欧洲中世纪的科学技术课件.ppt
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1、Science in Medieval Western Europe-Hu HepengThe beginning of the Middle Ages in 476 AD,the fall of the Roman Empire,about the end of the 15th century.The history of this millennium can be roughly divided into two sections.Before the eleventh century is often referred to as the dark ages,when Western
2、 Europe in the Christian theology and philosophy of dogmatism under the rule of people lost their freedom of thought,production rigid,slow technological progress,mathematical stagnation.The situation improved slightly after the eleventh century.so Western European scientific development was lagging
3、behind the Islamic world,the Mediterranean Basin,China,and India and other regions,from the 12th century to catch up again.And mainly in astrology,medicine,mathematics,natural sciences,social sciences and technology,etc.,mathematics Greek culture through the Romans to the medieval little,this is mos
4、tly reflected in Boisis(about 480 524)in the book.His arithmetic principle is generally a neo-Pythagorean mathematician Niko Maosi arithmetic introduction translation,but a number of brilliant propositions were deleted.The geometry of Boisis was based on Euclids original geometry,but it was not prov
5、ed at all because he thought the proof was superfluous.In 529 AD,the emperor of the East Roman emperor Justin Timberlake closed the school in Athens,forbidden to study and spread mathematics.Once again,the development of mathematics suffered a heavy blow.After hundreds of years,commendable mathemati
6、cian is numbered,and mostly clergy.After the Crusade expedition(1096 1291)so that Europeans access to the Arab countries to retain the ancient cultural treasures.They translate a large number of Arabic books into Latin.So the culture of Greece,India and the Arabs,as well as Chinas four major inventi
7、ons will be spread to Europe.Italy is located in the east-west hub of communications,has gradually become the new economic and cultural center.12,13 century European mathematical community representative is Fibonacci,he introduced to the Europeans in India-Arabia digital and bit value system notatio
8、n,and various algorithms in the commercial application.Chinas lack of surplus surgery and the Sun-count Diophantine solution also appears in the book Fibonacci.The 14th-century French bishop Orsim introduced the idea of a sub-index notation and a coordinate system,which was the transition from astro
9、nomy,geography,latitude and longitude to modern coordinate geometry.British Archbishop Brad Wardins arithmetic,geometry,mechanical works also have great influence.The first European system of trigonometry was written by Reggio Montanus.Karl Dan Doctor of Medicine,the 16th century Renaissance represe
10、ntative of humanism,the most important works of mathematics is published in Nuremberg,Da Shu(the full name of Da Shu,or on algebraic law),the book system There are many new concepts and methods in algebra,with solutions to cubic and quartic equations(found by Calderans pupil Ferrari.The root of the
11、equation in the big technique is used to discuss the problem of imaginary roots encountered in the equation,for the first time as a general number of operations,realize that if an equation has a virtual root,you should have and Of the conjugate of another virtual root.Bombelli,his predecessors have
12、this discipline to a development climax.Pompey thinks that nobody but Caldane can go deep into the subject of mathematics,but he is not satisfied with the expression of Kardan,so ready to write a book,with its clear statement so that anyone can Do not have to rely on other books and grasp the knowle
13、dge of algebra,which is published Bomberley algebra background.In the book Bombley introduced the imaginary number,formally given a clear definition of negative.The Vedas Applied to the Mathematical Law of the Triangle system,describes a spherical triangle with all six trigonometric functions,which
14、may be the first book in Western Europe.Angle system of the spherical triangle and planar trigonometry.AstrologyAs we trace the astral-astronomical branch of the ancient scientific culture,it is not difficult to sense and grasp the historical context from the side of the historical footprint of the
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