商业银行管理Chap016课件.ppt
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1、Chapter SixteenLending Policies and Procedures:Managing Credit RiskKey Topics Types of Loans Banks and Competing Lenders Make Factors Affecting the Mix of Loans Made Regulation of Lending Creating a Written Loan Policy Steps in the Lending Process Loan Review and Loan WorkoutsIntroduction However,ri
2、sky or not,the principal reason many financial firms are issued charters of incorporation by state and national governments is to make loans Lenders are expected to supply credit for all legitimate business and consumer financial needs and to price that credit reasonably Loans support the growth of
3、new businesses and jobs within the lenders market area Loans frequently convey information to the marketplace about a borrowers credit quality The lending process bears careful monitoring at all timesTypes of Loans Real Estate Loans Financial Institution Loans Agriculture Loans Commercial and Indust
4、rial Loans Loans to Individuals Miscellaneous Loans Lease Financing Receivables The largest category in dollar volume is real estate loans,followed by loans to individuals,and commercial and industrial(C&I)loansTABLE 161 Loans Outstanding for All FDIC-Insured Banks as of December 31,2010(consolidate
5、d domestic and foreign offices)Types of Loans(continued)Factors Determining the Growth and Mix of Loans Characteristics of the market area Lender size Wholesale lenders vs.retail credit Experience and expertise of management Loan policy Expected yield of each type of loan Regulation General rule:A l
6、ending institution should make the types of loans for which it is the most efficient producerRegulation of Lending The mix,quality,and yield of the loan portfolio are heavily influenced by regulation Examples of lending regulations:The total volume of real estate loans granted by a U.S.national bank
7、 cannot exceed that banks capital and surplus or 70 percent of its total time and savings deposits,whichever is greater An unsecured loan to a single customer normally cannot exceed 15 percent of a single national banks unimpaired capital and surplus account(legal lending limit)Any loans made are su
8、bject to examination and reviewRegulation of Lending(continued)The Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 Selected lenders to must make“an affirmative effort”to meet the credit needs of individuals and businesses in their trade territories so that no areas of the local community are discriminated agains
9、t in seeking access to credit The Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974 No individual can be denied credit because of race,sex,religious affiliation,age,or receipt of public assistance The International Lending and Supervision Act Requires U.S.banks to make public any credit exposures to a single cou
10、ntry that exceed 15 percent of their primary capital or 0.75 percent of their total assets,whichever is smaller This law also imposes restrictions on the fees lenders may charge a troubled international borrower to restructure a loanRegulation of Lending(continued)Uniform Financial Institutions Rati
11、ng System Each banking firm is assigned a numerical rating based on the quality of its asset portfolio The federal examiner may assign one of these ratings:1=strong performance 2=satisfactory performance 3=fair performance 4=marginal performance 5=unsatisfactory performance Regulation of Lending(con
12、tinued)Asset Quality Criticized loans Scheduled loans Adversely classified loans Substandard loans Doubtful loans Loss loansRegulation of Lending(continued)CAMELS Rating Capital adequacy Asset quality Management quality Earnings record Liquidity position Sensitivity to market risk exposure All six d
13、imensions of performance are combined into one overall numerical rating,referred to as the CAMELS rating Depository institutions whose overall rating is low tend to be examined more frequently than the highest-rated institutionsRegulation of Lending(continued)Establishing a Good Written Loan Policy
14、Important in order to meet regulatory standards What should a written loan policy contain?A goal statement for the entire loan portfolio Specification of lending authority of each loan officer and loan committee Lines of responsibility in making assignments and reporting information Operating proced
15、ures for soliciting,evaluating and making loan decisions Required documentation for all loansRegulation of Lending(continued)Establishing a Good Written Loan Policy Lines of authority for maintaining and reviewing credit files Guidelines for taking,evaluating,and perfecting loan collateral.Procedure
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