高考英语阅读理解总动员3词义猜测题与观点态度题课件.ppt

1、词义猜测题主要考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解词义的能力，包括考查生词词义和熟词生义，或是一些短语的引申义或一句话的含义。近几年，词义猜测题越来越受到命题者的青睐，近年大部分地区的高考英语试卷都有词义猜测题，有的甚至涉及多道，词义猜测题要求考生在准确理解上下文的基础上答题，若平时就具有较大的阅读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇，那答题就会更加迅速和准确。1利用上下文语境及生活常识猜测典例1.He told people at a conference,“There have been a couple of studies suggesting they are incre

2、asing their song output at night and during the day they are still singing.Singing is a costly behaviour and it takes energy.So by increasing their song output,there might be some costs of energy.”And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light.Blackbirds and seagulls are als

3、o being more nocturnal.44What does the underlined word“nocturnal”in Paragraph 5 mean?AActive at night.BInactive at night.CActive during the day.DInactive during the day.解析A本文主要介绍了一项研究调查的结果，由于人类制造的光线问题，越来越多的鸟类如知更鸟在晚上也会唱歌，这极大地影响了鸟的健康。根据上文的“And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artific

4、ial light.Blackbirds and seagulls are also being.”可知乌鸦和海鸥情况也一样，也就是说这两种鸟晚上也唱歌，故选择A，指晚上很兴奋。典例2If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars，we would go in darkness happily，the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动的)species on this planet.Ins

5、tead，we are diurnal creatures,with eyes adapted to living in the suns light.This is a basic evolutionary fact,even though most of us dont think of ourselves as diurnal beings.Yet its the only way to explain what weve done to the night:Weve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.51What

6、does“it”(Paragraph 1)most probably refer to?AThe nightBThe moonCThe sky DThe planet解析A文章介绍了光污染对于动物和人类的影响，呼吁我们反思我们的行为。对于这种指代的题目，往往答案是最接近它的一个。根据这种原则，能得出答案是night 夜晚。最后一句话的句意是：但是这是唯一的方法去解释我们对于夜晚做了什么：我们设计了光，让光充满星空。2利用构词法猜测利用上下文中出现的与该词相关的同义词，近义词，甚至反义词，以及前缀、后缀，词根等来推测词义。典例3.My father had never read the stor

7、y before,but it sounded like O.Henry,and he knew that O.Henry had once lived in Houston.So it was possible that the famous author had gone to the beach and stayed in the Galveston boardinghouse,and had written the story there and left the manuscript behind by accident.My father visited an O.Henry ex

8、pert at Columbia University in New York,who authenticated the story as O.Henrys.51The underlined word“authenticated”in Paragraph 2 probably means _.Anamed BtreatedCproved Ddescribed解析Cauthentic的意思是“真正的；真实的”，根据构词法可以推知该词为authentic的动词形式，意为“证明；是真实的”，故答案选C项。3利用定义，解释，举例进行猜测此类题目会出现类似于：for example,such as,m

9、ean,refer to,that is to say,in other words等词汇或出现破折号、冒号等。典例4.leaving their homes.With the communication gadgets,_such as mobile phones and ipads,people often do not take the effort to visit one another personally.A personal visit carries with it the additional feature of having to be in the persons p

10、resence for as long as the visit lasts.We cannot unnecessarily excuse ourselves or turn the other person off.71The underlined word“gadgets”is closest in meaning to _.Atools BmessagesCbarriers Dskills解析A根据词后的“such as mobile phones and iPads”以及整篇文章所谈论的话题，可知，gadget的意思是“工具”，故答案是A项。71The underlined word“

11、gadgets”is closest in meaning to _.Atools BmessagesCbarriers Dskills解析A根据词后的“such as mobile phones and iPads”以及整篇文章所谈论的话题，可知，gadget的意思是“工具”，故答案是A项。4根据句子与句子之间的逻辑关系进行猜测在一个句子或段落中，有时会存在两个句子之间的转折，递进，因果，并列，对比等关系的词汇：however,but,so,thus,instead of,in contrast,whats more等过渡性词汇。And they are as clear as glass.

12、How does an animal become seethrough?Its trickier than you might think.The objects around you are visible because they interact with light.Light typically travels in a straight line.But some materials slow and scatter(散射)light,bouncing it away from its original path.Others absorb light,stopping it d

13、ead in its tracks.Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it,so you can see it easily.64The underlined word“dead”in Paragraph 3 means _.Asilently BgraduallyCregularly Dcompletely解析D该词出现在文章第三段第四句。前文提到了：你能看到的物体一种是对光线进行了散射；而另外一种是对光线的吸收。既然吸收了，那在光的传播过程中就完全阻止

14、了，因此这里dead是完全的意思。故选D。典例6.Although we have to respect peoples feelings as fellow users of the buildings，I believe that it is the duty of the architect and planner to move things forward.If we always reproduced what was there before，we would all still be living in caves.Thus，I would argue against copy

15、ing previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and different，even though that might be the more risky choice.70By“move things forward”in the last paragraph，the author probably means“_.”Adestroy old buildingsBput things in a different placeCchoose new architectural stylesDrespect people

16、s feelings for historical buildings解析C根据下文中的“Thus,I would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and different.”结合画线部分所在的句子，可知答案选C项。1词义猜测题最常见的方法是代入法，即将选项一一代替画线部分的内容，判断哪一选项更适合语境，因此，熟练掌握基础词汇尤其重要。2.正确选项与干扰项的特点如下：(1)正确选项的特点相应词语的同义词语。对相应语句的解释、复述或概括。(2)干扰项的特点对原相应表达方

17、式的不正确改写。故意丢三落四。半对半错。曲解原意。这些干扰项有时会使用较多原句中的表达方式，给人似是而非的误导，考生要多加注意。词义猜测题是高考英语阅读理解题中的一种常见的题型。通过词义猜测题是高考英语阅读理解题中的一种常见的题型。通过对近几年高考英语阅读理解题的分析统计可看出，词义猜测题对近几年高考英语阅读理解题的分析统计可看出，词义猜测题一般有一般有12题。常见的考查方式有：题。常见的考查方式有：1.直接猜测某个词的含直接猜测某个词的含义；义；2.判断文中的某个代词指代的对象；判断文中的某个代词指代的对象；3.对文中的多义词或对文中的多义词或短语进行精确定义；短语进行精确定义；4.对在文章

18、中的含义进行猜测和判断。对在文章中的含义进行猜测和判断。常见命题形式：常见命题形式：1The underlined word in the second paragraph means“_”2The word“it/they”in the last sentence refers to“_”3The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means“_”4The underlined words in Paragraph 1 probably mean that a book helps to _1单词或短语意义猜测题单词或短语意义猜测题对于考生而

19、言，词汇量小是制约阅读理解能力的一个重要因对于考生而言，词汇量小是制约阅读理解能力的一个重要因素。词义猜测题着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，素。词义猜测题着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从这也是一个从“已知已知”得出得出“未知未知”的过程，即利用上下文的过程，即利用上下文的已知部分的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理，有时还进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。考查范围涉及单词词义理需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。考查范围涉及单词词义理解、短语意思理解或代词指代对象的确定等。解、短语意思理解或代词指代对象的确定等。1单词或短语意

20、义猜测题单词或短语意义猜测题对于考生而言，词汇量小是制约阅读理解能力的一个重要因对于考生而言，词汇量小是制约阅读理解能力的一个重要因素。词义猜测题着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，素。词义猜测题着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从这也是一个从“已知已知”得出得出“未知未知”的过程，即利用上下文的过程，即利用上下文的已知部分的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理，有时还进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。考查范围涉及单词词义理需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。考查范围涉及单词词义理解、短语意思理解或代词指代对象的确定等。解、短语意思理解

21、或代词指代对象的确定等。The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration(合作合作)with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid，Spain，and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St.Petersburg，Florida.31What does the word“contributions”in the last paragraph re

22、fer to?_AArtworks.BProjects.CDonations.DDocuments.A【解析解析】词义猜测题。最后一段强调了对主要作品进行了词义猜测题。最后一段强调了对主要作品进行了精选精选(The fine selection of the major works)，又点明又点明contributions来自其他机构来自其他机构，所以可推断出所以可推断出contributions应该应该属于属于works的范畴。故选项的范畴。故选项A正确。正确。方法点津方法点津七种猜词技巧疏通生词渠道七种猜词技巧疏通生词渠道1根据转化、合成、派生等构词法进行判断。根据转化、合成、派生等构词法

23、进行判断。掌握了一定的构词法掌握了一定的构词法，就不难猜测出词义。就不难猜测出词义。2根据上下文解释作出判断。根据上下文解释作出判断。有时文章中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语有时文章中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语,下面接着就出下面接着就出现了它的定义或解释现了它的定义或解释,这是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。这是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。3根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词文章中的代词it，that，he，him或或them可以指上文或下文提可以指上文或下文提到的人或物到的人或物，其中其中it和和that还可以指一件事。有时代词与其指还可以指一件事。

24、有时代词与其指代的对象相隔较远代的对象相隔较远,需要考生认真查找需要考生认真查找;有时考生需要对前面有时考生需要对前面或后面提到的内容进行总结或后面提到的内容进行总结,才能弄清楚代词所指代的内容。才能弄清楚代词所指代的内容。4根据同义词和反义词猜测词义。根据同义词和反义词猜测词义。利用这种方法猜测词义利用这种方法猜测词义，重点是要抓住文中表示递进、转折重点是要抓住文中表示递进、转折或对比意义的词语。或对比意义的词语。5根据因果关系进行判断。根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说俗话说，有因必有果有因必有果，有果必有因。根据原因可以预测结有果必有因。根据原因可以预测结果果，根据结果也可以找出原因。根据结果

25、也可以找出原因。6根据同位关系或定语从句进行判断。根据同位关系或定语从句进行判断。阅读中出现的新词、难词阅读中出现的新词、难词，其后往往会跟着一个同位语从句其后往往会跟着一个同位语从句或定语从句对前面的词进行解释或定语从句对前面的词进行解释，有时这种解释也用连词，有时这种解释也用连词or连接。连接。7通过例子来猜测词义。通过例子来猜测词义。考生通过归纳文中所举的例子考生通过归纳文中所举的例子，可以得出该词或短语的意可以得出该词或短语的意义。常用来引出所举例子的提示词语有义。常用来引出所举例子的提示词语有such as，for example，for instance，like等。等。2句意猜测

26、题句意猜测题句意猜测题通常需要考生猜测意思的是一个具有概括性的句句意猜测题通常需要考生猜测意思的是一个具有概括性的句子或是格言、谚语等，要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语子或是格言、谚语等，要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。句对其进行解释性的描述。They didnt.From day two(everyone wanted to walk the cute puppy that first day)，neither thought to walk the dog.While I was slow to accept that I would be the one to k

27、eep track of her shots，to schedule her vet appointments，to feed and clean her，Misty knew this on day one.As she looked up at the three new humans in her life(small，medium，and large)，she calculated，“The medium one is the sucker in the pack.”Quickly，she and I developed something very similar to a Vulc

28、an mind meld(心灵融合心灵融合)Shed look at me with those sad brown eyes of hers，beam her need，and then wait，trusting I would understandwhich，strangely，I almost always did.In no time，she became my fifth appendage(附附肢肢)，snoring on my homeoffice couch as I worked，cradling against my feet as I read，and splaying

29、 across my stomach as I watched television.56Which of the following is the closest in meaning to“The medium one is the sucker in the pack.”(Paragraph 3)?_A“The middleaged person loves me most.”B“The mediumsized woman is the hostess.”C“The man in the middle is the one who has the final say.”D“The wom

30、an is the kind and trustworthy one in the family.”D【解析解析】句意理解题。根据前面提到的句意理解题。根据前面提到的.I would be the one.Misty knew this on day one.可知可知，在在Misty眼里眼里，the medium one就是指作者。再根据下一段中的就是指作者。再根据下一段中的Quickly，she and I developed something very similar to a Vulcan mind meld(心灵心灵融合融合)可知可知，很快作者就和狗相处得很融洽了很快作者就和狗相处得

31、很融洽了，几乎达到了几乎达到了心灵融合的地步心灵融合的地步，也就是说也就是说，狗比较相信她的女主人了。故狗比较相信她的女主人了。故选选D项。项。方法点津方法点津有些句意理解题要使用推理法有些句意理解题要使用推理法，即根据文章的前后语境推出即根据文章的前后语境推出句子的意思。针对此类题句子的意思。针对此类题，考生首先要理解句子前后的语考生首先要理解句子前后的语境境，其次对此句在文章中的意思进行合理的推断其次对此句在文章中的意思进行合理的推断，最后再进最后再进行综合归纳行综合归纳，这样试题就很容易解答了。这样试题就很容易解答了。方法点津方法点津有些句意理解题要使用推理法有些句意理解题要使用推理法，

32、即根据文章的前后语境推出即根据文章的前后语境推出句子的意思。针对此类题句子的意思。针对此类题，考生首先要理解句子前后的语考生首先要理解句子前后的语境境，其次对此句在文章中的意思进行合理的推断其次对此句在文章中的意思进行合理的推断，最后再进最后再进行综合归纳行综合归纳，这样试题就很容易解答了。这样试题就很容易解答了。在阅读中我们常常会遇到生词或在阅读中我们常常会遇到生词或虽是熟词但用原来学过的意思去理解虽是熟词但用原来学过的意思去理解却不通，这时就需要根据上下文，也却不通，这时就需要根据上下文，也就是语境，去理解，有的也可以根据就是语境，去理解，有的也可以根据构词法去理解。高考阅读理解题中也构词

33、法去理解。高考阅读理解题中也常常要求考生推测词义。这里着重谈常常要求考生推测词义。这里着重谈谈根据语境理解时的几条具体线索。谈根据语境理解时的几条具体线索。1.根据转折对比关系根据转折对比关系 根据上下句之间表示转折或对比关系的根据上下句之间表示转折或对比关系的连接性词语来推测词义。如表示转折的词连接性词语来推测词义。如表示转折的词有有but,however,otherwise,or,though等等,表表示对比关系的标志性词语有示对比关系的标志性词语有unlike,while,on the other hand,in spite of,in contrast等；另等；另外外,分号也可以表示转

34、折、分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的对比或不相干的意义。意义。例例1 Time is something from which we cant escape.Even if we ignore it,its still going by,ticking away,second by second,minute by minute,hour by hour.So the main issue in using your time well is,“Whos in charge?”We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy.Or we

35、 can take control of it and make it our ally.例例1 Time is something from which we cant escape.Even if we ignore it,its still going by,ticking away,second by second,minute by minute,hour by hour.So the main issue in using your time well is,“Whos in charge?”We can allow time to slip by and let it be ou

36、r enemy.Or we can take control of it and make it our ally.The underlined word“ally”most likely means somebody or something that is _.A.your slave and serves youB.your supporter and helps youB.under your control and obeys youD.under your influence and follows you解析：解析：B 本句由本句由or引出，与前句意义相对，要求猜的引出，与前句意

37、义相对，要求猜的ally显然与前句的显然与前句的enemy相对，即为相对，即为“朋朋友友”，朋友是支持和帮助我们的，故选，朋友是支持和帮助我们的，故选B。2.根据因果关系根据因果关系就是根据前后的因果关系来推断其中就是根据前后的因果关系来推断其中的某个生词或短语的意思。可能是由表示的某个生词或短语的意思。可能是由表示原因的句意推出表示结果的句子中的某个原因的句意推出表示结果的句子中的某个生词或短语的意思生词或短语的意思,即由因推果法；也可能即由因推果法；也可能是由表示结果的句意推出表示原因的句子是由表示结果的句意推出表示原因的句子中的某个生词或短语的意思，即由果推因中的某个生词或短语的意思，即

38、由果推因法。表示因果关系的有法。表示因果关系的有because,so that,so/such.that.等。等。例例2 Please stay on permitted paths.Otherwise you may destroy desert plants.Pack out what you pack in,so you leave no signs of your visit.It is important to keep in mind that you are in a national park where wildlife exists.What do the underlin

39、ed words“pack out what you pack in”probably mean?A.Keep everything out of campgrounds.B.Take away everything you bring in.C.Carry all the necessary food.D.Look after your personal belongings.解析：解析：B 句中句中so引出结果引出结果,由果推因由果推因,“不要留下不要留下任何参观的痕迹任何参观的痕迹”,因此因此“要把带来的所有东西都带要把带来的所有东西都带走走”,故选故选B。3.根据解释或修饰语根据解释或

40、修饰语根据后面的括号中、根据后面的括号中、破折号后面、破折号后面、引引号中的内容号中的内容,或者后面的定语从句，以及或者后面的定语从句，以及namely 和和that is等后面的解释性内容推测等后面的解释性内容推测生词或短语的意思。生词或短语的意思。例例3 The schools are reluctant to take time offeven teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off.The underlined word“reluctant”may prob

41、ably mean_.A.kind B.unwilling C.free D.careless解析：解析：B 根据破折号后面的解释根据破折号后面的解释“即使是有英格兰和阿根廷比赛门票的老师也即使是有英格兰和阿根廷比赛门票的老师也很难挤出一天的时间很难挤出一天的时间”，可见学校是，可见学校是“不愿意不愿意”放假的放假的,故选故选B。4.根据同义关系根据同义关系根据生词所处语境中的同义或近义词根据生词所处语境中的同义或近义词的意思来推测它的意思。有时有的意思来推测它的意思。有时有and 或或or等，我们可以根据前后两项或多项并列的等，我们可以根据前后两项或多项并列的内容在含义上是接近的或递进的关系

42、，来内容在含义上是接近的或递进的关系，来确定同等或同类关系中的某个生词所属的确定同等或同类关系中的某个生词所属的义域，由此可推知其大致意思。义域，由此可推知其大致意思。例例4 It is obvious that if students value highly their test scores,then a great amount of their self-respect is put in the number.Students who perform poorly on the exam are left feeling that it is all over.The low te

43、st score,they think,will make it impossible for them to get into a good college.And without a degree from a prestigious university,they fear that many of lifes doors will remain forever closed.“a prestigious university”is most probably means _.A.a famous universityB.a technical universityC.a traditi

44、onal universityD.an expensive university解析解析:A 根据上句可知，此句中的根据上句可知，此句中的prestigious university就是上句中的就是上句中的good college，也就是，也就是prestigious与与good或或famous同义，故选同义，故选A。5.根据语境关联根据语境关联由上下文语境的描述猜测出某个词语由上下文语境的描述猜测出某个词语的意思。的意思。例例5 While Jennifer was at home taking an online exam for her business law class,a moni

45、tor(监控器监控器)a few hundred miles away was watching her every move.Using a web camera equipped in Jennifers Los Angeles apartment,the monitor in Phoenix tracked how frequently her eyes moved from the computer screen and listened for the secret sounds of a possible helper in the room In the battle again

46、st cheating,this is the cutting edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education.The technology gives trust to the entire system,to the institution and to online education in general.Using a web camera equipped in Jennifers Los Angeles apartment,the monitor in Phoenix tra

47、cked how frequently her eyes moved from the computer screen and listened for the secret sounds of a possible helper in the room In the battle against cheating,this is the cutting edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education.The technology gives trust to the entire sys

48、tem,to the institution and to online education in general.A.advanced technique B.sharpening toolC.effective rule D.dividing line解析：解析：A 第一段总述第一段总述Jennifer在家中考试，有监控器监视她的每一个动作；在家中考试，有监控器监视她的每一个动作；第二段具体描述监控器如何监视她；第三段开头，第二段具体描述监控器如何监视她；第三段开头，this is the cutting edge，句中句中this指代什么？就是指上文描述的为了防止网络教育中考试作弊所采用

49、指代什么？就是指上文描述的为了防止网络教育中考试作弊所采用a monitor进行监控的先进技术，故选进行监控的先进技术，故选A。The underlined expression“cutting edge”is closest in meaning to _.6.综合运用多种方法综合运用多种方法除上述方法外除上述方法外,还可以根据并列关系、还可以根据并列关系、同类关系、同类关系、比喻关系、比喻关系、定义关定义关系、系、所举实例、所举实例、构词法和生活常识等多种方法推测生词的意义，有时需要综构词法和生活常识等多种方法推测生词的意义，有时需要综合运用多种方法，才可推测其意义。合运用多种方法，才可推

50、测其意义。例例6 The new type of pineapple was selling fast,and the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater.The underlined word“fixture”probably refers to something _.A.that people enjoy eating B.that is always presentC.that is difficult to get D.that pe