primary side主要方面Primary side power i

4、s normally is high amperage/high voltage.The welder should not work in this area.It should left up to a qualified maintenance person.初级电源普常是高电流/电压,焊工不应工作在这个区域。它应该由一个合格的维护人操作。Electrical Safety:Electric shock and electrocution are possible hazards with all welding processes.在整个焊接过程中，触电和电击是可能存在的危害There

5、 are two different areas of concern.Exposed wires on the welding lead焊接端面上的裸线 Contact with the electrode and the work piece.电极和工件之间的连接Wet gloves or skin.湿的手套或者外套 The secondary side:次级方面Electrical Safety:电气安全Which is more dangerous?哪个更危险？AC Current or DC Current交流电或直流电In GMAW,AC current is more dange

6、rous.气体保护电弧焊中交流电是很危险的Paralyzes voluntary muscles.肌肉麻痹 AC is the primary power for welding which is much higher than the output welding current.交流电主电源处电压比输出端高很多DC Current can cause sever internal burns but does not paralyze muscles.直流电能引起严重的内部燃烧，但不会使肌肉麻痹 Electrical Safety:电气安全Work Return Lead vs.Grou

7、nd.工作回路引线和接地The work return lead is often referred to as the ground.工作回路引线有点像接地。Work return and grounding are two different things.接地和接地和工作回路引线是两种不同的事情。是两种不同的事情。Electrical Safety:电气安全Work Return Lead vs.Ground 工作回路引线和接地Grounding is:A cable attached to a copper rod driven into the ground.电缆联接铜棒插入地下It

8、s purpose is to carry away current in case of a transformer fault,power surge,or stray voltage.它的目的将使在变压器故障,电力高峰及短路情况下把电流导入地下,Electrical Safety:电气安全Work Return Lead vs.Ground工作回路引线和接地A Work Return Lead is:一个工作回路引线是A cable attached to the work piece.电缆被连接到工件上Its purpose is to create a complete circui

9、t for welding.它的目的是使焊接时建立一条完全回路。Electrical Safety:电气安全Connecting the Work Return lead.连接工作回路引线Proper connection is very important for several reasons.正确的连接是非常重要的，原因有以下几个 1,The welding current will find the easiest path back to the Power source.焊接电流将容易找到返回到功率源的路径 2,Possibly through the building if th

10、ere is a metal floor.容易通过金属平台穿过建筑.3,Through an attached lifting device such as an overhead crane.通过一个附属的起重装置例如一架吊车 4,Through power tools if there are other operations being performed on the assembly you are welding on.当在焊接时如果有组装的时候，通过一个手动工具。Electrical Safety:电气安全Possible current return paths.目前可能的返回

11、路径Through overhead lifting devices.通过起重设备Through power tools used for other operations on the same unit.在同一个产品上操作时，通过电动工具Through metal plates that may be placed in the floor for other functions.通过放在地上的金属板或类似物品Electrical Safety Tips:电气安全提示Power Source.电源电源Should be installed and serviced by a qualifi

12、ed electrician or maintenance person.持有电工证的电工或则维修人员安装电源和维护。Avoid working near primary side power cables.避免在主要电源端附近工作。Never run over primary side or any other power cables with a forklift.Also,be careful not to drop heavy objects on power cords.Damage to the outer casing can result and expose the con

13、ductor underneath.绝对不能使用叉车压住主要电源端和任何电源线。同样，小心不要掉重物在电源线上。破坏电器箱将会是使导体裸露。Electrical Safety:电气安全Welding Equipment.焊接设备焊接设备Check cables for worn or cut insulation.检查电源线是否磨损或者绝检查电源线是否磨损或者绝缘断开缘断开 Let your supervisor know if damage is found so maintenance can be called.如果发现破坏，通知你的主管让维修人员去修理如果发现破坏，通知你的主管让维修人

14、员去修理Electrical Safety:电气安全Protective Clothing.防护服防护服Wear proper gloves that are dry and free of holes.穿那些干燥的且有通气孔的特制的手套Wear rubber soled safety shoes.穿橡胶制作的安全鞋Electrical Safety:电气安全Work Return Lead:工作回路引线工作回路引线Make sure the work return lead is properly connected near the point of welding and makes g

15、ood electrical connection.确定工作回路引线是被正确的夹在焊接点的附近和确保有好的电气连接。Do not place the power source on a floor that could conduct welding current.不要将电源放置在能导电的地面上Never leave an overhead crane or other lifting device connected to the assembly being welded.Current can travel back through these devices and cause ve

16、ry serious damage.不要把吊机或是其它起重设备连接在正在焊接的产品上。通过这些设备电流能够回流，也能引起非常严重的破坏Electrical Safety:电气安全In case of Electrical Shock.假如发生电击假如发生电击If possible,turn the power off immediately.如有可能，立即关闭电源Do not try to pull the victim free while in contact with the electrical power.不要试图去推开那些正触电的受害者Activate the EMS(emerge

17、ncy medical system),call 911.Alert first responders according to protocols posted near the phones in the shop.启动急救系统，呼叫120。向厂房里电话边张贴的负责人提供警报。Arc Radiation:电弧辐射电弧辐射 The welding arc emits three types of radiation.焊接时有三种辐射产生 Ultraviolet UV 紫外线Visible 可见光Infrared-(IR)红外线Arc Radiation:Short wavelength UV

18、 causes“Arc eye”or“Welders flash”短波紫外线引起的眼病.UV in the range of 300-400 Nano-Meters(NM)has been associated with the formation of cataracts.紫外线引起白内障Infrared and Visible light can cause burns and retinal lesions.红外线和可见光损坏视网膜The most common type of eye injury from radiation is“arc eye”or“welders flash”.

19、最常见的眼病，从辐射是“红眼”或“电光性眼炎”Several hours after exposure,youre eyes will feel like there is sand in them and will be red and swollen.眼睛曝光几个小时后，会觉得像有沙子，他们将变红和肿胀The effects are short lived and can be treated by a visit to the emergency room where drops can be administered to correct this condition.影响是短暂的。到

20、急诊室处理有助于缓解和改善这样的状况。However,the eyes can be permanently damaged by intense exposure over time.然而，曝光时间过长的话，视力将会永久的伤害。Clear Plastic lenses and side shields will block short wave UV and help avoid exposure.透明胶镜片将阻止短波紫外线，并有助于避免曝光.Arc Radiation:电弧辅射UV in the range of 300 to 400 Nano-Meters,Infrared,and vi

21、sible light are not blocked by clear plastic.The correct shade of filter plate needs to be used to prevent exposure.透明胶镜片不可以拦住300400纳米范围的紫外线，红外线和可见光的。需要选用正确的滤光片来防止曝光。The following slide is a chart of recommended filter plate shades for different welding processes and current levels.以下说明不同的焊接时需要不同滤光片

22、的种类Arc Radiation:电弧辅射Arc Radiation:电弧辅射Arc radiation can cause a condition very much like sunburn.电弧辅射可能导致很多象晒斑的情况电弧辅射可能导致很多象晒斑的情况The hazard is increased by higher amperage and argon based gas.更高的安培数和氩气体会增加危险更高的安培数和氩气体会增加危险 Proper welding clothes such as sleeves,cape sleeves,aprons,and a helmet shou

23、ld be worn for protection.穿穿适当的焊接服装例如袖子，护袖适当的焊接服装例如袖子，护袖，围裙，头盔将保护身体。，围裙，头盔将保护身体。Screens and protective barriers should be in place to protect non-welders in the area.防晒霜和防护墙在焊接区域应该是保护非焊工。防晒霜和防护墙在焊接区域应该是保护非焊工。Sun screen can be used to protect exposed skin.防晒霜可以被用于保护暴露的皮肤防晒霜可以被用于保护暴露的皮肤 Arc Radiation:

24、电弧辅射电弧辅射Highly reflective materials such as aluminum,stainless steel,and galvanized increase the risk of exposure.高度反射性材料例如铝，不锈钢和镀锌增加曝光的风险高度反射性材料例如铝，不锈钢和镀锌增加曝光的风险 Arc radiation is reflected off these materials and causes injury to the back of the neck or other exposed areas.弧辐射被反射这些材料并且造成伤害到脖子或其他被暴露

25、的弧辐射被反射这些材料并且造成伤害到脖子或其他被暴露的区域的后面区域的后面 Proper clothing or sun screen can help eliminate or minimize the exposure.适当的衣物或遮阳霜可能帮助消灭或使曝光减到最小适当的衣物或遮阳霜可能帮助消灭或使曝光减到最小 Arc Radiation:电弧辅射电弧辅射Fumes and Gasses in Welding:焊接中的烟尘和废气Causes of Fumes and Gasses.烟尘和废气产生的原因Fumes and Gasses in Welding:焊接中的烟尘和废气Because

26、of the variables in fume and gas generation with different welding processes,we will need to treat the subject in a very generalized way.由于发烟和气体不同的焊接过程产生不同烟和气，我们将需要制定一个广泛的方式对待这个问题 Fume and gasses can be hazardous if proper ventilation is not used.如果没有适当的空气流动，发烟和气体是很危害的Contaminants in the weld plume:

27、焊接中的污染物Particulate matter in the weld plume gives the plume its color.特殊的物质在焊接中产生它自己特有的颜色。The particulate is composed primarily of oxidized filler metal,base metal,and any coatings found on the base metal.微粒物质主要由被氧化的填充金属、母材和所有覆盖在母材上的东西。Welders should take care to avoid breathing the fumes because of

28、 the potential associated health hazards.焊工应当心避免吸入烟尘,因为它与身体建康相关联。Aluminum and Iron particles can cause dust disease of the lunges if levels are high enough and occur over a long period of time.铝和铁微粒可能导致刺的积尘病，如果量是足够多和长时间。Contaminants in the weld plume:Some metals pose a more serious health hazard.一些金

29、属构成更严重的健康危害It is very important to use all available safety devices when working with these materials:它是很重要的当与这些材料一起使用时，使用所有可利用的保险装置Manganese,found in Aluminum(3003),can effect the central nervous system,resulting in impaired speech and movement.锰与铝(3003)焊接，可能影响中央神经系统，造成语言和行动功能受损。Fumes from stainles

30、s steel and other specialized consumables have the potential to contain certain compounds of Chromium and/or nickel.Some of these compounds are known or suspected to have caused lung cancer in processes other than welding.从不锈钢的发烟和其他专业消费品有潜力包含铬和镍某些化合物。除焊接之外，其中一些化合物在过程中知道或被怀疑有导致的肺癌 Contaminants in the

31、 weld plume:The most common coating found at Greenheck is Zinc,which is the coating found on Galvanized or Galvaneal material.在格林瀚克最主要的涂层材料是镀锌板,是一种电镀或热镀锌的材料Zinc melts between 800 and 900 and is easily vaporized by the welding arc.锌融化在800度到900度之间,通过焊弧很易蒸发,The resulting fume is Zinc Oxide.随之发生烟是氧化锌Zin

32、c Oxide,in large enough quantities can cause“Zinc Fever”or“Metal Fume Fever”.氧化锌，在足够大的数量，可引起自然或金属灰发烧Contaminants in the weld plume:Contaminants in the weld plume:Gasses:废气Asphyxiates(inert)使窒息(惰性气体)Carbon dioxide,Argon,and Carbon monoxide.二氧化碳,氩气,一氧化碳Irritants.刺激性气体Ozone,Chlorides,Fluorides,and Sulf

33、ur dioxide臭氧,氯化物,氟化物,二氧化硫Systemic poisons全身的毒药Fluorides,Oxides of Nitrogen,and Phosgene.氟化物,氧化氮和光气Confined Space:狭小的空间Asphyxiates can be very hazardous in confined spaces.在狭小的空间内,呼吸不畅是很危险的,These gases are heavier than air and can settle in enclosed areas and displace oxygen.这些气体比空气重，并能解决在封闭区和取代氧气Alw

34、ays use some type of ventilation to keep fresh air flowing in this type of environment.总要使用一些通风器以保持新鲜空气的流动，在这种类型的环境There may not be any warning signs of oxygen deficiency.You may simply lose consciousness.可能没有任何警告标志的氧气不足。你可能只是失去意识Gases produced by welding:焊接产生的气体Care must be taken when using cleanin

35、g solvents formulated with chlorinated hydrocarbons.必须注意当使用清洗溶剂与氯化碳氢化合物Trychloroethylene and Perchloroethylene are examples of these.氯乙烯和全氯乙烯是这些的例子,Gasses produced by welding:焊接所产生的气体When vapors from these cleaning solvents are exposed to UV from the welding arc,Phosgene gas is produced.当蒸汽从这些清洗溶剂是暴

36、露在紫外线从焊接电弧，光气是天然气生产Gasses produced by welding:焊接所产生的气体Ozone can be a problem when welding Aluminum当焊接铝件是臭氧是一个问题Can cause headache,chest pain,and shortness of breath.能导致头痛,胸闷和呼吸短促Very high levels of exposure to ozone can cause fluid to build up in the lungs and even death.非常严重的暴露于臭氧中能使流进肺中和甚至死亡,Gasse

37、s produced by welding:焊接所产生的气体The production of Ozone depends on the type of filler metal used.臭氧的产生主要依靠那种焊丝被使 用The use of 4043 filler metal causes the formation of ozone.使用4043焊丝能导致臭氧的产生,Reducing the Risk:减少危险There are some simple things you can do to help avoid exposure to fumes and gasses.有一些简单的事

38、情，你能做为了帮助避免接触烟雾和气体Keep your head out of the welding plume.保持你的头部离开焊接废气Reducing the Risk:减少危险Use local fume extraction devices to help remove the fume.利用局部的排烟装置，以帮助排走烟气Reducing the Risk:减少危险Use filters or other devices to filter the air in your breathing zone.使用过滤器或其他装置，以过滤空气，在你呼吸地方Reducing the Risk:

39、减少危险In some cases it may be necessary to remove the coating from the base metal before welding.在某些情况下，也许要先清理涂层从金属母材上在焊前Make sure you know the proper way to remove the coating.Grinding some coatings may be just as hazardous as welding.确保您知道正确的做法对于清理涂层。磨削有些涂料可能只是为减少焊接危险Burns and Fire:烧伤和火灾Burns are on

40、e of the most common hazards faced in all welding processes.烧伤是最常见的危险在所有焊接工作中Arc radiation,sparks,spatter,and the parts themselves can cause serious injury.电弧辐射，火花飞溅及零件本身可能导致严重伤害Proper gear and clothing can help protect you from these hazards.适当的装备和服装可以帮助您避免这些危害Burns and Fire:烧伤和火灾Protective Clothin

41、g and Gear 防护服和手套Burns and Fire:烧伤和火灾Fire is also a major concern associated with welding.火也是主要是与焊接联合相关Cleaning solvents and degreasers are flammable and pose a severe fire and explosion hazard.清洗溶剂和脱脂剂是易燃的及构成严重火灾和爆炸危险These substances should be kept out of the welding area.这些物质应妥善贮存的焊接区域Burns and Fi

42、re:烧伤及火灾Materials such as paper and rags are combustible and can be ignited by sparks and spatter from the welding process.材料如纸张和抹布都是易燃物，可点燃的火花飞溅从焊接过程中These materials can smolder for hours before catching fire.这些材料在着火前能闷烧几个小时All combustible materials should be kept off the floor and out of the immed

43、iate welding area.所有可燃材料应保存在地面上，且于眼能看到的焊接区域These materials should be placed in a fire proof container at the end of the shift.这些材料应保管在防火的柜子的最里面Keep garbage cans covered near the welding area.确认焊接区附近的垃圾桶要盖上Cigarette lighters should be kept out of pants or shirt pockets as these can explode when weldi

44、ng spatter comes in contact with and melts through the plastic shell.打火机应妥善贮存的裤子或衬衣口袋，因为这些焊渣飞溅能透过塑料外壳可能发生爆炸。Can explode with the same force as 3 sticks of dynamite.能爆炸用相同的力量Store cylinders away from heat.贮存气瓶远离热贮存气瓶远离热Be sure contents are clearly identified.确信内容是明显的确信内容是明显的Mark empty cylinders“EMPTY

45、”用用”EMPTY”标记空瓶标记空瓶Use only in an upright and chained position.仅在竖立状态下和束缚位置使用仅在竖立状态下和束缚位置使用Make sure the protective cap is in place whenever the cylinder is not connected for use.无论在使用或是不使用时，气瓶的保护盖一直要使用无论在使用或是不使用时，气瓶的保护盖一直要使用Working with Compressed Gas Cylinders:压缩天然气气瓶压缩天然气气瓶Do not drag,drop or roll

46、 cylinders.不能扯拽，投下及滚动不能扯拽，投下及滚动气瓶气瓶Never strike an arc on cylinders.不能在气瓶上触击电弧不能在气瓶上触击电弧 Keep welding cables and the welding circuit away from cylinders.保持焊接电缆及焊接电路远离气瓶保持焊接电缆及焊接电路远离气瓶Keep oil and grease away from oxygen,it can explode when pressurized.保持油和油脂远离氧气，当加压是它可能发生爆炸保持油和油脂远离氧气，当加压是它可能发生爆炸Alwa

47、ys leave some gas(50 psi)in the cylinder to prevent contamination and mixing of gasses.Working with Compressed Gas Cylinders:压缩天然气气瓶压缩天然气气瓶CapValveHigh Pressure HazardAny damage to the cylinder can create stress concentration points where the tank can burst!Noise is a problem with many operations on the shop floor.Ear plugs are required when on the shop floor.Not only will they protect you from noise,but will keep spatter out of your ears as well.In the end,there is only one person that is responsible for your safety: