跨文化商务沟通英文版教学课件第3章.ppt

1、Chapter 3Contrasting Cultural Values*Topics Semantic Differences Attribution and Perception Attitudes Toward Women Work Attitudes Attitudes Toward Ethics Religious Influences Individualism and Collectivism*What are Values?Values are the social principles,goals,or standards accepted by persons in a c

2、ulture.Values are learned by contacts with the family,teachers,and religious leaders.The media also may influence ones value system.*Cultural Contrasts in ValuesAmericansJapaneseArabs1.FreedomBelongingFamily security2.IndependenceGroup harmonyFamily harmony3.Self-relianceCollectivismParental guidanc

3、e4.EqualityAge/SeniorityAge5.IndividualismGroup consensusAuthoritySocietal Clusters Societies that are Charismatic/Value Based from Higher to Lower:Anglo Latin America Southern Asia Germanic Europe Nordic Europe Sub-Sahara Arabs Latin Europe Eastern Europe Confucian Asia Middle East*Societal Cluster

4、sTeam Orientation from High to Low:Latin America Eastern Europe Southern Asia Nordic Europe Anglo Sub-Sahara Arabs Germanic Europe Confucian Asia Middle East*Societal Clusters Participative from Higher to Lower:Germanic Europe Nordic Europe Anglo Latin America Latin Europe Sub-Sahara Arabs Eastern E

5、urope Southern Asia Confucian Asia Middle East*Societal Clusters Humane Oriented from Higher to Lower:Southern Asia Sub-Sahara Arabs Anglo Confucian Asia Latin America Eastern Europe Germanic Europe Latin Europe Nordic Europe*Societal Clusters Autonomous Cluster from Higher to Lower:Eastern Europe G

6、ermanic Europe Confucian Asia Southern Asia Nordic Europe Anglo Middle East Latin Europe Sub-Sahara Arabs Latin America*Societal Clusters Self-Protective from Higher to Lower:Southern Asia Middle East Confucian Asia Eastern Europe Latin America Sub-Sahara Arabs Latin Europe Anglo Germanic Europe Nor

7、dic Europe (House,Hanges,Javidan,Dorfman,&Gupta,2004,p.682)*Semantic DifferencesSemantics -the study of the meaning of words;involves the way behavior is influenced by words and nonverbal means of communication.Example:A U.S.American,while traveling in Bolivia,observed that drivers rarely stopped at

8、 the red octagonal sign with the word“alto,”the Spanish word for“stop.”A local Bolivian explained that in that country,the stop sign is more a recommendation than a traffic law.*Attribution and PerceptionAttribution-the ability to look at social behavior from another cultures viewAttribution trainin

9、g-involves making people aware of their own cultural context and how it differs from that of the host countryPerception-the learned meaning of sensory images Uncertainty-reduction theory-“involves the creation of proactive predictions and retroactive explanations about our own and others behavior,be

10、liefs,and attitudes.”(Gudykunst&Ting-Toomy,1988,p.22)*Uncertainty Avoidance Uncertainty avoidance is defined as the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations.Creates uncertainty Creates anxiety Is reinforced by family,school,and government*Uncertaint

11、y Avoidance High uncertainty avoidance culturesLatin America Some European Countries Japan South Korea*Uncertainty Avoidance Countries with low or weak uncertainty avoidance United States of America India United Kingdom Denmark Singapore*Differences Between Weak/Strong Uncertainty Avoidance Societie

12、sWeak Uncertainty AvoidanceStrong Uncertainty AvoidanceCitizen protest acceptableCitizen protest should be repressedCivil servants positive toward Civil servants negative toward political process political processPositive attitudes toward youngNegative attitudes toward young people peopleOne groups

13、truth should not beThere is only one truth-ours imposed on othersHuman rights:nobody should beReligious,political,ideological persecuted for their beliefs fundamentalism and intoleranceScientific opponents can beScientific opponents cannot be personal friends personal friends*GLOBE Uncertainty Avoid

14、ance Defined as tendency towards orderliness,consistency,structure,and regulation Related to societal,economic,and organizational values Higher values found with higher team orientation,humane orientation,and self-protective leadership Lower values found with lower participative and charismatic lead

15、ership values*Attitudes Toward Women Influenced by cultural roots U.S.women are supposed to have the same rights as men.Kenya women are considered subordinate to men.Gender differences in the U.S.workplace are de-emphasized-women are accepted at higher levels in government and in many companies.*U.S

16、.women have taken two-thirds of new jobs created;they are starting new businesses at twice the rate of men.In France,one-fifth of small businesses are owned by women;in Canada,the rate is one-third.The U.S.and Canada lead the world in the number of women in executive positions;Northern and Western E

17、urope,Australia,and New Zealand also have high numbers of women managers.*Percentage of Women in Top Management Positions The Russian Federation42%European Union30%Australia23%United Kingdom21%United States20%Japan 7%*Work Attitudes Work ethic-hard work is applauded and rewarded;not working is viewe

18、d negatively.U.S.persons value work;executives work 56 hours per week.take 14 days of vacation a year.European persons work 36 to 41 hours per week.take 4 to 6 weeks of vacation a year.*2009 Weekly Hours WorkedCountry Weekly Working HoursSingapore47.3India46.9China46.8Mexico44.5South Korea43.4United

19、 States42.3Switzerland42.0Brazil41.3Japan40.7United Kingdom40.7Germany40.3*Cultural Attitudes Toward Work Europeans Relaxed Vacation during month of August Do not work weekends or holidays (The French take longer vacations than people of any other country.)Australians Value free time Value short wor

20、k week Japanese Work Monday through Friday,often 18 hours a day Work until their boss leaves*Attitudes Toward Ethics Ethical behavior means acting with integrity,honesty,competence,respect,fairness,trust,courage,and responsibility.Ethical standards are guidelines established to convey what is percei

21、ved to be correct or incorrect behavior by most people in a society.*Ethics:The Four-Way Test Is it the truth?Is it fair to all concerned?Will it build goodwill and better friendships?Will it be beneficial to all concerned?*Personal vs.Societal Ethics Personal ethics may vary from person to person o

22、ften influenced by religious beliefs,cultural backgrounds,or personal experience Societal ethics rules of conduct shared by most people in a culture agreed-upon standards of behavior*Global View of Ethics Ethical relativism ethical principles vary with the culture.Ethical universalism certain values

23、 are universal across cultures regardless of race,gender,culture,or religion.*Suggested Approach to International Business Ethics Identify in writing individual and corporate ethical values.Involve all employees in the development of a corporate code of ethics.Assure that all workers understand the

24、companys ethical values.Monitor compliance with the code of ethics.*Religious Influences In the U.S.,Australia,and Europe,lifestyle and religion are separate.In northern Africa and southern Asia,religion is a lifestyle and directly affects work.The separation of church and state is followed in the U

25、.S.In Islamic countries religion affects all aspects of life.*Individualism and Collectivism Individualism-attitude of valuing ourselves as separate individuals with responsibility for our own destinies and actions Collectivism-emphasizes common interests,conformity,cooperation,and interdependence T

26、he Hofstede and GLOBE studies Hofstede uses a linear scale GLOBE has multiple levels In-group collectivism Institutional collectivism*Power Distance Inequality within society Power,wealth,status,and social position Physical Intellectual Index measures the degree of acceptance of unequal distribution

27、 of power Both Hofstede and GLOBE agree on this construct*Gender Indices Hofstedes Masculinity and Femininity Index measures assertiveness versus modesty.GLOBE study on gender egalitarianism measures roles for which men and women are suited.Denmark and New Zealand most gender egalitarian;Eastern Eur

28、ope and Nordic Europe Iran and Qatar are the least gender egalitarian;Middle East,Confucian Asia,Germanic Europe*Long-term versus Short-term GoalsFuture Orientation Long-term orientation Concerned with future,perseverance,thrift,hard work,learning,openness,accountability,self-discipline Family and work are not separated Short-term orientation Concerned with bottom line,control systems,respecting tradition,and preserving face Fulfilling social obligations