[临床医学]医学论文英文摘要写作简化版课件.ppt

1、医学论文的英文摘要是用英文对全文的高度浓缩，包括主要内容、主要论点、关键数据。为读者提供快捷选择;为文献编辑、杂志索引和情报检索提供直接信息、为数据库的建立提供方便。是一篇完整的微型短文 层次结构与正文一致 浓缩正文的主要内容:包括研究的背景与目的、材料与方法、结果、结论（及引申意义）提供主要定量、定性信息篇幅不超过300个单词，列出36个关键词确保读者不阅读全文便能获取其实质内容医学论文英文摘要在结构上主要有3种形式：非结构式、半结构式和全结构式。一段式结构无“Background”,“Objective”,“Methods”,“Results”和“Conclusion”标示词，即使这 些内

2、容全部包含其中 An update of the antioncogene An update of the antioncogene NGX6NGX6 Abstract:Abstract:NGX6 is a new antioncogene primarily thoughtto be related with nasopharyngeal carcinoma,but recent studies have shown that it also has a suppressing effecton colon carcinoma,hepatocellular carcinoma and ot

3、her tumors.The NGX6 gene plays an important role in tumor suppression,but its action mechanism is rather complicated and not yet completely understood.Parenteral nutrition-induced gallbladder disease:Parenteral nutrition-induced gallbladder disease:A reason for early cholecystectomy A reason for ear

4、ly cholecystectomyAbstract:Patients receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition(TPN)have an increased incidence of gallbladder disease.Thisstudy aims to establish guidelines for the management of TPN-induced gall-Bladder disease.We reviewed the records of 35 patients treatedby cholecystectomy for

5、 TPN-induced gallbladder disease,40%by emergencysurgery.The overall operative and hospital morbidities were 54%and 11%.Significant factors for the high rate of complications included Patients undergoing long-term TPN should receive elective cholecystectomy on the first appearance of stones.由“Backgro

6、und 或 Objective”、“Methods”、“Results”和“Conclusion”四项基本内容构成，俗称 四项内容分别由以上4个单词标示可以是一段式结构，也可以是四段式结构（即 四项内容分别独立成段）医学论文中最常用的一种摘要形式 Preoperative oral carbohydrate improves postoperative protein and glucose kineticsBackground:Preoperative oral carbohydrate(CHO)reduces postoperative insulin resistance.This ra

7、ndomized trial investigated the effect of CHO on postoperative whole-body protein turnover.Methods:We studied glucose and protein kinetics before and on the first day after colorectal resection.Fifteen patients were randomized to receive a preoperative beverage with high or low CHO content.Results:A

8、fter surgery,whole-body protein balance did not change in the high CHO group,whereas it was more negative in the low CHO group.Conclusion:Whole-body protein balance is better maintained when patients receive a CHO-rich beverage before surgery.From British Journal of Surgery,2007;94:1342-1350 Protect

9、ive effect of edaravone on patients Protective effect of edaravone on patients with acute cerebral infarction with acute cerebral infarctionAbstract:Objective:To study the effects of edaravone on neuron-specific enolase(NSE)in the serum of patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI).Methods:We equ

10、ally assigned 70 ACI patients into an edaravone injectionand a routine therapy group,measured NSE concentrations in the serum by ELISA and scored neurological deficit for clinical assessment.Results:The serum level and neurological deficit scores were significantly lower on d 3 inthe edaravone than

11、in the routine therapy group,and the rate of effective-ness was 62.86%on d 21 in the former compared with 34.29%in the latter.Conclusion:Edaravone can protect brain tissues from ACI and lessennerve function impairment in ACI patients.Key words:edaravone;neuron-specific enolase;acute cerebral infarct

12、ion全结构式摘要由8个独立成段并分别带有小标题的部分构成。8个部分小标题通常为：全结构式摘要目前较少使用医学论文英文写作的技术规范，是指纯技术方面的要求，与语法、语义无直接联系技术规范和语言表达构成一个有机整体中不 可分割的两个方面，共同决定着论文的质量英文写作技术规范在中国作者中广被忽略国务院转发文件、全国人大做出决议、联合国秘书处发出通知、联合国通过决议，统一中国人名地名拼写的国际标准“一律采用汉语拼音字母拼写,不得使用威妥玛等旧拼法,也不得使用英文等其他外文译写。”依据规定细则，应特别注意如下几个方面：1）人名拼写为2个单词,姓和名各为1个单词(少数3个 单词,前加丈夫的姓),姓置于名

13、前，每个单词的首 字母大写。例如：2）复姓或双音节名,音节之间不加连字符“-”。例如：3）不得使用“u”或“v”替代“”。例如：4)必要时在双音节名之间加分音符 “”。例如：5）地名的专名和通名分开拼写。例如：6）省、自治区、县等地名，专名部分用汉语 拼音，通名部分采取意译”;专名为单音节时,通名视作专名的一部分。例如：用英文名时，遵循名在前姓在后的原则。例如：SCI,Medline 等国际著名检索系统，只收录作者 的姓（全写）和名的首字母。若要名中每个音节 的首字母全被收录，可采用变通拼法，在音节间 加连字符“-”。如人名的拼写：以下情况下通常使用斜体：例如：2007 saw the pub

14、lication of.Schlom J,Arlen PM.Cancer vaccines:moving beyond current paradigms.2007;:3776-3782.(尤其是缩略式基因名)Catsper gene;gene NKX3;CYP17 Agaricus,Escherichia coli (E.coli)Bacillus subtilis Pneumococcus aureus,F-ratio;sample size;odds ratio;probability;correlation coefficient;sample standard deviation;t

15、est of significance;x-bar(sample mean);Chi-square distribution);z-score;standard normal distributionxet al,in situ,in vivo,in vitro,vice versa,in utero,vide supra doctrine on yunqi,kidney-yang deficiencyaccouchement,matriel,volupt rifacimento,vivoauf Wiedersehen,Volkswagenplaza de toros,poblacion Th

16、e rats were subjected to 30 minutes of ischemia after pre-conditioned for 6、12、24、48 hours.The rats were subjected to 30 minutes of ischemia after pre-conditioned for 6,12,24 and 48 hours.例如:In total,347 patients (mean SD age,6714 years)were enrolled.例如:Values in parentheses are 95%confidence interv

17、als;bold horizontal lines represent median range.波浪号“”在汉语中用于两个数字之间表达起讫范围。英语中具有同样功能的符号是连接号“”,与负号连用时,通常用单词“to”代替,以免混淆。例如：at 23 weeks;in groups 13The mean hospital stay was 1 day less in the day-case than in the overnight-stay group(WMD 1.06 95%CI 1.40 0.73 days).英语中引用书刊名时，多使用斜体，间或使用引号，而不用汉语中的书引号“”。例如：

18、The 2nd edition of was published by Oxford University Press in 1998.使用引号时，不可同时使用斜体。例如：The 2nd edition of was published by Oxford University Press in 1998.4个字母或2个汉字的空间，是汉语中特有的符号，不可用于英语。个字母的空间，用于引导移 行、构建合成词、标示全数字式日期等。例如：down-regulation 26-10-2008=October 26,2008占2个字母的空间,用于两个数字之间表达时 间、数量、序号、页码等起讫和范围,“”

19、前后不留间距。发挥类似于汉语破折号的功能,引导插入成分、补充信息、副标题等，前后分别空一个字符。例如：Cancer burden in the year 2000 The global picture =Cancer burden in the year 2000:The global picture论文中以基数词形式出现的各种数据,尤其是具有 统计学意义的数据，均应采用阿拉伯数字表达。一般性数字，通常用英语单词表达。例如：A further 86 patients completed the treatment,with a mean follow-up of 58(range 11119)

20、months,and an excellent result in 91%.Bodyweight was recorded and two intravenous catheters used for blood sampling in all the three groups.正式语体中的英文句子，一般不以阿拉伯数字 开头，出现在句首的数据以英语单词代替。92 with prostate cancer patients underwent radical prostatectomy.Ninety-two prostate cancer patients underwent radical p

21、rostatectomy.百位以上的较大数字，使用单词表达过于冗 长，通常仍用阿拉伯数字，可通过调整句式 结构或采取修辞手段，避免使其出现在句首。hypertension patients were treated by the integrated therapy from June 2001 to May 2008.酌情使用以下方式表述:We treated 12 178 hypertension patients by From June 2001 to May 2008,12 178 hypertension patients were treated by.A total of 12

22、 178 hypertension patients received In total,/Totally,/Overall,12 178 hypertension patients received 题名是论文内容的高度概括或缩影 题名是反映研究范围、方法或成果的最恰当、最简明的文字表达题名是论文的一个极其重要的组成部分题名的重要性主要体现在两个方面：一是吸 引读者，二是利于检索 英语医学论文的题名,应符合3个最基本的要求:准确表达论文的主题或论点确切反映文章研究的具体范围、方法或深度突出研究的重点、创新点和独到之处 避免表述含糊、题不扣文、笼统空泛 用最少的词最清晰地概括最主要的信息多数期

23、刊要求不超过10个实词、14个单词 或100个字符（包括空格）力求简练的同时，确保主题表达明确，避免 简而不明、因略废实 提高被重要检索系统和期刊收录和引用的频率包含尽量多的、最重要的关键词尽量避免使用化学式、上下角标、特殊符号、非英语词汇 根据论文的内容、形式和目的，英文题名在功能上可分为 3 种基本类型：主要用于概括研究的课题、目的、方法、对象、实验条件、检测指标等所有学术领域运用最为普遍的一种题名形式在中国作者中应用尤为广泛 Drug management in skin surgeryVasopressors for shockA modified method for laparos

24、copyNeurobiological approach to premature ejaculationMulti-target FISH analysis in the diagnosis of lung cancerA metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescentsExperience in stratified training of nursing professionals 直截了当地阐明研究的发现、结果或结论当前已成明显趋势，使用比率逐年递增 国外作者使用结论性题名更为多见Downregulation of EphA7 by hyperme

25、thylation in colorectal cancerIncreasing incidence of lung cancer worldwideEndostatin:An endogenous inhibitor of tumor growthFOXP3:Not just for regulatory T cells anymoreGrowth hormone enhances amino acid uptake by the human small intestine题名中提出问题，正文中解答、论证或评述大多用于探讨、商榷、评论性文章通常提示尚不能作出确定性结论，或对某一论 点存有疑问

26、，也可以是无疑而问，自问自答形式上可以是短语，也可以是完整的句子突出特征是醒目、生动、易引起读者兴趣 Alloimmunization as an AIDS vaccine?Transabdominal or totally extraperitoneal laparoscopic hernia repair?Immune response to AIDS virus infection:Good,bad,or both?Is there a basis for distinguishing two types of P2-purinoceptor?How reliable are resul

27、ts from the semen analysis?英文医学论文题名,按其语言结构分类，有四种基本形式。学术论文撰写中最常见的题名形式主要用于描述性题名题名撰写中使用最为普遍通常有并列和偏正两种基本结构两种主要形式：“A and B”和“A versus B”多表达“关联性”和“比较”的含意 A and B =Correlation between A and B =Relationship of A with B A versus B =Comparison between A and B绝两大部分短语型题名为偏正结构由中心词 与前置和或后置修饰语组成前置修饰语:限定词、形容词、名词、分词

28、等后置修饰语:短语、从句 Silencing microRNAs in vivo with“antagomirs”Towards a better understanding of RNA carriage by ejaculate spermatozoa On improving cost-effectiveness of autologous blood transfusion practice How to feed patients with renal dysfunction?What to do when oral treatment fails?主谓结构完整的句子，可以是表达结论

29、性的 陈述句（包括肯定句和否定句），也可以是 疑问句 题尾不使用句号,可使用问号谓语动词通常使用现在时，偶用过去时 是目前使用越来越多的一种题名形式例如：VEGF and P1GF promote adult vasculogenesis Pregnancy reduces plasma carnitine 有动谓否定和状态否定两种形式。例如：Pain is not a benign symptom among older adults Risedronate has no adverse effects on mouse hematopoiesis 可以是一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句，

30、偶见陈述疑问句。例如：Can we predict early recurrence in acute stroke?How basal are triple-negative breast cancers?Is penile replantation science or myth?Intracavernosal alprostadil is effective for diabetic erectile dysfunction?亦称复合型，是指在题名中添加副题名的形式。功能上:补充、阐明、使较长的题名清晰化。形式上:主题名后用冒号,其后首字母大写;偶用连接号“”,连接号前后分别空一个字符。

31、例如:Cancer burden in the year 2000:The global picture Gene therapy for Parkinsons diseaseProgress and challenges Methods and effects of nurses preoperative visits in the cardiothoracic intensive care unit Nurses preoperative visits in cardiothoracic ICU:Methods and effects体现题名的功能和要求深受民族文化和思维表达方式的影响 通

32、过英汉对比，准确把握英文题名的基本 语言特征，对于中国作者撰写英文题名具 有特殊的意义科研论文，必然是对某一问题的“研究、探讨、综述”等，这是人所共知、不述自明的事实。只转达公知信息、不具有特殊含意的“study,investigation,research,exploration,review”等泛概念词应尽量避免在题名中使用。consecutive cycles in IVF-embryo transfer Consecutive cycles in IVF-embryo transferThe effect of/The influence of /The role of/The Fun

33、ction of 等表达方式，尤其这 些名词的单数形式,均转达单一性信息，又具 有不确定性含意，在题名中应力求少用。尽量使用确定性词语，表明研究的具体结果、独到发现以及某种特定的作用、功能或影响。BMP2 and BMP7 in spermatogonia proliferationRegulatory role of BMP2 and BMP7 in BMP2 and BMP7 regulate spermatogonia proliferation 使用缩略语也可达到简化目的，但只有那些全称较长、其缩写形式已被公认或被特定期刊认可并在读者中非常流行的方可使用。例如:acquired imm

34、une deficiency syndrome computerized tomography deoxyribonucleic acid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay intensive care unit magnetic resonance不同民族文化引起的思维和表达方式的差异，明显体现在题名撰写中。东方人谦逊含蓄，中国作者喜欢笼统一般性描述、自谦含蓄性表达，惯用“研究、探讨、作用、影响、浅谈、初探、刍议”等不确定性字眼和谦辞,题名类型多为描述性,少见结论性。西方人坦率直言，倾向于坦陈、具体、中肯，在题名中直截了当地点明研究的设计、方法、发现、结果或

35、结论。中国作者在撰写英文题名时，应自觉摆脱本族 文化思维定势的影响，以与英文化同步、合拍 的方式，实现英文表达的得体性和有效性。青少年腹型肥胖与代谢综合征相关性初探A preliminary exploration of the correlation between abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome in adolescentsAbdominal obesity correlates to metabolic syndrome in adolescents137Cs射线直肠照射治疗良性前列腺增生 疗效及安全性的临床研究A clinical st

36、udy on the effect and safety of transrectal 137Cs-ray in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasiaTransrectal 137Cs-ray:Safe and effective for benign prostatic hyperplasia语篇的定义：意义相关的语句(和语段)通过 连接手段合乎逻辑地组织起来的语义整体。语篇的要求：语句具有结构完整性；语句及语段之间在语义和结构上具有关 联性、连贯性和粘着性。现在时（包括一般现在时、现在 完成时、现在进行时）一般过去时或一般现在时。例如：

37、We to explore the effect of two preoperative oral CHO preparations on postoperative whole-body protein and glucose kinetics.The aim of the present study to examine the role of music therapy in alleviating stress during day surgery.(BJS 2008,95)The aim of this meta-analysis to assess the advantages a

38、nd disadvantages of day-case surgery compared with overnight stay in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.(BJS 2008,95)结构式摘要中“目的”部分，如果只陈述目的，还可使用动词不定式短语替代句子。例如：如果“目的”或“背景”部分既包括背景介绍,也包 括目的陈述,必须全部使用结构完整的句子,避 免使用动词不定式短语。Preoperative oral carbohydrate(CHO)reduces postoperative insuli

39、n resistance.the effect of CHO on postoperative whole-body protein turnover.Preoperative oral carbohydrate(CHO)reduces postoperative insulin resistance.the effect of CHO on postoperative whole-body protein turnover.一律使用一般过去时,间或使用过去完成时(如追述研究前或研究中某一时间点之前的情况)。例如：We equally70 ACI patients into an edara-

40、vone injection group and a routine therapy group,all of whomthe first attack of ACI in the carotid artery.具有普遍意义的结论，使用现在时。例如:Laparoscopic colonic surgery PsqO2 in the right upper arm by amounts that likely to produce clinically significant increases in infection risk.(BJS)仅限于本研究的结论,使用过去时。例如:A 3-week

41、 hypothyroid period after thyroidectomy to a more atherogenic lipid profile and endothelial function that for at least 3 months.(BJS)传统观点认为，被动语态是科技文体的主要 特征之一。随着现代语言的发展，科技英语中主动语态 的使用越来越普遍。语言专家们呼吁尽可能使用主动语态。美国著名语言学家 Thomas A.Sherman 指出：“,for it produces clearer,stronger,livelier and more natural writin

42、g.It places more emphasis on the action,usually saves words,and enables readers to recognize sentence patterns swiftly.”The clinical data of 5 patients with severe teratozoospermia treated by intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI)with sperm from different sources and the rates of fertilization,cleav

43、age,good quality embryos,pregnancy and implantation.the clinical data of 5 patients with severe teratozoo-spermia treated by intracytoplasmic sperm injection with sperm fromdifferent sources,the rates of fertilization,cleavage,quality embryos,pregnancy and implantation.selected/included/recruited/en

44、rolled 120 patients/subjects in this study.The conducted/performed a randomized trial.All the received intravenous injection of underwent open and laparo-scopic cholecystectomy.Over 86%of the responded to the therapy.The present study aimed to assess This article presents a 6-step approach to This review examines the interaction between High-dose glucocorticoid regulates/up-regulates/inhibits/suppresses/activates/affects/reduces/induces Local recurrence developed 8 months later.This strategy allows confident identification of Deeper insights into this process will offer THANK YOU!THANK YOU!