2020高考英语动词不定式用法总结课件(55张).pptx（无音视频素材）

1、Grammar:the Infinitive （动词不定式用法总结动词不定式用法总结）动词不定式 基本概念结构时态和语态句法功能1.动词不定式的基本概念 动词不定式由动词不定式由“to+动词原形动词原形”构成构成，因，因to后的动词后的动词不受人称、不受人称、数量、时态的限定数量、时态的限定，所以称，所以称“to+动词原形动词原形”为动词不定式。为动词不定式。动词不定式是动词不定式是非谓语动词非谓语动词的一种，在句中不能充当谓语。的一种，在句中不能充当谓语。2.动词不定式的结构一般结构：一般结构：to do Im so glad to hear from you.否定式结构：否定式结构：not

2、 to do I persuaded him not to smoke.复合结构：复合结构：for/of sb to do sth (即在动词不定式前加上其即在动词不定式前加上其逻辑主语逻辑主语)Its difficult for him to give up smoking Its kind of you to help me.特殊疑问词特殊疑问词+不定式：不定式：how/when/what to do I dont know how to help you.3.动词不定式的时态和语态主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般时一般时to to 完成时完成时to to 进行时进行时to 完成进行时

3、完成进行时to dohave donebe doinghave been doingbe donehave been done3.动词不定式的时态和语态一般时：一般时：意义：意义：动作与谓语动作动作与谓语动作同时发生同时发生，或或动作发生在谓语动作动作发生在谓语动作之后之后 主动语态：主动语态：to do 被动语态：被动语态：to be done Im so glad to hear from you.（高兴和收到来信（高兴和收到来信同时发生同时发生）I hope to meet you soon.（meet you发生在未来发生在未来,后发生后发生）Practice:1.He offered

4、 _(help)me.2.She is too young_(attend)school.3.The meeting is able _(hold).4.The problem remains_(settle)to helpto attend to be held to be settled一般时：一般时：动作与谓语动作动作与谓语动作同时发生同时发生，或或动作发生在谓语动作动作发生在谓语动作之后之后1.谓语动作：过去 不定式动作：过去帮助 同时发生2.谓语动作：现在 不定式动作：现在 同时发生3.谓语动作：现在 不定式动作：将来 不定式发生在谓语动作后 会议被举办，用一般被动4.谓语动作：现在

5、 不定式动作：将来 不定式发生在谓语动作后；问题被解决，用一般被动3.动词不定式的时态和语态完成时：完成时：意义：意义：表示动作发生表示动作发生在谓语动作之前在谓语动作之前 主动语态：主动语态：to have done 被动语态：被动语态：to have been done Im glad to have invited you to attend my party.（已经邀请，现在高兴（已经邀请，现在高兴已经邀请已经邀请了你）了你）Im glad to have been invited to attend your party.（已经被邀请，现在高兴（已经被邀请，现在高兴已经被邀请已经被邀

6、请）Practice:1.She pretends _(know)the news already.2.Im sorry_(keep)you waiting so long.3.He is thought _(write)the book ten years ago.4.The is thought _(write)ten years ago.to have knownto have kept to have written to have been written完成时：动作发生在谓语动作之前1.谓语动作：现在 不定式动作：已经发生，假装已经知道，不定式的完成式2.谓语动作：现在 不定式动作

7、：已经发生，抱歉已经让你等这么久 不定式的完成式3.谓语动作：现在 不定式动作：已经发生，被认为已经写了 不定式的完成式3.谓语动作：现在 不定式动作：已经发生，被认为已经被写了 不定式的完成被动式3.动词不定式的时态和语态进行时：进行时：意义：意义：表示谓语动作发生时表示谓语动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行不定式的动作正在进行 主动语态：主动语态：to be doing He seems to be eating something.（现在（现在”似乎似乎”，正在正在”吃吃”，”似乎似乎”和和”吃吃”同时发生同时发生）Practice:1.She pretended _(study)Engl

8、ish when her mom came in.2.They seemd _(write)something for somebody.to be studyingto be writing 完成时：动作发生在谓语动作之前1.谓语动作：过去 不定式动作：进行 假装正在学习，不定式的进行式1.谓语动作：过去 不定式动作：进行 似乎正在写，不定式的进行式3.动词不定式的时态和语态完成进行时：完成进行时：意义：意义：表示动作发生在表示动作发生在谓语谓语动作动作之前之前且且一直持续一直持续到谓语动作发生时到谓语动作发生时,并并仍仍在进行在进行 主动语态：主动语态：to have been doing

9、 She is said to have been teaching English for over twenty years.（以前以前开始教英语，开始教英语，持续持续到现在，并到现在，并仍在仍在教）教）Practice:1.The book is said _（translate）into Russian.2.An exhibition of Chinese paintings is _(hold)this weekend.3.The boy pretended _(clean)the floor when I passed by him.4.Im happy _(see)you.to

10、have been translated to be held to be cleaning to see3.动词不定式的时态和语态主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般时一般时to do to be done完成时完成时to have doneto have been done进行时进行时to be doing 完成进行时完成进行时to have been doing总结4.动词不定式的句法功能 动词不定式具有动词不定式具有名词名词，形容词形容词和和副词副词的特性的特性 动词不定式不能做谓语，是动词不定式不能做谓语，是非谓语非谓语的一种形式。的一种形式。主语、宾语，表语主语、宾语，表语定语、表

11、语，补足语定语、表语，补足语状语状语动词不定式作主语不定式作主语1.To find new ways to save water is an urgent task 2.To love and to be loved is sweet to us.3.To improve peoples lives and to speed up socialize construction are two important tasks today.考点一：不定式作主语时的考点一：不定式作主语时的主谓一致主谓一致原则原则思考：思考：为什么不定式作主语时，为什么不定式作主语时，谓语有时用单数，有时用复数？谓语

12、有时用单数，有时用复数？1.To find new ways to save water is an urgent task 2.To improve English is difficult for me now.考点一：不定式作主语时的主谓一致原则考点一：不定式作主语时的主谓一致原则单个单个不定式作不定式作主语，主语，谓语用谓语用单数单数 To love and to be loved is sweet to us.考点一：不定式作主语时的主谓一致原则考点一：不定式作主语时的主谓一致原则大于等于两个大于等于两个不定式作主语不定式作主语,但但语义一致语义一致或基本一致、或不或基本一致、或不定

13、式作为定式作为一个整体一个整体时，谓语用时，谓语用单数单数To improve peoples lives and to speed up socialize construction are two important tasks today.考点一：不定式作主语时的主谓一致原则考点一：不定式作主语时的主谓一致原则大于等于大于等于两个两个不定式作主语，但不定式作主语，但语义不一致语义不一致，谓语用谓语用复数复数Practice:1.To do that sort of thing_(be)foolish.2.To act like that _(be)childish.is is Its d

14、ifficult for him to give up smoking=To give up smoking is difficult for him.Its kind of you to help me.=You are kind to help me 考点二：为了避免句子头重脚轻，常用考点二：为了避免句子头重脚轻，常用it做做形式主语形式主语，动词不定动词不定式式作句子作句子真正的主语真正的主语,不定式不定式的复合结构：的复合结构：for/of sb to do sthIt+be+adj.+for sb to do:(用用for sb时，时，形容词修饰形容词修饰to do sth,形容词常

15、用修饰事或物的词，如形容词常用修饰事或物的词，如easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,)Its difficult for him to give up smoking=To give up smoking is difficult for him.It+be+adj.+of sb to do(用用of sb时，时，形容词修饰形容词修饰sb，形容词常用，形容词常用修饰人品质修饰人品质的词，如的词，如nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,b

16、rave,considerate,silly)Its kind of you to help me.=You are kind to help me Its our duty to take good care of the old.=To take good care of the old is our duty考点三：考点三：It+is/was+名词名词+to do：It takes me an hour to do homework everyday.=To do homework takes me an hour everyday.How long did it take you to

17、 finish the work?考点四：考点四：It takes/took sb+some time+to do：用用动名词作主语动名词作主语的情况：的情况：no pleasure no useIt is/was no good doing sth no fun a waste of money/time worth no也可换成也可换成not或或of littleIt is no good just being upset.考点五：考点五：动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别用用不定式作主语不定式作主语的情况：的情况：It is/was+adj.+for/of sb

18、 It is/was+n +to do sth It takes/took sb+some time 考点五：考点五：动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别动词不定式作表语 Your task today is to wash the curtains.动词不定式作表语时，放在系动词后面，表示动词不定式作表语时，放在系动词后面，表示将来的动作将来的动作或或解释解释说明主语的内容；主语常是说明主语的内容；主语常是wish,idea,task,purpose,duty,aim,hope,mistake 等等表示意向、打算、计划的词表示意向、打算、计划的词 不定式不定式作表语：

19、作表语：表示表示具体的具体的，一次性的一次性的动作动作 Your task today is to wash the curtains.动名词动名词作表语：作表语：表示表示抽象的抽象的，多次经常的多次经常的动作动作 My favorite sport is running.对比：动词不定式和动名词作表语的区别对比：动词不定式和动名词作表语的区别动词不定式作状语目的状语目的状语:I come here to see you.（来这里的目的是见你）（来这里的目的是见你）常用常用in order to,so as to,so(such)as to结果状语：结果状语：表事先表事先没有预料到没有预料到的

20、，的，出乎意料的出乎意料的结果，常放在结果，常放在句子末尾句子末尾 He arrived at the station,only to find the train had left.常用常用enough to,only to.，too.to原因状语原因状语：常放在表：常放在表情绪或心理活动的形容词之后情绪或心理活动的形容词之后 Im glad to see you.(glad的原因是的原因是see you)动词不定式作宾语eg.I decide to study hard from now on.主主 谓谓 宾宾 The driver failed to see the other car

21、in time.He offered to help me.She loves to talk about the matter.He promised not to tell anyone about it.用法一：用法一：动词不定式跟在某些动词不定式跟在某些及物动词的后面及物动词的后面作宾语作宾语这样的及物动词有：这样的及物动词有：afford，ask，agree，arrange，attempt，aim，bother，choose，care，decide，desire，demand，expect，fail，hope，hesitate，learn，long，manage，offer，plan

22、，pretend，promise，prepare，refuse，seem，seek，threaten，tend，wait，wish，want用法一：用法一：动词不定式跟在某些动词不定式跟在某些及物动词的后面及物动词的后面作宾语作宾语只跟动词不定式只跟动词不定式不跟动名词的及物动词有：不跟动名词的及物动词有：(decide/determine,learn,manage,try)(refuse,promise,pretend,agree)(want,help,choose,plan)(hope/expect/wish,care,offer,wait)(happen,fail,afford)The

23、question is how to put it into practice.能接能接“疑问词疑问词+to do”的动词的动词(短语短语)有有:be,decide,know,consider,forget,learn,remember,show,find out,understand,see,wonder,hear,explain,tell 等。等。用法二：用法二：“疑问词疑问词+to do”I think it hard to get up early in the morning.He feels it his duty to help the poor.it 作形式宾语作形式宾语,真正

24、的宾语为后面的不定式，真正的宾语为后面的不定式，make 使使.think 认为认为.it+adj/n+(for sb)+to do sth feel 感觉感觉.find 发现发现.consider 认为认为.用法三：用法三：主语主语+动词动词+it+宾补宾补+to do (宾补常为形容词或名词宾补常为形容词或名词)动词不定式作宾补 I like to keep everything tidy.I like you to keep everything tidy.I will ask to do it again and again.I will ask you to do it again

25、and again.既可以既可以跟不定式作宾语跟不定式作宾语，又可，又可“动词宾语不定式动词宾语不定式”的动词：的动词：ask，beg，choose，expect，help，intend，like，love，need，prefer，prepare，promise，want，wish等。等。用法一：用法一：动词宾语不定式动词宾语不定式We consider Tom to be the best student in our class.常见动词：常见动词：acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称声称),discover,fancy(设想设想),f

26、eel,find,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see(理解理解),show,suppose,take(以为以为),understand 用法二：用法二：动词动词+宾语宾语+to+be The book is believed to be uninteresting.The movie is considered to be boring.动词动词+宾语宾语+to be+形容词形容词如如think,consider,imagine,prove,find,know,suppose等。等。用法三：用法三：to+be+形容词（常用于被动）形容词（常用于被动）有些动词后

27、面用省略有些动词后面用省略to的不定式作宾补，即：的不定式作宾补，即：动词动词+sb do sth He made me work all night long.I saw a child play in the street.这类动词主要有：这类动词主要有：我看三室二厅有感觉我看三室二厅有感觉 “我看我看=五看五看”(see,watch,notice,observe,look at)“三室三室=三使三使”(make,let,have)“二厅二厅=二听二听”(hear,listen to)“有感觉有感觉”(feel)。用法四：用法四：省略省略to的不定式的不定式 注意：当注意：当“动词动词+s

28、b do sth”结构中结构中sb 放在主语位置，放在主语位置，句子变为被动句子变为被动语态时，省略的语态时，省略的to要加上去要加上去。He made the man work all night long.变被动变被动:The man was made to work all night long.The policeman saw a child play in the street.变被动变被动:A child was seen to play in the street.用法四：用法四：省略省略to的不定式的不定式 动词不定式作定语 He was the right He was t

29、he right personperson to do the job.to do the job.She was the first She was the first womanwoman to win the gold medal to win the gold medal.不定式作定语时，常不定式作定语时，常放在其修饰的名词或代词之后放在其修饰的名词或代词之后，做后置定语，做后置定语。注意：动词不定式只能做后置定语，不可做前置定语。注意：动词不定式只能做后置定语，不可做前置定语。1.I have a lot of 1.I have a lot of homeworkhomework t

30、o doto do.逻辑上：逻辑上：dodo homeworkhomework 2.I have 2.I have somethingsomething to sayto say.逻辑上：逻辑上：saysay somethingsomething 有些不定式作定语时，不定式中的有些不定式作定语时，不定式中的动词动词会和会和其修饰的词其修饰的词构成构成逻逻辑上的动宾关系。辑上的动宾关系。考点一考点一 不定式与所修饰词构成不定式与所修饰词构成动宾关系动宾关系 He told me he had no He told me he had no penpen to write withto write

31、 with.toto write withwrite with修饰修饰penpen，逻辑上：逻辑上：write withwrite with penpen 不定式做定语时，若其中动词为不定式做定语时，若其中动词为不及物动词不及物动词，必须在后面加上对，必须在后面加上对应的应的介词介词。即。即 .sth to.sth to vi vi+prepprep 1.I have a comfortable 1.I have a comfortable househouse to live in to live in (live)(live).2.Do you have a2.Do you have a

32、cup cup to drink water withto drink water with(drink water)(drink water)?考点一考点一 不定式与所修饰词构成不定式与所修饰词构成动宾关系动宾关系 用来修饰被序数词、最高级或用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all,any,the only,the no,all,any,the only,the next,the lastnext,the last等限定的中心词等限定的中心词,且与中心词为主动关系且与中心词为主动关系，这是用不定，这是用不定式做定语。式做定语。He is He is the firstthe first Chi

33、nese citizen Chinese citizen to win to win this award.this award.He was He was the only the only oneone to survive to survive the plane crash.the plane crash.He was He was the right the right person person to do to do(do)the job.(do)the job.考点二考点二 注意注意 动词不定式 基本概念：to+动词原形动词原形结构：一般结构，否定结构，复合结构，疑问词+to do时态和语态:一般时，完成时，进行时，完成进行时句法功能：主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾补