Unit 2 Grammar and usage （ppt课件）-2022新牛津译林版《高中英语》必修第三册.pptx

1、Learning Procedure Step1.Lead-in 指出下列句子中的谓语动词和非谓语动词 The girl making up is very lovely.非谓语谓语这个化妆的女孩很可爱这个化妆的女孩很可爱We enjoyed the show given by these girls.非谓语谓语我们喜欢这些女孩表演的节目。我们喜欢这些女孩表演的节目。Before the performance,she practiced many times to make sure that she could dance perfectly.谓语非谓语在演出之前，她练习了很多次，以确保她

2、能完美地跳舞。在演出之前，她练习了很多次，以确保她能完美地跳舞。谓语谓语动词动词非谓语非谓语动词动词在句子中充当谓语充当谓语的动词；在句子中不充当谓语不充当谓语的动词；没有人称和数的变化非谓语 不定式（不定式（to dto do o)动词动词inging形式形式动词动词eded形式形式非谓语在句子中可以做哪些成分？非谓语在句子中可以做哪些成分？原则：一个句子中只能有一个谓语如果一个句子里出现两个动词，可以用and或but来连接，把这两个动词并列起来作谓语。如果再有多的动词，就把它当作非谓语动词，用to do,ed,ing来表现。动词不定式动词不定式不能作句子的谓语，但它具有动词的一些特征，可以

3、带有自己的宾语、状语及主语等。不定式的特征1.及物动词的不定式形式，其后可以跟宾语没有人知道他为什么同意拍那部电影。No one knows why he agreed to do the film.2.不定式可以被状语修饰He asked me to read the text aloud他让我大声地读课文。I was told to drive the car carefully and slowly我被告知开车要小心，速度要慢。3.不定式没有人称和数的变化，不受主语的人称和单复数的限定或影响She likes to play the piano.她喜欢弹钢琴。I hope to fini

4、sh reading the book tonight.我希望今晚看完这本书。动词不定式的基本结构动词不定式的基本结构主动形式主动形式被动形式被动形式一般式一般式to doto be done完成式完成式to have doneto have been done进行式进行式to be doing无无完成进行式完成进行式to have been doing无无不定式作定语和结果状语不定式作定语和结果状语动词不定式作定语1.1.动词不定式作定语，一般置于被修饰的动词不定式作定语，一般置于被修饰的名词或代词名词或代词后面后面 Is this the best way to help him?这是帮他

5、的最佳方法吗？这是帮他的最佳方法吗？Your wish to be a teacher is quite understandable.你想成为一个教师的愿望是可以理解的。你想成为一个教师的愿望是可以理解的。名词或代词为动词不定式的名词或代词为动词不定式的逻辑主语逻辑主语(主谓关系主谓关系)。如：。如：Wendy was the first student to arrive at school.名词或代词为不定式的名词或代词为不定式的逻辑宾语逻辑宾语(动宾关系动宾关系)。如：。如：I have a meeting to attend.Tip:如果不定式是如果不定式是不及物动词不及物动词，需要

6、加，需要加介词介词才能与名词之间才能与名词之间构成动宾关系。如：构成动宾关系。如：This is a good topic to talk about.2.2.不定式作定语与被修饰的名词或代词之间常有一定的逻辑关系。不定式作定语与被修饰的名词或代词之间常有一定的逻辑关系。名词与不定式是名词与不定式是同位语关系同位语关系(动词不定式与所修饰的名词指代的内动词不定式与所修饰的名词指代的内容一致容一致)。如：。如：I have a wish to go to college.We should have the courage to face any difficulty.They have fou

7、nd out a way to help the villages get rid of poverty.常接不定式作定语的常接不定式作定语的抽象抽象名词有名词有：ability,ambition,chance,wish,attempt,decision,moment,need,plan,promise,reason,time,way,courage,opportunity 等。等。3 3.动词不定式作定语，有动词不定式作定语，有被动形式被动形式。如：。如：The house to be built there will be a library.She made a list of the

8、people to be invited.4 4.当中心词当中心词被序数词、形容词最高级被序数词、形容词最高级及及the next,the only,the the next,the only,the lastlast等限定时，常用不定式作后置定语。等限定时，常用不定式作后置定语。She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.She is the only person to be admitted to the committee.在那儿要建的房子将是一个图书馆。在那儿要建的房子将是一个图书馆。她列了一张

9、要邀请的人的名单。她列了一张要邀请的人的名单。她是第一个在奥运会上获得金牌的女子。她是第一个在奥运会上获得金牌的女子。她是唯一获准进入委员会的人。她是唯一获准进入委员会的人。1.Do you know who is the first Chinese _(walk)on the moon?2.Do you have anything _(say)?If not,we will put an end to the meeting.3.He has no friend _(depend).4.Are you going to the meeting _(hold)next week?5.The n

10、ew building _(complete)next year will be a city museum.6.There may be an opportunity for you _(see)the famous star.to walk to say to depend on to be held to be completedto seePractice?不定式作状语不定式作状语作目的状语作目的状语(可位于句首或句尾可位于句首或句尾)I went there to see my teacher.作结果状语作结果状语(有时可表示意料之外的结有时可表示意料之外的结果果)The box w

11、as too heavy to move.?作原因状语作原因状语He is sad to hear the bad news.动词不定式作结果状语 动词不定式作动词不定式作结果状语结果状语，常见于以下结构：，常见于以下结构：1.1.在在 tooto(太太而不能而不能)结构中，表示反面结果，如：结构中，表示反面结果，如：Its never too late to learn.The case was too heavy to be carried by a child.2.2.在在 enough to(足够足够以至于以至于)结构中。如：结构中。如：I was fortunate enough t

12、o get the ticket.The hall is large enough to hold 3,000 people.活到老，学到老。活到老，学到老。这箱子太重了，小孩搬不动这箱子太重了，小孩搬不动我很幸运地得到了那张票。我很幸运地得到了那张票。这个大厅足够大，可以容纳这个大厅足够大，可以容纳3000人。人。3.3.在在 never to (不再不再.)结构中，可以接结构中，可以接后续的结果后续的结果。如：。如：He left home,never to return.She left,never to be seen again.4.4.在在 only to(却，不料却，不料)结构中

13、结构中,不定式常表示不定式常表示没有预料到的结果没有预料到的结果。如：如：I hurried to the station,only to find the train gone.He returned after the war,only to be told that his wife had left him.他离开了家，再也没有回来。他离开了家，再也没有回来。她走了，再也没人见过她。她走了，再也没人见过她。我匆忙赶到车站，结果却发现火车已经开走了。我匆忙赶到车站，结果却发现火车已经开走了。战争结束后他回来，却被告知妻子已经离开了他。战争结束后他回来，却被告知妻子已经离开了他。5.5.在

14、在 so as to（如此如此.以至于）以至于）结构中。如：结构中。如：She was so angry as to be unable to speak.We are not such fools as to believe him.She wont be such a careless person as to forget to lock the door.6.6.在在 such+名词名词 +as to(如此如此.以至于以至于)结构中。如：结构中。如：她气得连话都说不出来了。她气得连话都说不出来了。我们没有愚蠢到相信他的地步。我们没有愚蠢到相信他的地步。她不会粗心到忘记锁门的地步。她不会

15、粗心到忘记锁门的地步。Practice 1.The goods are too heavy _(carry).2.I hurried to his house,only _(find)that he was not at home.3.I ran to the school,only _(inform)that I wasnt admitted by Peking University.4.This man was strong enough _(lift)the heavy stone.5.Dinosaurs have died out on the earth,never _(see)ag

16、ain.6.He is such a fool _ able to answer the question.to carry to find to be informed to lift to be seenas not to be不定式作定语不定式作定语不定式作主语不定式作主语 (To-infinitives as subjects)不定式作宾语及宾补不定式作宾语及宾补(To-infinitives as objects&OCs)不定式作表语不定式作表语 (To-infinitives as pridictivs)0101This company refused to cooperate w

17、ith us.复合句复合句不定式作宾语及宾补不定式作宾语及宾补跟在一些动词后作宾语，如跟在一些动词后作宾语，如afford,aim,promise,refuse,decide等词。等词。作宾语作宾语这个公司拒绝和我们合作这个公司拒绝和我们合作作宾语通常用于afford,agree,aim,arrange,ask,attempt,choose,continue,dare,decide,demand,desire,determine,expect,fail,hate,help,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,long,love,manage,mean,need,offer,p

18、lan,prefer,prepare,pretend,promise,prove,refuse,seek,threaten,trouble,wait,want,wish等动词后面。I forgot to lock the door.Please remember to write to me.我忘记要去锁门我忘记要去锁门请记得给我写信请记得给我写信用动词不定式作宾语的动词记忆口诀三个希望两答应（hope，wish，want，agree，promise）两个要求莫拒绝（demand,ask,refuse）设法学会做决定（manage，learn,decide）不要假装在选择（pretend，ch

19、oose）打算提出两计划（intend,offer,plan,mean)申请失败负担起(apply,fail,afford)准备渴望又碰巧(prepare,desire,happen)作宾补通常用于advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,challenge,convince,enable,encourage,expect,forbid,force,instruct,invite,order,permit,persuade,recommend,remind,request,require,teach,tell,train,urge,want,warn等词后。He ordered h

20、er to leave at once.He was forced to obey his mothers order.他命令她立刻离开他命令她立刻离开他被迫遵守他母亲的命令他被迫遵守他母亲的命令作宾语补足语作宾语补足语不用不用to的常见动词：一感的常见动词：一感(feel),二听二听(listen to,hear),三让三让(make,let,have),四看四看(see,look at,watch,notice)。I often hear the girl sing in English我经常听到这个女孩唱英语歌我经常听到这个女孩唱英语歌I see him enter the classr

21、oom.我看见他走进教室我看见他走进教室（看见进入的全过程）（看见进入的全过程）0202?不定式作主语不定式作主语作主作主语语不定式作主语通常有两种结构：不定式作主语通常有两种结构：一种一种是把不定式是把不定式to do直接放在句首的位置，另一种是把不定式放在句末，直接放在句首的位置，另一种是把不定式放在句末，而在句首的主语位置用形式主语而在句首的主语位置用形式主语it来指代句末的不定式来指代句末的不定式。It is important to keep a healthy lifestyle.it 作主语常见句式：作主语常见句式：1.it is+adj(for sb/of sb)+to do

22、sth2.it is+名词名词+to do sth3.it takes（sb）time to do sthTo see is to believe 百闻不如一见百闻不如一见保持健康的生活方式是很重要的保持健康的生活方式是很重要的例：例：It takes time to learn English well 例：例：It is a mistake to stay up too late0303?不定式作表语不定式作表语作表作表语语不定式不定式位于位于系动词后系动词后则作句子中的则作句子中的表语表语成分成分。The next step is to make sure that you know e

23、xactly what is required.常见系动词分类：常见系动词分类：1.be 动词动词2.感官动词感官动词3.变化保持类动词变化保持类动词(keep,stay,remain,become,grow,turn等词等词)有时不定式作表语可表示有时不定式作表语可表示被动被动意义。意义。She is to blame.下一步是确保您确切地知道需要什么。下一步是确保您确切地知道需要什么。她该被责备。她该被责备。Other functions of to-infinitives besides attributives and adverbials of resultSubject:主语主语O

24、bject:宾语宾语Object completement:宾补宾补Predicative:表语表语 (1)To keep smiling is healthy for you.(2)Its important to learn English well.We all hope to learn English well.(1)Our Enlish teacher wishes us to learn English well.(2)I saw him cross the street.My job is to help you(to)learn English well.Matching g

25、ame 1.What kind of natural disasters are connected with a strong storm?Lead-in Typhoon,hurricane,tornado 2.What should people do during a strong storm?Stay inside and close and lock all the windows and doors.Listen to the radio to keep informed of what is going on.Anna is interviewing her teacher,Mr

26、 Li,about his experiences during a hurricane.Find the sentences with to-infinitives and fill in the table below.The first ones have been done for you.12To-infinitives as attributives(定语定语)3To-infinitives as adverbials of result(结果状语结果状语)12To-infinitive as attributivesTo-infinitive as adverbials of r

27、esultI was staying in Atlanta,and that was one of the cities to be hit.That morning,I turned on the TV for some local news,only to hear that a hurricane was on its way.The roads were blocked,so there was nothing for me to do but stay inside.I had enough food and water to last a whole week!When the w

28、ind and rain stopped,I looked out of the window,only to see huge trees lying across the street and water everywhere!Working out the rulesWhen the to-infinitive is used as an attributive,it is often put _(before/after)the noun or pronoun it modifies.When the to-infinitive is used as an adverbial of r

29、esult,it can refer to an _(expected/unexpected)result.In this case,we often use only before the to-infinitive.afterunexpectedA2当当to-不定式用作结果状语时，它可以指一个意想不到的结果。不定式用作结果状语时，它可以指一个意想不到的结果。在这种情况下，我们通常会在在这种情况下，我们通常会在to不定式前加不定式前加 only。to-不定式用作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后。不定式用作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后。P21 B1 作定语作定语作宾语作宾语

30、作宾语作宾语补足语补足语作结果状语作结果状语作目的状语作目的状语 Below is Annas to-do list from yesterday afternoon.Complete the diary entry below using to-infinitives.B2This afternoon,I went to the school library _ _.At 3 p.m.,I arrived at Mr Lis office,only _.Just then,I saw a note from Mr.Li on the office door saying he was in

31、the meeting room.to find he was not in his officeto find books about hurricanesI went there and we talked about his experiences during a strong hurricane.Mr Li described the hurricane in great detail.He also mentioned a charity event to raise funds for the disaster area.Our interview ended at 3:50 p

32、.m.because Mr Li had a staff meeting _ at 4 p.m.Next I went through my notes of Mr.Lis experiences at 5 p.m.I went to the school computer room _.to attendto make PPT slides for my projectJim is talking to his friend Julie about his experience after the earthquake.In pairs,complete the conversation b

33、elow using to-infinitives.B3Julie:I heard the earthquake in your city was terrible.Did you move to a safe place?Jim:Yes.My neighborhood _.People from other neighborhoods followed later.was actually the first to leaveJulie:Is it true that the emergency services provided everyone with sleeping bags?Ji

34、m:Yes.They did this _.Julie:Did you miss home?to make sure everyone had a place to sleepJim:Yes,I did.I _,but I had to wait three weeks before it was safe to go back.had nothing to do but miss homeJulie:What did your home look like when you returned?Jim:I came home _.Nothing was left in one piece.only to find that everything had changedJulie:Im sorry to hear that.Did the authorities give you any advice?Jim:Yes.They _.encouraged us to rebuild our homes