心脏骤停和心脏性猝死PPT课件.ppt
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1、心脏性猝死心脏性猝死(SCD)的一级和二级预防的一级和二级预防心脏性猝死(心脏性猝死(SCDSCD)定义:)定义:l心脏猝死是最常见、最凶险的死因心脏猝死是最常见、最凶险的死因 FIGURE 2616. Influence of response time on survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A, The time from onset of cardiac arrest to initial defibrillation attempt is related to 1-month survival, based on data f
2、rom the Swedish Cardiac Arrest Registry.336 The cumulative survival rate was 5 percent, and the survival rate for victims whose initial rhythm was ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) was 9.5 percent. The median response time was nearly 13 minutes. Thirty-day survival ranged
3、 from a maximum of 48 percent with responses of less than 2 minutes to less than 5 percent for response time greater than 15 minutes. B, The potential for faster response systems, based on the Amsterdam Resuscitation Study, is demonstrated, comparing response times of police vehicles with those of c
4、onventional emergency medical systems. At the 50th percentile of response times, polices vehicles provided a nearly 5 minute improvement in arrival time (approximately 6 minutes).337 Preliminary data suggest that improved response times of this type translate to improved survival.338W.B. Saunders Co
5、mpany items and derived items copyright 2001 by W.B Saunders Company.l40-45万万 (Circulation 2001;104:2158-2163)l5-15%能到医院能到医院, 1-20%幸存幸存l50%出院前出院前SCD发作发作VT62%Bradycardia17%Torsadesde Pointes13%PrimaryVF8%Adapted from Bays de Luna A. Am Heart J 1989;117:151-159.美美国国l7-9万万/年年l院外院外2%幸存幸存l15%一年内复发一年内复发英英
6、国国l西欧:西欧:300,000 / 年年;平均生还率;平均生还率2-3% ;l全球全球:9,000,000 / 年;平均生还率小于年;平均生还率小于1;l美国:美国:250,000-350,000 / 年;年;l中国:心血管疾病致死中国:心血管疾病致死1,500,000 / 年;年; FIGURE 264. Risk of sudden death by decile of multivariant risk: 26-year follow-up, the Framingham Study. ECG = electrocardiographic; IV = intraventricular;
7、 LVH = left ventricular hypertrophy; non-spec abn = nonspecific abnormality. (From Kannel WB, Shatzkin A: Sudden death: Lessons from subsets in population studies. Reprinted by permission of the American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 5Suppl 6:141B, 1985.) W.B. Saunders Company items and d
8、erived items copyright 2001 by W.B Saunders Company. FIGURE 266. Survival during 3 years of follow-up after acute myocardial infarction as a function of left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction, EF) and ventricular arrhythmias (VPDs/hr as measured by Holter monitoring). The survival curves we
9、re calculated as Kaplan-Meier estimates. With higher PVC frequencies and lower ejection fractions, the mortality rates increase. The number of patients in groups A, B, C, and D were 536, 136, 80, and 37, respectively. (From Bigger JT: Relation between left ventricular dysfunction and ventricular arr
10、hythmias after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 57:8B, 1986.) W.B. Saunders Company items and derived items copyright 2001 by W.B Saunders Company. 表表10 右室心肌病右室心肌病SCD的危险性分层的建议的危险性分层的建议 建议类别建议类别 证据水平证据水平右室弥漫性扩大右室弥漫性扩大 IIa C左室受损左室受损 IIa C右心功能不全右心功能不全/扩张扩张+可诱发持续性室速可诱发持续性室速 IIa C心脏停搏心脏停搏/室颤史室颤史 IIa C
11、右室心肌病猝死家族史右室心肌病猝死家族史 IIb C晕厥史晕厥史 IIb C晚电位晚电位+右心功能不全右心功能不全 IIb C室速室速 IIb C程序性电刺激程序性电刺激* IIb ESC观点观点QT离散度和离散度和ST-T改变改变 III C室早室早 III C注:注:ESC观点观点=欧洲心脏病学会欧洲心脏病学会SCD专家组观点,专家组观点,*程序性电刺激程序性电刺激 诱发室速识别伴有右室扩大和功能衰竭的右室心肌病患者诱发室速识别伴有右室扩大和功能衰竭的右室心肌病患者SCD 的高危患者的高危患者 WPW SCD的危险性分层的建议的危险性分层的建议 建议类别建议类别 证据水平证据水平房颤时短房
12、颤时短RR间期间期(250ms) IIa B短旁道前传有效不应期短旁道前传有效不应期(270ms) IIa B多旁道多旁道 IIa B晕厥晕厥 III C长长Q-T综合征(综合征(LQTS) 是一种由是一种由KVLQT1、HERG、Mink、SCN5A等多种基因异常,导致的以等多种基因异常,导致的以Q-T间期延长伴晕厥和猝死反复发作的临床间期延长伴晕厥和猝死反复发作的临床综合征候群。综合征候群。表表1 先天性先天性LQTS的基因分类的基因分类亚型亚型突变基因突变基因基因基因位点位点离子离子通通通通离子离子流流变化变化所占比所占比例例(%)发病发病因素因素治疗治疗LQTS1KVLQT111P15
13、.5IKs降低降低50运动运动/体体力活动力活动阻滞剂阻滞剂LQTS2HERG7q35-36Ikr 降低降低30-40声音声音/情情绪波动绪波动补钾、补钾、阻滞阻滞剂、螺剂、螺内酯内酯LQTS3SCN5A3q21-24INa降低降低5-10心率慢心率慢/睡眠中睡眠中INa阻阻滞剂滞剂LQTS4?4q25-27可能可能IK降低降低少少?LQTS5Mink(KCNE1)21q22Iks降低降低少少运动运动/体体力活动力活动阻滞阻滞剂剂LQTS6MiRP1(KCNE2)21q22Ikr降低降低少少声音声音/情情绪波动绪波动补钾、补钾、螺内酯螺内酯 LQTS SCD危险性分层的建议危险性分层的建议 建
14、议类别建议类别 证据水平证据水平晕厥晕厥 I BTdP/室颤室颤/CA I BJLN型型 I BLQT3型型 I CQTc600ms IIa C婴儿发生心脏事件婴儿发生心脏事件 IIa ESC观点观点新生儿新生儿 IIa C女性女性 IIa C并趾(指)畸形和房室阻滞并趾(指)畸形和房室阻滞 IIa CT波电交替(肉眼可见)波电交替(肉眼可见) IIa C家族史家族史 IIb ESC观点观点QT离散度离散度 IIb C程控电刺激程控电刺激 III C注:注:ESC观点观点=欧洲心脏病学会欧洲心脏病学会SCD专家组观点,专家组观点, TdP=尖端扭转型室速尖端扭转型室速 ICD作为作为LQTS的
15、的IIb类适应症,反复类适应症,反复Tdp者首选者首选 频率依赖性频率依赖性Tdp或或受体阻滞剂导致的心受体阻滞剂导致的心率过慢者率过慢者永久人工心脏起搏器永久人工心脏起搏器 左侧心脏交感神经(颈部)切除术对部左侧心脏交感神经(颈部)切除术对部分患者有效,特别是有糖尿病或哮喘患者分患者有效,特别是有糖尿病或哮喘患者 Brugada综合征综合征SCD危险性分层的建议危险性分层的建议 建议类别建议类别 证据水平证据水平SCD家族史家族史 IIa C晕厥晕厥 IIa C诱发室速诱发室速/室颤室颤 IIb C CPVT SCD的危险性分层建议的危险性分层建议 建议类别建议类别 证据水平证据水平记录到室
16、颤记录到室颤 I CSCD家族史家族史 IIa C发病早(儿童期发病)发病早(儿童期发病) IIa C晕厥晕厥 IIb CMapping and Ablation of Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation Michel Hassaguerre, MD; Morio Shoda, MD; Pierre Jas, MD; Akihiko Nogami, MD; Dipen C. Shah, MD; Josef Kautzner, MD; Thomas Arentz, MD; Dietrich Kalushe, MD; Dominique Lamaison, MD
17、; Mike Griffith, MD; Fernando Cruz, MD; Angelo de Paola, MD; Fiorenzo Gata, MD; Mlze Hocini, MD; Stphane Garrigue, MD; Laurent Macle, MD; Rukshen Weerasooriya, MD; Jacques Clmenty, MD Methods and Results Twenty-seven patients without known heart disease(13 men, 14 women, 4114 years of age) were stud
18、ied after being resuscitated from recurrent (1012) episodes of primary idiopathic ventricular fibrillation; 23 had received a defibrillator. The first initiating beat of ventricular fibrillation had an identical electrocardiographic morphology and coupling interval (29741 ms) to preceding isolated p
19、remature beats typically noted in the aftermath of resuscitation1.Premature beats were elicited from the Purkinje conducting system in 23 patients: 1). from the left ventricular septum in 10, 2).from the anterior right ventricle in 9, 3).from both in 4. 2.The interval from the Purkinje potential to
20、the following myocardial activation varied from 10 to 150 ms during premature beat but was 115 ms during sinus rhythm, indicating location at peripheral Purkinje arborization. The accuracy of mapping was confirmed by acute elimination of premature beats during local radiofrequency delivery.3. During
21、 a follow-up of 2428 months, 24 patients (89%) had no recurrence of ventricular fibrillation without drug.Conclusions Primary idiopathic ventricular fibrillation is a syndrome characterized by dominant triggers from the distal Purkinje system. These sources can be eliminated by focal energy delivery
22、. 心脏性猝死的病理生理心脏性猝死的病理生理 结构结构 功能功能心肌梗塞心肌梗塞 冠状动脉血流暂时性改变冠状动脉血流暂时性改变 -缺血缺血 -急性暂性缺血急性暂性缺血 -坏死坏死 -缺血后再灌注缺血后再灌注 -纤维化纤维化 全身性因素全身性因素 -室壁瘤室壁瘤 -血流动力学异常血流动力学异常心肌肥厚心肌肥厚 -低氧血症低氧血症 -心肌细胞肥大心肌细胞肥大 -酸碱平衡失调酸碱平衡失调 -心肌细胞排列异常心肌细胞排列异常 室速室速/室颤室颤 -细胞内外电解质紊乱细胞内外电解质紊乱 -心肌重构心肌重构 电电-机械分离机械分离 -血小板聚集异常血小板聚集异常心肌病变心肌病变 心搏停止心搏停止 -极度体
23、力活动极度体力活动 -扩张扩张 神经生理性作用神经生理性作用 -纤维化纤维化 -传递介质传递介质 -浸润浸润 心脏性猝死心脏性猝死 -受体受体 -炎症炎症 -中枢神经影响中枢神经影响 结构性心电异常结构性心电异常 (精神压力、卒中等)(精神压力、卒中等) -WPW综合征综合征 -自主神经系统功能紊乱自主神经系统功能紊乱 -特殊传导系统病变特殊传导系统病变 毒性作用毒性作用 -QT延长综合征延长综合征 -药物的致心律失常作用药物的致心律失常作用 -Brugada综合征综合征 -心脏毒性反应心脏毒性反应 l曾有SCD发作者 50%l曾有VT发作者 20-50%lEF降低 13-19%l有SCD家族
24、史 50%l有心梗病史 75%l冠心病 20-50%l肥厚性心肌病 15%l心肌增厚 19%l长Q-T综合征 60%l心肌缺血情况下室性早搏 6-25%l扩张性心肌病并心衰 47%l致心律失常性右心室发育不全 29%l不明原因晕厥 SCD“一级一级”预防预防是指对已有致命的是指对已有致命的室性心律失常的高危因素,但尚未室性心律失常的高危因素,但尚未发病的患者的治疗发病的患者的治疗“二级二级”预防预防是指对已发生心跳骤停,是指对已发生心跳骤停,或致晕厥或致晕厥/低血压室速患者的治疗低血压室速患者的治疗院外存活率院外存活率1-15%SCDSCDSCDSCDSCDSCDSCDSCDSCDSCD如何救
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