2015年宁波大学博士专业课考试试题英语.pdf

1、 2015 年宁波大学博士研究生入学考试年宁波大学博士研究生入学考试 英语试卷（英语试卷（A 卷）卷）（考试时间：180 分钟）招生专业：_ 研究方向：_ 考生姓名：_ 准考证号：_ 考生注意事项考生注意事项 1.考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则。2.答题前，考生应按准考证上的有关内容填写答题卡上的“考生姓名”、“准考证号”等信息。3.答案必须按要求填涂或写在指定的答题卡上。(1)英语知识运用、阅读理解 A 节、B 节的答案填涂在答题卡的第一页上，要求用 2B 铅笔将选择的答案涂黑。如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。(2)阅读理解部分 C 节的答案和作文必须用（蓝）黑色字迹钢笔、圆珠笔在答题卡的第二页上

2、作答。字迹要清楚。4.考试结束后，将答题卡和试卷一并交给监考人员。宁波大学宁波大学 2015 年攻读博士学位研究生年攻读博士学位研究生 入入 学学 考考 试试 试试 题题(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目考试科目:考码：考码：专业名称专业名称:Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)In terms of the evolu

3、tion of life on Earth,human beings have just arrived._(1)_ their short time on Earth,however,people have brought about enormous changes to the surfaces of the planet-changes far out of _(2)_ to the interval of time they have _(3)_ it.With the _(4)_ of intelligence and manual skill,people have found

4、ways to use plant and animal resources,mineral ores,fuels,and so on.As the number of people on Earth increases,it becomes increasingly difficult for the population to survive _(5)_ the resources of the land.The amount of land is limited.Although agricultural production can be promoted by use of _(6)

5、_ such as tractors and the addition of fertilizer,the land _(7)_ can produce only so much food and no more.As human population grows,people _(8)_ more.People are only a very small _(9)_ of all the living things on the planet.Yet their numbers create a _(10)_ on resources that cant be _(11)_.For exam

6、ple,the amount of water on Earth is limited;this water is _(12)_ through natural processes.However,the natural processes for _(13)_ can clean only a certain amount of water._(14)_,a limited number of petroleum can be found under the Earths surface.All natural systems tend toward _(15)_ among opposin

7、g factors or forces.Human activities can cause or _(16)_ permanent changes in natural systems.The _(17)_ smoke from thousands of factories has caused enormous air pollution.Cleaning this smoke has exceeded the protective ability of natural processes.The forests cannot clean the air fast enough.The t

8、wentieth century began with powerful countries competing to take _(18)_ of the Earth._(19)_ an outcome of their hunger,the Earth was abused.Now that people are no longer _(20)_ of the causes of the sickness of our planet,they seek ways to rescue the Earth.1.A For B Despite C In D Owing to 2.A contro

9、l B step C date D proportion 3.A established B occupied C damaged D influenced 4.A cooperation B commission C combination D competition 5.A on B by C with D of 6.A mechanics B mechanism C machinery D manufacture 第 1 页，共 11 页 第 3 页，共 10 页 7.A ultimately B previously C currently D thereby 8.A produce

10、B consume C distribute D design 9.A friction B freight C frame D fraction 10.A drift B drip C drain D drill 11.A repaired B renewed C repelled D repeated 12.A produced B circulated C cleaned D reduced 13.A filtering B filling C fulfilling D figuring 14.A Conversely B Likewise C Nevertheless D Theref

11、ore 15.A future B extreme C limit D balance 16.A accelerate B induce C eliminate D facilitate 17.A individual B subsequent C deliberate D collaborative 18.A care B advantage C account D charge 19.A To B In C As D In spite of 20.A tolerant B aware C ignorant D resistant Section II Reading Comprehensi

12、on Part A Directions Reading the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1 People who let their dogs sleep with them or allow them to lick their faces are no more likely than other dog owners to have the s

13、ame strains of E.coli bacteria as their dogs,a Kansas State University veterinarian reports.Dr.Kate Stenske,a clinical assistant professor at the universitys College of Veterinary Medicine,said its known that diseases can be shared between dogs and people and that about 75 percent of emerging diseas

14、es are transferrable between humans and other animals.She decided to focus on E.coli,which is common in the gastrointestinal tracts of both humans and dogs.For the study,Stenske analyzed fecal samples from dogs and their owners.She found that 10 percent of human-dog pairs had the same E.coli strains

15、 and that these strains were more resistant to common antibiotics than expected.However,owners had more multiple drug-resistant stains than their dogs.“This makes us think that dogs are not likely to spread multiple drug-resistant E.coli to their owners,but perhaps may spread them to their dogs,”Ste

16、nske said in a university news release.“What we learn from this is that antibiotics really do affect the bacteria within our gastrointestinal tract,and we should only take them when we really need toand always finish the entire prescription as directed.”There was no evidence that owners who sleep wi

17、th their dog or allow face licking were more likely to have shared strains of E.coli,according to the study,which was 第 2 页，共 11 页 expected to be published in an upcoming issue of the American Journal of Veterinary Research.However,the study did find an association between antibiotic-resistant E.col

18、i and owners who didnt wash their hands after petting their dogs or before cooking meals.“We should use common sense and practice good general hygiene,”Stenske advised.She said the find that close human-dog bonding behaviors arent more likely to spread germs is good news because of the physical and

19、psychological benefits of pet ownership.Surveys show that nearly half of all dog owners share their food with their dogs,and more than half allow their dogs to sleep with them and lick their face.“If you look at one study,84 percent of people say their dog is like a child to them,”Stenske added.Futu

20、re research might look at cat owners and shared E.coli.More Americans own cats than dogs,and cats interact with people in different ways than dogs,Stenske noted.21.What can we infer from the first paragraph?A Close human-dog bonding behaviors arent more likely to spread germs.B Dog owners should not

21、 let their dogs lick their faces or sleep with them.C It is not hygienic to let dogs sleep with you or lick your face.D The E.coli bacteria are spread from dogs to their masters.22.The reason why the study focuses on E.coli is that _.A the samples are easy to get B it is a representative of bacteriu

22、m found in human bowels C it is a common bacterium shared by dogs and mankind in bowels D it is a bacterium spread easily between human beings 23.Which one is NOT the conclusion of the study?A Owners have multiple drug-resistant strains than their dogs.B Dogs are not likely to spread multiple drug-r

23、esistant E.coli to their owners.C We cannot take antibiotics casually,but only when we really need.D Owners allow face licking are more likely to share strains of E.coli.24.According to Stenske,people should practice general hygiene by A washing their hands before petting the dogs.B washing their ha

24、nds before cooking the meals.C severing their intimate bond with pet-dogs.D eating different food from their dogs.25.The study has brought good news to the dog-owners in that _.A it allows dog-owners to maintain their intimate bond with dogs at ease.B dogs and their owners can be immune from viruses

25、 if keeping intimate.C dogs are more favorite than cats in mankinds view.D it proves that dogs are dirtier than what we have imagined.第 3 页，共 11 页 第 3 页，共 10 页 Text 2 Traffic science is one of those disciplines that seems permanently poised on the verge of a breakthrough.Professional journals regula

26、rly publish promising research,and the press trumpets their importance.However,it turns out that traffic is a deceptively complicated problem.It could be said to resemble molecular physics,in fact,since its a system of individual practices interacting in complex ways.Except,with traffic,the particle

27、s have minds of their own.There are two kinds of traffic flow.In uncongested,stable flows,cars can move at or near the speed limit,and individuals are able to move in and out of lanes or enter the highway smoothly.Then,theres what traffic experts call the“unstable regime,”what laypeople refer to as

28、stop-and-go traffic.What scientists have figured out over the past decade or so is when and why traffic shifts between the two.“We see in our models that traffic become unstable when the number of cars(passing a specific spot)per lane per hour reaches between 2,000 and 2,500.At that nominal capacity

29、 level,traffic is very likely to become unstable,”says Hani Mahmassani,a traffic scientist at Northwestern University in Chicago.Consider a classic case.A slow-moving car shifts into the left lane to pass an even slower-moving car.The car immediately behind the lane-changer has to decelerate dramati

30、callynot just to the speed of the car in front of him,but slow enough to create a safe driving distance between them.The next car back has to slow down even more,again to give itself a cushion.This slowdown ripple back through the lane and eventually spreads into the other lanes as nearby drivers no

31、tice the sea of brake lights and reflexively slow down.Traffic researchers refer to this as a shock wave,and it can travel back for miles.Unfortunately,while weve gotten really good at understanding why traffic jams happen,our tools to prevent them are pretty limited.First,we dont hate spending time

32、 in our cars as much as we pretend to.“Because building more roads doesnt improve traffic flow,”says Chris Barrett,a Virginia Tech professor who constructs traffic modeling systems.“If you decrease the amount of time it takes to travel a certain distance to work,people just move farther away from th

33、eir offices.It changes behavior in a negative way.”Moreover,people have strongly resisted the best congestion-fighting tool that can be immediately implemented.Every traffic expert I spoke with pointed out the runaway success of Londons congestion pricing system.Drivers who want to enter the heart o

34、f the city during busy times have to pay 10 poundsabout$16.The system has made a huge difference in reducing congestion,and the city is using the extra revenue to renovate the subway and add buses.26.In Paragraph 1“traffic is a deceptively complicated problem”means that _.A It is conceptually compli

35、cated B It pretends to be complicated C Its complication is confusing D Its complication is doubtful 第 4 页，共 11 页 第 3 页，共 10 页 27.According to the passage,what conclusion can be drawn from the traffic science?A The formation mechanism of traffic congestion still puzzles the scientists.B Traffic scie

36、nce studies the interactions of intelligent particles.C Scientists have made significant breakthroughs in traffic science.D There is no such a boundary capacity beyond which traffic flows will become unstable.28.Which of the following statement about“shock wave”is CORRECT?A It affects the lane used

37、for overtaking cars only.B It is more likely to appear in a stable traffic flow.C It will cause the lane-changer to slow down.D It is a ripple effect initiated by a slow-moving car.29.Which of the following traffic jam prevention tools is both effective and realistic?A Building more roads.B Congesti

38、on pricing system in London.C Adopting self-driving technology on cars.D Congestion taxation in Washington D.C.30.What is the main idea of the passage?A Traffic science struggles to keep cars flowing.B Traffic science proved unreliable in traffic control.C Traffic scientists construct traffic modeli

39、ng systems.D Traffic experts support congestion pricing system.Text 3 The question that comes first to my mind is this.What would it mean to say that an animal has the right to the pursuit of happiness?How would that come about,and in relationship to whom?In speaking of“animal happiness,”we often te

40、nd to mean something like“creature comforts.”The emblems of this are the golden retriever rolling in the grass,the horse with his nose deep in the oats,kitty by the fire.Creature comforts are important to animals:“Grub first,then ethics”is a motto that would describe many a wise Labrador retriever,a

41、nd I have a bull terrier named Annie whose continual quest for the perfect pillow inspires her to awesome feats.But there is something more to animals,something more to my Annie,a capacity for satisfactions that come from work in the full sensesomething approximately like what leads some people to i

42、nsist that they need a career(though my own temperament is such that I think of a good woodcarver or a dancer or poet sooner than I think of a business executive when I contemplate the kind of happiness enjoyed by an accomplished dressage horse).This happiness,like the artists,must come from somethi

43、ng within the animal,something trainers call talent,and so cannot be imposed on the animal.But at the same time it does not arise in a vacuum;if it had not been a fairly ordinary thing in one part of the world at one point to teach young children to play the harpsichord,it is doubtful that Mozarts m

44、usic would exist.There are animals versions,if not equivalent,of Mozart,and they cannot make their spontaneous passions into sustained happiness without education,.anymore than Mozart could have.第 5 页，共 11 页 Aristotle identified happiness with ethics and with work,unlike Thomas Jefferson,who defined

45、 happiness as“Indolence of Body;Tranquility of Mind.”and thus what I call creature comforts.Aristotle also excluded as unethical anything that animals and artists do,for reasons that look wholly benighted to me.Nonetheless,his central insights are more helpful than anything else I know in beginning

46、to understand why some horses and dogs can only be described as competent,good at what they do,and therefore happy.Not happy because leading lives of pleasure,but rather happy because leading lives in which the sensation of getting it right,the“click,”as of the pleasure that comes of solving a puzzl

47、e or surmounting something,is a governing principle.31.The author presents examples in Sentence 2,Paragraph 2 in order to _.A illustrate the variety of activities in which animals engage B suggest that appearances of happiness are deceptive C support an apparently implausible argument D arouse nosta

48、lgic longings.32.The motto“Grub first;then ethics”(in Paragraph 2)indicates that animals _.A are much more intelligent than many people believe B have been forced to develop survival skills C desire consistency in their daily lives D enjoy close relationships with human beings 33.Which of the follow

49、ing statements is more consistent with the authors discussion of temperament in“.(though my temperament.Accomplished dressage horse)”in Paragraph 2?A The author believes that few people are ever satisfied with the jobs they have chosen.B The author suspects that a busy life can have its own rewards.

50、C The author believes that a poet can be successful in business.D The author considers artistic pursuits to be the most personally fulfilling of all endeavors.34.The word of“indolence”in Paragraph 3 can be best replaced by _.A independence B idleness C energy D diligence 35.The authors discussion of