化学专业英语-inorganic课件.ppt

1、Chapter 1 Inorganic ChemistrynSignificant Terms(Glossary)nNomenclature of CompoundsPeriodic table Do You Know?nAs,arsenic was discovered in about 1250nOnly 24 elements were known at the time of the American Revolution in 1776nThe first tabulation of the“chemically simple”substances that we call elem

2、ents appeared in a treatise published in 1789 by a French scientist named Antoine Lavoisiern第第110号化学元素为号化学元素为“Darmstadtium”，缩写为，缩写为“Ds”nWhen and who give the modern version of periodic table?Periodic table In 1869,the famous Russian chemist“Dmitri In 1869,the famous Russian chemist“Dmitri Mendeleev”

3、introduced the modern periodic tableMendeleev”introduced the modern periodic tableperiodic table of elements（元素周期表）nperiod（周期（周期）ngroup（族）（族）ns/p/d block(s、p、d 区区)nmain group element（主族元素）（主族元素）ntransition element（过渡元素）（过渡元素）nalkali metal（碱金属）（碱金属）nalkaline earth metal（碱土金属）（碱土金属）nhalogen(卤素卤素)nchal

4、cogen(硫族硫族)nrare earth(稀土稀土)nnoble gas(inert gas)(惰性气体惰性气体)periodic table of elements（元素周期表）nlanthanide(镧系镧系)nactinide(锕系锕系)ntransition metals(过渡金属）过渡金属）ninner transition metals（内过渡金属）（内过渡金属）periodic table of elements（元素周期表）（元素周期表）metal nonmetal metalloid(准金属准金属,半金属半金属)The seven metalloid elements a

5、re:Periodic table B boron Si silicon Ge germanium As arsenic Sb antimony Te tellurium Po poloniumNonmetalsnHydrogen(氢氢)nDeuterium(氘氘)nTritium(氚氚)nBoron(硼硼)nCarbon(碳碳)源自希腊语源自希腊语 tritos 第三第三 源自希腊语源自希腊语 deuteros 第二第二 nNitrogen(氮氮)nOxygen(氧氧)nOzone(臭氧臭氧)nAllotrope(同素异形体同素异形体)Nonmetals源自希腊语源自希腊语 ozon 嗅嗅

6、NonmetalsnNitrogen(氮氮)nPhosphorus(磷磷)nArsenic(砷砷)nAntimony(锑锑)NonmetalsnOxygen(氧氧)nSulfur(硫硫)nSelenium(硒硒)nTellurium(碲碲)NonmentalsnFluorine (氟氟)nChlorine (氯）氯）nBromine (溴溴)nIodine (碘碘)nAstatine（砹）（砹）NonmentalsnHelium(氦氦)nNeon(氖氖)nArgon(氩氩)nKrypton(氪氪)nXenon(氙氙)nRadon(氡氡)MetalsnLithium(锂锂)nSodium(钠钠)

7、nPotassium(钾钾)nRubidium(铷铷)nCesium(铯铯)MetalsnBeryllium(铍铍)nMagnesium(镁镁)nCalcium(钙钙)nStrontium(锶锶)nBarium(钡钡)MetalsnAluminum(铝铝)nGallium(镓镓)nIndium(铟铟)nTin(锡锡)nLead(铅铅)Transition metals:nScandium(钪钪)nTitanium(钛钛)nVanadium(钒钒)nChromium(铬铬)nManganese(锰锰)nIron(铁铁)nCobalt(钴钴)Transition metals:nNickle(镍镍

8、)nCopper(铜铜)nZinc(锌锌)nSilver(银银)nTungsten(钨钨)nPlatinum(铂铂)nGold(金金)Inner-transition metals:nlanthanide(镧系)They are called rare earth elementsnactinide(锕系)Significant terms related to inorganic chemistryinorganic chemistry1.Atomic structureAtomic Structurenelectron(电子电子)nproton(质子质子)nneutron(中子中子)nph

9、oton(光子光子)Atomic Structurennucleus(原子核原子核)natomic number(原子序数原子序数)nmass number(质量数质量数)nrelative atomic mass (相对原子量相对原子量)Atomic Structurenquantum mechanics(量子力学量子力学)nphotoelectric effect(光电效应）光电效应）nwave-particle nature(波粒二象性波粒二象性)nde Broglie equation （德布罗意方程）（德布罗意方程）nSchrdinger equation(薛定谔方程薛定谔方程)nB

10、ohr Model(玻尔模型玻尔模型)nHeisenberg Uncertainty Principle（海森堡测不准原理）（海森堡测不准原理）Atomic Structurenprincipal quantum numbernangular momentum quantum numbernmagnetic quantum numbernspin quantum numbernenergy levelnsublevel degenerate(能量简并能量简并)nwavefunctionnprobability distributionnangular wavefunctionnradial w

11、avefunctionnradial probability distribution(径向几率分布径向几率分布)nhydrogenic ions(类氢离子类氢离子)natomic orbital(原子轨道原子轨道)Atomic Structurenelectron spin(电子自旋电子自旋)npaired/unpaired electronnparallel spinsnopposed spins(自旋反平行自旋反平行)nground state(基态基态)nexcited state(激发态激发态)Atomic StructureAtomic Structurenmany-electro

12、n atom(multi-)(多电子原多电子原子子)nelectron configuration(电子排布电子排布)nThe electron configuration of O and Fe atoms in their ground state are:8O 1S22S22P4 26Fe 18Ar4S23d6nPauli Exclusion Principle（保里不相容（保里不相容原理）原理）n Hunds Rule（洪特规则）（洪特规则）n screening effect(屏蔽效应屏蔽效应)n penetration(钻穿效应钻穿效应)Atomic Structureneffec

13、tive nuclear chargenatomic radiusnelectronegativitynionization energy(电离能电离能)Atomic Structure2.Chemical bondChemical Bondnvalence electron（价电子）（价电子）ncovalent/metallic/ionic bond （共价金属离子键）（共价金属离子键）ncoordinate covalent bond（配位共价键）（配位共价键）nsingle/double/triple bondnpolar/nonpolar covalent bondChemical B

14、ondn bond parameter（键参数）（键参数）n bond lengthn bond anglen bond energyn bond order n lattice energy（晶格能）（晶格能）3.Molecular structureMolecular Structurenoctet rule（八隅律）（八隅律）nlone pair electron（孤对电子）（孤对电子）nshared electron pair(共用电子对共用电子对)nhomonuclear diatomic(同核双原子的同核双原子的)nheteronuclear diatomic(异核双原子的异核双原

15、子的)nmolecular polarity（分子的极性（分子的极性)nelectric dipole moment（电偶极矩）（电偶极矩）npolar molecule（极性分子）（极性分子）nnonpolar molecule（非极性分子（非极性分子)norbital overlap(轨道重叠轨道重叠)nhybridization（杂化）（杂化）nhybrid orbital（杂化轨道）（杂化轨道）Molecular Structurenmolecular orbital（分子轨道）（分子轨道）nbonding orbital（成键轨道）（成键轨道）nantibonding orbital

16、（反键轨道）（反键轨道）nmolecular shape（分子的形状）（分子的形状）Molecular StructureMolecular StructurenBasic molecular geometries of AXn molecules are as follows:nlinear(直线直线,e.g.CO2)ntriangular planar(平面三角平面三角,e.g.BF3)ntetrahedron(正四面体正四面体,e.g.CH4)ntrigonal bipyramid(三角双锥三角双锥,e.g.PCl5)noctahedron(正八面体正八面体 e.g.PCl6-)4.Mo

17、lecular interactionn intermolecular force(分子间作用力）分子间作用力）n orientation force（取向力）（取向力）n induction force（诱导力）（诱导力）n dispersion force(London force)(色散力）色散力）n hydrogen bondn Van der Waals force（范德华力）（范德华力）Molecular interactions5.Fundamental theoriesnClassical Lewis TheorynValence Bond TheorynMolecular O

18、rbital TheorynValence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory(VSEPR Theory)（价层电子对互斥理论）价层电子对互斥理论）Fundamental theories6.SolutionSolutionnsolvent（溶剂）nsolute（溶质）ndilute solution（稀溶液）nconcentrated solutionnunsaturated solutionnsaturated solutionnsupersaturated solutionnhomogeneous（均相的）（均相的）nheterogeneous（非均

19、相的）（非均相的）nconcentration（浓度）（浓度）nactivity(活度活度)nnumber of molesSolutionnmolarity（摩尔浓度）（摩尔浓度）nmolality（质量摩尔浓度）（质量摩尔浓度）nmole fraction（摩尔分数）（摩尔分数）nmolar mass（摩尔质量）（摩尔质量）Solutionnhydration（水合作用）（水合作用）nhydrolysis（水解）（水解）haidrolisisnefflorescence（风化）（风化）,eflo:resensndeliquescence（潮解）（潮解）,deli kwesnsSolutio

20、nnHygroscopicity（吸湿性）（吸湿性）nsolvation（溶剂化）（溶剂化）nhydrate（水合物）（水合物）nvolatile（挥发的）（挥发的）Solution7.Acids and basesAcids and basesnelectrolyte（电解质）nnonelectrolytenacid/basenamphoteric substance(两性物质)-lyte,suf.表示表示“可分解物可分解物”,“溶解质溶解质”Acids and basesnarrhenius acid/base（阿仑尼乌斯酸碱）nBrnsted acid/base（布朗斯特酸碱）nconj

21、ugate acid/base（共轭酸碱）nsolvent leveling(溶剂拉平效应)com-com-+iugare to join nacidic/basic/neutral solutionnpolyprotic acid（多元酸）（多元酸）ndissociation equilibrium（离解平衡）（离解平衡）ndissociation constant（离解常数）（离解常数）nprotolysis reaction（质子传递反应）（质子传递反应）nbuffer solution（缓冲溶液）（缓冲溶液）Acids and basesnsolubility（溶解度）（溶解度）npr

22、ecipitate（沉淀）（沉淀）nion product constant（离子积常数）（离子积常数）nsolubility product constant（溶度积常数）溶度积常数）nformation/dissolution/transformation of precipitation（沉淀生成（沉淀生成/溶解溶解/转化）转化）Acids and basesnprecipitation equilibrium（沉淀平衡）（沉淀平衡）nsolubility product rules（溶度积规则）（溶度积规则）ncommon ion effect（同离子效应）（同离子效应）nsalt e

23、ffect（盐效应）（盐效应）nfractional precipitation（分步沉淀）（分步沉淀）Acids and bases8.Coordination compoundCoordination Compoundncomplex ion（配离子）（配离子）nligand（配体）（配体）ncoordination number/atom （配位数（配位数/原子）原子）nmonodentate/bidentate/polydentate ligand（单（单/双双/多齿配体）多齿配体）chelating agent（螯合剂）（螯合剂）chelate（螯合物）（螯合物）stability

24、constant（稳定常数）（稳定常数）stepwise dissociation(逐级离解逐级离解)Coordination Compoundnvalence bond model（价键模型）（价键模型）ncrystal field model（晶体场模型）（晶体场模型）ncrystal field splitting energy（晶体场分裂能）（晶体场分裂能）ncrystal field stability energy(晶体场稳定化能）晶体场稳定化能）nparamagnetism（顺磁性）（顺磁性）ndiamagnetism（反磁性）（反磁性）Coordination Compound

25、geometric isomerism（几何异构）geometric isomers（几何异构体）Pt Pt ClClNH3NH3ClClNH3NH3cis-顺式顺式trans-反式反式Pt(NH3)2Cl2顺铂，抗癌药顺铂，抗癌药无抗癌活性无抗癌活性Coordination Compound High/low spin complex（高/低自旋配合物）Outer/inner orbital coordinationcompound（外/内轨配合物）Coordination Compound9.ElectrochemistryElectrochemistrynoxidation（氧化）（氧化

26、）/reduction（还原）（还原）nRedox reaction（氧化还原反应）（氧化还原反应）noxidizing/reducing agent（氧化（氧化/还原剂）还原剂）nelectrolysis（电解）（电解）nelectrolitic cell（电解池）（电解池）nanode/cathode（阳极（阳极/阴极）阴极）nelectrochemical cell（原电池）（原电池）nelectromotive force（电动势）（电动势）nstandard electrode potential（标准电极电势）（标准电极电势）nNernst equationndisproporti

27、onation（歧化反应）（歧化反应）Electrochemistry10.Nuclear chemistryNuclear Chemistrynnuclide(核素核素)nisotope(同位素同位素)nnuclear decay(核衰变核衰变)nradioactivity(放射性放射性)nhalf life(半衰期半衰期)nnuclear reaction(核反应核反应)nartificial radioactivity(人工放射性人工放射性)nnuclear fission(核裂变核裂变)nbombardment reaction(轰击反应轰击反应)nnuclear fusion(核聚变

28、核聚变)Nuclear ChemistryNomenclature of Inorganic CompoundsInorganic compoundsacidsbasessaltsmetaloxidesnonmetaloxidesothersNomenclature of Inorganic Compoundsmonatomic ions(简单离子简单离子)polyatomic ions(复杂离子复杂离子)ionic compounds(离子化合物离子化合物)binary compounds of nonmetals (二元非金属化合物二元非金属化合物)acid/oxyacid(酸酸,含氧酸含

29、氧酸)coordination compounds(配位化合物配位化合物)Greek Prefixes1 mon(o)-2 di-3 tri-4 tetr(a)-5 pent(a)-6 hex(a)-7 hept(a)-8 oct(a)-9 non(a)-10 dec(a)-Nomenclature of Monatomic IonsMonatomic positive ions(cation)take the name of the metal from which they are derived.For metals which can form more than one types

30、of positive ions,the charge is indicated by giving it as a Roman numeral in parentheses after the name.Monatomic negative ions(anion)are named by adding the suffix ide to the name of the nonmetal from which they are derived.Na+sodium F-fluorideK+potassium Cl-chlorideZn2+zinc Br-bromideFe2+iron(II)I-

31、iodideFe3+iron()O2-oxideS2-sulfide O22-peroxideH-hydride O2-superoxideNames of Some Monatomic IonsNomenclature of Ionic CompoundsThe name of an ionic compound consists of two words:nthe first word gives the name of the cation (阳离子）nthe second gives that of the anion（阴离子）nNaClSodium chloridenLiFLithi

32、um fluoridenCaSCalcium sulfidenKIPotassium iodidenFeCl3Iron()chloridenFeBr2Iron(II)bromidenBeOBeryllium oxidenSnO2Tin(IV)oxidenSeO2Selenium dioxidenD2OHeavy waternGaAsGallium arsenidenNaHSodium hydrideThey are given special names:1.When a nonmetal forms two oxyanions,the suffix ate is used for the a

33、nion containing the nonmetal in the higher oxidation state and the suffix ite for the lower oxidation state.Nomenclature of polyatomic ionsWhen a nonmetal forms more than two oxyanions,the prefix per-is used for the highest oxidation state and hypo-for the lowest oxidation stateNomenclature of polya

34、tomic ionsNH4+ammoniumH3O+hydroniumOH-hydroxideCN-cyanideCO32-carbonateNames of Some Polyatomic Ions:NO3-nitrateNO2-nitriteSO42-sulfateSO32-sulfitePO43-phosphateNames of Some Polyatomic Ions:ClO4-per chlor teClO3-chlor teClO2-chlor teClO-hypo chlor teNames of Some Polyatomic Ions:HCO3-hydrogen carbo

35、nate (bicarbonate)HPO42-hydrogen phosphateH2PO4-di hydrogen phosphateCrO42-chromateCr2O72-di chromateNames of Some Polyatomic Ions:nMnSO4 Manganese(II)sulfatenNi(NO3)2 Nickel(II)nitratenCr(OH)3Chromium(III)hydroxidenK2Cr2O7Potassium dichromatenSr(ClO4)2 Strontium perchloratenAg2CO3Silver carbonatenL

36、iAlH4Lithium aluminum hydridenMgSO3Magnesium sulfitenNaHSO3Sodium bisulfitenRbNO2 Rubidium nitritenHgNO2Mercury()nitritenCo(ClO3)2 Cobalt()chloratenCu(ClO)2Copper()hypochloritenNaHCO3Sodium hydrogen carbonateor sodium bicarbonatenNa3PO4Sodium phosphatenNa2HPO4Sodium hydrogen phosphatenNaH2PO4Sodium

37、dihydrogen phosphatenNa3PO3Sodium phosphitenNa3PO2Sodium hypophosphitenBa3(AsO4)2Barium arsenatenPb(CH3CO2)4Lead(IV)acetatenKMnO4Potassium permanganatenZn(BrO4)2Zinc perbromatenNa2TeO4Sodium telluratenInSO4Indium sulfatenNaBH4Sodium borohydrideNomenclature of Binary CompoundsWhen a pair of nonmetals

38、 forms only one compound,the name of the element whose symbol appears first in the formula is written first.The second part of the name is formed by adding the suffix ide to the stem of the name of the second nonmetal.When a pair of nonmetals forms more than one compound,the Greek prefixes are used

39、to show the number of atoms of each element.Nomenclature of Binary CompoundsNames of Some Binary Compounds:HClhydrogen chlorideH2Shydrogen sulfideNF3nitrogen fluorideN2O4dinitrogen tetroxideN2O5dinitrogen pentoxideNames of Some Binary Compounds:As2O3diarsenic trioxide PCl3phosphorous trichloridePCl5

40、phosphorous pentachlorideSiCsilicon carbideGeF4germanium tetrafluorideGaAsgallium arsenideCommon Names for Some Best Known Binary Compounds:H2O water H2O2 hydrogen peroxide NH3 ammonia PH3 phosphineCommon Names for Some Best Known Binary Compounds:NO nitric oxide N2O nitrous oxide(laughing gas)C2H2

41、acetylene CH4 methaneAcidsPure SubstanceHCl hydrogen chlorideHBr hydrogen bromideHIhydrogen iodideWater Solution hydrochloric acid hydrobromic acid hydriodic acidNomenclature of oxyacidsThe name of an oxyacid is directly related to that of the corresponding anion.The suffix-ate is replaced by ic aci

42、d-ite is replaced by ous acidNO3-nitrate HNO3 nitric acidNO2-nitrite HNO2 nitrous acidSO42-sulfateH2SO4 sulfuric acidSO32-sulfiteH2SO3 sulfurous acidClO4-perchlorateHClO4 perchloric acidClO3-chlorate HClO3 chloric acidClO2-chlorite HClO2 chlorous acidClO-hypochlorite HClO hypochlorous acidNomenclatu

43、re of Coordination CompoundsThe cation is named first,followed by the anion.Greek prefixes are used to indicate the number of ligands attached to the central atom.Where the ligand itself is complex(e.g.en),the number of such ligands is indicated by the prefixes bis-or tris-instead of bi-or tri-and t

44、he name of the ligand is enclosed in parentheses.In naming a complex ion,the names of anionic ligands are written first,followed by those of neutral ligands,and finally that of the central metal atom.The names of anionic ligands are modified by substituting the suffix o for the usual ending.Nomencla

45、ture of Coordination CompoundsThe charge of the metal ion is indicated by a Roman numeral following the name of the metal.If the complex is an anion,the suffix ate is added,often to the Latin stem of the name of the metal.Cl-chloro OH-hydroxo SO42-sulfato CN-cyano H2O aquo NH3 ammineNames of Some Li

46、gands:Cu(H2O)42+tetraquocopper()Cr(NH3)63+hexamminechromium()Zn(OH)42-tetrahydroxozincate()Cr(en)33+tris(ethylenediamine)chromium()Cr(NH3)4Cl2NO3 dichlorotetramminechromium()nitrate K3Fe(CN)6 potassium hexacyanoferrate()化学专业英语中一些常用的词头ann-ann-，enn-enn-(词头词头)每年一次的每年一次的annus 年年Anniversary 周年纪念周年纪念annus

47、(year)+versus (to turn)Anno Domini公元（缩写为公元（缩写为 A.D.)annual 一年生植物一年生植物,年刊年刊,年报年报,年鉴年鉴,化学专业英语中一些常用的词头aquaaqua(独立词独立词)水水aqua 水水aquamarine 海蓝宝石，海蓝色海蓝宝石，海蓝色aqua+marina海海aquanaut 潜水员潜水员aqua+naut水手水手aquarium 水族馆水族馆aquarius 宝瓶座宝瓶座化学专业英语中一些常用的词头aster-aster-，astro-astro-(词头词头)星星,天体天体,宇宙宇宙 astron 星星disaster 灾难

48、灾难dis-离开离开+aster，注定命运的星宿离开，注定命运的星宿离开，人就要遭不幸即人就要遭不幸即“灾难灾难”来临来临astrology 占星术占星术astronaut 太空人太空人,宇航员宇航员astronomy 天文学天文学化学专业英语中一些常用的词头bacterio-bacterio-(复合形复合形)细菌细菌 bactron，指小式，指小式 bacterion，棍棒，棍棒 bacterial 细菌的细菌的bacterio-+-al的的bactericide 杀菌的，杀菌剂杀菌的，杀菌剂bacterio-+-tide杀杀bacteriology 细菌学细菌学bacterio-+-log

49、y学学bacteriolysis 溶菌溶菌作用作用bacterio-+-lysis溶解溶解化学专业英语中一些常用的词头baro-baro-(复合形复合形)重重，压，压 baros重量重量barometer 气压计气压计baro-+-meter计计baroreceptor 压力感受器压力感受器baro-+receptor感受器感受器化学专业英语中一些常用的词头bi-bi-(复合形复合形)二，二倍，双二，二倍，双 bi-是是bis的结的结 合形式合形式(=di-，dis)二，二倍，双二，二倍，双bicarbonate碳酸氢盐碳酸氢盐bi-+carbonate碳酸盐碳酸盐bimolecular二分子

50、的二分子的bi-+molecule分子分子+-ar的的binuclear双核的双核的bi-+nucleus核核bivalence二价二价bi-+“拉拉”valens有力有力化学专业英语中一些常用的词头bio-bio-(复合形复合形)生，生命生，生命 bios生命生命antibiotics抗菌素抗菌素anti-抗抗+bio-+-tic有有能力能力biology生物学生物学bio-+-logy学学bioluminescence生物发光生物发光bio-+luminescence发光发光biolysis用用生物分解生物分解bio-+-lysis分解分解biosynthesis生物合成生物合成bio-+