高中英语牛津译林版（2020版）必修第三册 Unit 4 Grammar and usage.pptx

1、空白演示单击输入您的封面副标题P3Grammar and usageWhat is nonfinite Verbs?(What is nonfinite Verbs?(非谓语)英语一句话只能有一个谓语动词如果出现更多动词：加连词（and/but/so）变为两个句子 变为非谓语动词Studying hard,you will reach your goal.放入从句 If you study hard,you will reach your goal.Study hard,and you will reach your goal.Find to-infinitives and figure ou

2、t their functions.Lead-in He has a difficult problem to deal with.I need a pen to write with.George returned after the war,only to be told that his wife had left him.宾补定语结果状语定语是修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。宾补是在英语中补充说明宾语的意义、状态等 The bird singing in the tree is beautiful.Her parents died,leaving him an orphan.

3、I felt somebody standing behind me.Find verb-ing forms and figure out their functions.Lead-in 结果状语宾补定语 All the broken windows have been repaired.Inspired by Mr Chens speech,they decided to study science harder.I heard my name called in the street.Find verb-ed forms and figure out their functions.Lea

4、d-in 定语宾补原因状语 forms as attributives V-ed形式作定语单个V-ed 作定语，常放在被修饰词之前，V-ed短语 作定语时要放在被修饰词之后。1.单个单个V-ed作定语作定语a.及物动词及物动词的的-ed形式作定语形式作定语,一般兼有一般兼有被动被动和和完成完成的意义。的意义。b.不及物动词不及物动词的的-ed形式作定语形式作定语,有有主动主动和和完成完成意义。意义。a grown woman 一位成年妇女一位成年妇女 an escaped prisoner 一名逃犯一名逃犯 a broken cup 一个破杯子一个破杯子 a wounded soldier 一

5、名伤员一名伤员单个单个V-ed作定语，作定语，原则上原则上是是前置前置的。但有些单个的的。但有些单个的 V-ed，在，在习惯上习惯上或因为或因为受到受到某些限制某些限制，则，则放在被修饰词之后放在被修饰词之后。1.He has spent all the money donated.2.This will be the best novel of its kind written.3.Who were the so-called guests invited?4.She always ate the food left.1.被修饰词前有被修饰词前有all,every等表等表“全部全部”概念的词

6、修饰时；概念的词修饰时；2.被修饰词前有被修饰词前有最高级最高级；3.被修饰语被修饰语过长过长或有或有其他定语其他定语；4.习惯上习惯上作后置定语的作后置定语的V-ed(如如left“剩下的剩下的”)他花光了他花光了所有所有捐赠的捐赠的钱。钱。这将是这类小说中这将是这类小说中写得写得最好的最好的。昨晚昨晚被邀请被邀请那些那些所谓的客人所谓的客人是谁呀是谁呀?她总吃她总吃剩剩饭饭。a letter written to me by my daughter=a letter that was written to me by my daughter 一封我女儿写给我的信一封我女儿写给我的信2.V-

7、ed短语作定语短语作定语通常后置，其作用相当于通常后置，其作用相当于定语从句定语从句。3.V-ed有时还可用作有时还可用作非限制性定语非限制性定语，相当于一个，相当于一个非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句，前后用，前后用逗号分开。逗号分开。a.The houses,built last year,were destroyed by the earthquake yesterday.=The houses,which were built last year,were destroyed by the earthquake yesterday.去年建的去年建的这些房子，昨天被地震摧毁了。这些房子，

8、昨天被地震摧毁了。b.Some of them,born and brought up in rural villages,had never seen a train.=Some of them,who were born and brought up in rural villages,had never seen a train.他们当中有一些人，生长在农村，从未见过火车。他们当中有一些人，生长在农村，从未见过火车。developed needed discussed他脸上露出了使人高兴的表情。他脸上露出了使人高兴的表情。1、He has a (delight)look on his f

9、ace.delighted他脸上露出高兴的表情。他脸上露出高兴的表情。2、He has a （delight)look on his face.delighting3.Its wrong for the _(develop)countries to control the world.4.I have collected all the money _(need).5.This is the problem _(discuss)at the meeting yesterday.forms as adverbialsV-ed形式作状语 Bitten by the cobra,the man wa

10、s in danger.Destroyed by the hurricane,the old house is nowhere to be found.(As/Because it has been)(Because he was)1.作原因状语由于飓风的破坏，那座老房子哪也找不到了。因为被眼镜蛇咬了，这人处在危险中。因为被眼镜蛇咬了，这人处在危险中。Water boils,heated to 100.Seen from the top of the building,ourschool looks beautiful.(When it is)(when it is)2.作时间状语作时间状语从

11、楼顶上看，学校看起来很美。从楼顶上看，学校看起来很美。水加热到水加热到100度就沸腾。度就沸腾。Punished by the parents,he wont come again.(Although he was)(If he is)虽然他很疲倦，他仍然继续工作。虽然他很疲倦，他仍然继续工作。他若是被家长惩罚了，就再也不能来了。他若是被家长惩罚了，就再也不能来了。3.作让步状语作让步状语 Tired,he went on working.4.作条件状语作条件状语 Absorbed in the work,he neglected food and sleep.She walked out o

12、f the house,followed by her little daughter.(and she was)(He was)5.作伴随或方式状语作伴随或方式状语她走出房间，后面跟着她的小女儿。她走出房间，后面跟着她的小女儿。他专心于工作，废寝忘食。他专心于工作，废寝忘食。1.Asked what had happened,he kept silent.2.Caught in a heavy rain,he was all wet.3.He listened to the heros true story,moved to tears.4.Given more time,we would

13、be able to do the work much better.5.Left alone at home,the little boy didnt feel afraid at all.6.An old man was crossing the street,supported by his son.7.The teacher entered the classroom,followed by some students.时间时间原因原因结果结果条件条件让步让步伴随伴随1.动词动词-ed形式形式可以表示可以表示时间时间、原因原因、结果结果、条件条件、让步让步、方式方式或或伴随状况伴随状况

14、等，其作用相当于等，其作用相当于状语从句状语从句或或并列句并列句。方式方式1.When he was asked what had happened,he kept silent.2.Because he was caught in a heavy rain,he was all wet.3.He listened to the heros true story,and he was moved to tears.4.If we were given more time,we would be able to do the work much better.5.Although he was

15、left alone at home,the little boy didnt feel afraid at all.6.An old man was crossing the street,and he was supported by his son.7.The teacher entered the classroom,and he was followed by some students.V-ed充当状语时，其充当状语时，其逻辑主语逻辑主语必须必须与句子的主语一致与句子的主语一致。Change the sentences into complete ones.1.When heate

16、d,ice will be changed into water.2.Unless invited,I wont attend his wedding.3.Once caught smoking in the kitchen,the cook will be fired.When it is heated,ice will be changed into water.Unless I am invited,I wont attend his wedding.Once the cook is caught smoking in the kitchen,he will be fired.V-ed作

17、状语有时可保留作状语有时可保留连词连词，构成，构成“连词连词+V-ed”结构，即结构，即:while,when,once,as,though,unless,if 等连等连词词)+V-ed。_ from the top of the building,the school looks beautiful._ from the top of the building,we found the school beautiful.Seen Seeing 从楼顶上看，学校看起来很美。从楼顶上看，学校看起来很美。我们从楼顶往下看，发现学校很美。我们从楼顶往下看，发现学校很美。如果句子的主语和分词是主动关系

18、，时间正在发生用V-ing形式。如果句子的主语和分词是被动关系，时间已经完成用V-ed形式。1._(compare)Shanghai with Xian,we found Shanghai is larger.2._(compare)with Xian,Shanghai is larger.ComparingCompared forms as object complementsV-ed形式作宾补 1.表示感观、感觉和发觉的动词。如：watch,observe,see,hear,listen to,feel,notice,find等。When we got to school,we saw t

19、he door locked.He found his house broken into when he got back home.V-ed作宾语补足语常用于以下几种情况：当我们到学校时，我们看见门锁着。回到家他发现家被盗。2.表示“致使”意义的动词。如：have,make,get,keep等。She had to shout to make herself heard above the sound of the music.Were having our car repaired.Im trying to get this article finished for Thursday.她

20、不得不大喊大叫，好让自己的声音盖过音乐声。我们正在请人修理汽车。我正在努力把这篇周四要写的文章写完。3.表示“希望、愿望、命令”意义的动词。如：want,expect,would like,wish,order等。The teacher wouldnt like the problem discussed at the moment.老师不想此刻讨论这个问题。I want the suit made to his own measure.我想要这套衣服照他自己的尺寸做。Fill in the blanks,using the correct verb forms.1.The hall was

21、too noisy for the speaker to make himself _(hear).2.We found all the rivers seriously _(pollute).3.Alice got her bad tooth _(pull out)in the hospital.polluted pulled outPractice heard.用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。1.Watching the _(finishing/finished)painting,Alice couldnt help smiling.2.Most of th

22、e artists _(inviting/invited)to the party were from South Africa.3.Do you still remember the Olympic Games _(held/holding)in Beijing in 2008?4.The _(surprising/surprised)look on her face suggested that she hadnt known the news before.5.There are many _(fallen/falling)leaves on the street.finished in

23、vited heldsurprisedfallen 6._(frighten)by the noise outside,Sue dared not sleep in her bedroom.7._(compare)with our small flat,Bills house seemed like a palace.8.The lady returned home,_(follow)by the famous detective Holmes.FrightenedCompared followed9、She wont have her long and beautiful hair _ (c

24、ut)short.cut10.My computer broke down this morning,and I will get it _(repair)as soon as possible.repaired Giving only fruit for dinner,I am very angry.Go and catch a sheep!GivenWorn a sheeps coat,I have made the stupid sheep open the door for me.Ha ha WearingCatching by Mr.Wolf,Mr.Lazy cried.Found

25、Mr.Wolf get into our village,I beat him with a large hammer.CaughtFindingBeating by the sheep,I am badly injured.But I will never give up!BeatenTiring but happy,we can enjoy ourselves without any fear!TiredFind verb-ed forms in the article and fill in the table below.The first one has been done for

26、you.We should know the difference between verb-ed and the past form in the past tense.我们应该知道过去分词和过去式的区别。Henry is reading a science magazine article about a world-changing discovery made by accident.Read through the article and fill in the following table.Tu YouyouAlexander FlemingNationalityDiscover

27、yTime of discovery Use of discoveryEffect of discovery PrizeChineseScottishQinghaosuPenicillin19721928Treat malariaTreat wounds/kill bacteriaBenefited millions of patientsSaved millions of lifeNobel Prize,2015Nobel Prize,1945https:/ you know how penicillin was discovered by Fleming?A Exploring the r

28、ulesHenry is reading a science magazine article about a world-changing discovery.Find the verb-ed forms in the article and fill in the table below.The first one has been done for you.偶然地，意外地偶然地，意外地远非，几乎相反远非，几乎相反V-ed forms as attributivessomething produced by the mouldV-ed forms as adverbialsV-ed for

29、ms as object complementsthe prepared mindget its mass production startedSurprised by thisSurprised by this,Fleming performed some tests.谓语谓语非谓语非谓语过去分词做状语，描述主语状态过去分词做状语，描述主语状态对此感到惊讶，弗莱明做了一些测试。What can you find out from the example sentences?你能从例句中发现什么?The results indicated that something produced by

30、the mould had killed the bacteria.谓语谓语非谓语非谓语作定语修饰作定语修饰something,something与与produced之间为被动关系之间为被动关系结果表明，霉菌产生的某种物质杀死了这种细菌。.his hard work and determination helped get its mass production started.谓语谓语非谓语非谓语宾语与宾补为被动关系宾语与宾补为被动关系他的努力和决心帮助青霉素开始大规模生产。Fortune favours the prepared mind.谓语谓语非谓语非谓语幸运眷顾有准备的人。提喻(sy

31、necdoche):不直接说某一事物的名称，而用跟它有关系的另一种事物的名称来称呼它的修辞手段 你有钱吗?Outside,there is a sea of faces 外面街上，人山人海。Have you any coppers?They share the same roof他们住在一起。a.部分代替整体b.以材料代替事物提喻(借代)大致归纳为四种情况:c.抽象和具体互代d.以个体代替整个类别He is the Newton of this century.he earned his bread as a teacher他以教书为生他是本世纪的科学家。具体代抽象抽象代具体he came t

32、o visit sickness and poverty他来探望病人和穷人Working out the rules The verb-ed form can be used like an adjective or an adverb,indicating a(n)(1)_(active/passive)meaning.The verb-ed form can appear before or after a noun.It modifies the noun like a(n)(2)_(relative clause/adverbial clause).The verb-ed form c

33、an be used as an adverbial or an object complement.passiverelative clauseRewrite the following sentences using a verb-ed form as an attributives,adverbial or object complement.1 The scientist who has been highly praised won an award.The highly praised scientist won an award.Atributive 定语定语2 The expe

34、riment that is mentioned in your article is interesting.3 The patients soon recovered because they were treated with the new medicine.The experiment mentioned in your article is interesting.Treated with the new medicine,the patients soon recovered.Attributive 定语定语Adverbial of cause 原因状语原因状语4 The sci

35、entist found that the equipment in the laboratory had been destroyed.5 Once this report is finished,it will be very useful for future research.The scientist found the equipment in the laboratory destroyed.Once finished,this report will be very useful for future research.Oject complement 宾补宾补Averbial

36、 of condition/time 条件条件/时间状语时间状语Henry is reading an article about Franklins kite experiment.Complete the article below with the correct verb-ed forms or verb-ing forms.We should analyze the relationship between the logic subject and the verb to decide whether it is passive or active.我们应该分析逻辑主语与动词之间的

37、关系来判断它是被动的还是主动的。Benjamin Franklin本杰明富兰克林https:/ Franklin was a famous scientist,writer,printer,inventor and politician.As a scientist,he was well known for his kite experiment.The story goes like this:Franklin had found lightning _(interest)for years,believing it was actually electricity.He designed

38、 an experiment to prove his theory.He worked out that by flying a kite during a thunderstorm,electricity could go through the wet kite line down to earth.interesting_(know)it was too dangerous to hold the wet line,Franklin held a silk ribbon _(tie)to the end of it.He made sure the silk ribbon stayed

39、 dry so that the electricity would not go through his body.Then he attached a metal key where the ribbon and kite line joined.When a thunderstorm approached,the lightning would charge the key._(conduct)on a stormy day in 1752,his experiment proved lightning really was just electricity.KnowingtiedCon

40、ductedFranklin had his theory _(accept)by many people.However,some people questioned whether he had actually done the experiment,_(argue)that if he had really done it,he would have received a deadly electric shock.Whatever the truth,Franklin did make contributions to the studies of electricity.argui

41、ngaccepted1.He observed that the bacteria surrounding the mould were dead.他发现霉菌周围的细菌都死了。(P48 L5-6)surround v.(使使)包围包围,环绕环绕;围绕围绕【用法用法】surround.with 用用包围包围 be surrounded by/with sth./sb.被被某物某物/某人所包围某人所包围 eg Tall trees surround the lake.The lake is surrounded with/by trees.【拓展拓展】surrounding adj.(作定语作定语

42、)周围的周围的;附近的附近的 surroundings n.(pl.)环境环境(同同environment)【语境应用语境应用】用用surround的适当形式填空。的适当形式填空。1)Lucy was sitting on the floor _ by toys.2)We decided to explore the _ countryside.3)When he came back to life,he found himself _ by his children.4)Its important to work in friendly _.surrounded surroundingsur

43、rounded surroundings单句语法填空。单句语法填空。And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds _(surround)the mountain tops(2020 全国卷全国卷III)surrounding2.The results indicated that something produced by the mould had killed the bacteria.(P48 L7)结果表明，霉菌产生的某种物质杀死了这种细菌。indicate v.表明表明Research indi

44、cates that eating habits are changing fast.研究表明，饮食习惯正在迅速改变。【用法用法】indicate sth.to sb.向某人指示向某人指示 indicate that.指示指示；表明；表明【拓展拓展】indication n.象征象征;显示显示;标标示示 There is no indication that.无迹象表明无迹象表明 There are some indications that.有迹象表明有迹象表明There are clear indications that the economy is improving.有明显的迹象表明

45、经济正在好转。3.Fortune favours the prepared mind.(P48 L16)幸运眷顾有准备的人。幸运眷顾有准备的人。favour v.偏袒，支持，赞同，有利于偏袒，支持，赞同，有利于 当前的经济不利于小型企业的发展。The current economy does not favour the development of small businesses.It remains to be seen if the show will still find favour with a 1990s audience.这部电视剧是否还会受到90年代观众的青睐还有待观察。【

46、拓展拓展】n.恩恩惠惠;照顾照顾;好意好意;关心关心;支支持持do sb.a favour 帮帮某人忙某人忙in favour 得宠得宠(go)out of favour 失宠失宠in favour of 赞成赞成;支持支持;有利有利于于【语境应用语境应用】完成句子。完成句子。1)Could you _ and tell Kelly I cant make it?你帮个忙告诉凯莉说我来不了好吗？你帮个忙告诉凯莉说我来不了好吗？2)Grammar-based teaching methods _ _ in the 60s and 70s.在六在六七七十年十年代，以语法为基础的教学法失宠了代，以语

47、法为基础的教学法失宠了。do me a favourwent outof favour4.When a thunderstorm approached,the lightning would charge the key.(P49 L10)当雷雨来临时，闪电将会给钥匙充电charge v.收费收费 控诉控诉 充电充电 1、The restaurant charged 20 for dinner.2、Several people were arrested but nobody was charged.3、Before use,the battery must be charged.这家餐馆的晚

48、餐收费20英镑。有几人被捕，但没有人被起诉。电池在使用前必须充电。【用法用法】charge sb.for 为为向向某人收取费用某人收取费用 charge sb.with(doing)sth.=accuse sb.of 控告某人控告某人(做做)某某事事【拓展拓展】n.费用费用;主主管管 take charge of 掌掌管；负管；负责责 in charge of 主管，负责主管，负责 in/under the charge of 由由负责负责 free of charge 免免费费【语境应用语境应用】完成句子。完成句子。1)Your order will be delivered _(免费免费)within a ten-mile limit.2)They charged me five dollars _ a cup of coffee.3)The project is _(在在掌管之下掌管之下)an experienced engineer.4)The man arrested by the police _(被指控被指控)stealing.was charged withfree of chargeforin the charge of Thank you