专题二介词和动词短语课件.pptx
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1、2022-8-10专题二介词和动词短语专题二介词和动词短语清单一清单一 介词介词一、方位介词一、方位介词1.图解方位介词知识清单如:The little mouse is under the table,so it is not easy to find it.那只小老鼠在桌子底下,因此不容易找到它。The Great Wall winds its way from west to east,across deserts,over moun-tains,through valleys,till at last it reaches the sea.长城从西向东穿过沙漠,跨过高山,穿过深谷,蜿蜒
2、而行,直到最后直抵大海。题组训练用介词完成句子The sunlight came inthrough (穿过)the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room.The bicycle is beyond (不能)repair.2.among,betweenThey hid themselves among the trees.他们躲在树林中。She is the youngest among the three sisters.她是三个姐妹中最年轻的。There was a fight between the two boys.这两个男孩子打过
3、一次架。Im usually free between Tuesday and Thursday.我通常在星期二与星期四之间有空。among用于三者或三者以上的“在中间”,常指数目不确定的事物between其宾语往往是表示两者的名词或代词,或者是由and连接的两个人或物题组训练用介词between,among填空Some students often listen to musicbetween classes to refresh them-selves.He found it among a pile of old books.3.in,on二者均可表示“在上”,描述两个物体的接触情况。o
4、n侧重于表面接触,而in侧重于接触的深度。英语中的某些习惯表达常用in或on。若打击某人的脸、眼、嘴、胸、腹等部位时,用in,而打击头、额、鼻、耳、颈、肩、腿等部位时,用on。表示树本身生长出来的枝、叶、花、果等,用on the tree,但表示树本身以外的人或动物“在树上”,用in the tree,意指被枝叶遮掩其中。如:We found a square hole in the wall.我们发现墙上有个方洞。The teacher patted the boy on the head and comforted him.老师轻轻拍着那个男孩儿的头安慰他。There are lots o
5、f apples on the tree.树上有很多苹果。题组训练用介词in,on填空There is a map of the worldon the wall.Birds are singingin the tree.【比较】He walkedacrossthe fields.()He walkedthroughthe forest.()他从田野上走过。在田野上他从森林中穿过。在森林中He ranacrossthe bridge.()He ranthroughthe town.()他跑过桥去。从桥上他跑着穿过这座小城。贯穿across与on有关,意为“from one side to th
6、e other side of(sth.)”,强调从物体的表面进行,从一边到另一边through与in有关,表示动作从物体的内部穿过4.across,through此外,across与静态动词连用时表示“在(街、河等)对面”或“在(身体某部位)上”的意思。如:The school is across the river.学校在河的对岸。He has a giant scar across his chest.他胸前有块巨大的伤疤。题组训练用介词across,through填空My house is justacross the street.Water will be pumpedthroug
7、h a pipe.Do you think this shirt is too tightacross the shoulders?5.over,above;under,below(1)over和above都有“在之上”的意思,但over往往表示“在的正上方”,其反义词为under,而above往往表示“在的斜上方”,其反义词为below。over还可表示“(部分或全部覆盖)在上面”的意思。如:You cant wear a blue jacket over that shirt.Itll look terrible.你不能把一件蓝夹克穿在那件衬衫外面。那将会很难看。(2)over和above
8、都可以表示在数量上“多于”的意思,但above 一般用于表示与“最低限度”或“标准”有关的事物,而over则表示“多于”,相当于more than,其反义词是under(=less than)。如:1,000 meters above sea level 海拔1000米two degrees above zero 零上2度Hes over fifty.他已年过半百。Its under a mile from here to the post office.此处距邮局不足一英里。(3)above表示“级别、地位、重要性等高于”,over则强调“控制、掌握、权威、优越”等。如:He always
9、puts his students above everything.他总是把自己的学生置于一切事情之上。He has little control over his emotions.他控制不住自己的感情。题组训练用介词over,above填空Shes been here forover two hours.她在这里已超过两小时了。A great person is always putting others interests above his own.伟人总是置他人利益高于自己的利益之上。He isabove average intelligence.他的智力在一般水平以上。in表示在
10、某范围之内on强调“毗邻”“接壤”to表示在某范围之外off强调两地之间有一小段距离6.in,on,to,off表示位置关系Shandong Province is/lies in the east of China.(在某范围之内)山东省在/位于中国东部。Shandong Province is/lies to the northeast of Hubei Province.(在某范围之外)山东省在/位于湖北省东北边。Russia is/lies on the north of China.(接壤)俄罗斯在/位于中国北边。Lily lives in a flat just off Bridg
11、e Avenue.(两地隔着一小段距离)莉莉住在离大桥街不远的一处公寓里。题组训练用介词in,to,off填空Japan is/liesto the east of China.Beijing liesin the north of China.The Well Hotel stands in a quiet placeoff the main road at the far end of the lake.二、时间介词二、时间介词1.at,in,on(1)at的用法1)表示时间的一点,时刻等,如:at 12:00,at noon(在中午),at night(在夜里),at midnight(
12、在半夜),at dawn/daybreak(在黎明,破晓),at sunrise/sunset(在日出/日落),at dusk(在黄昏)。2)表示较短暂的一段时间,可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子,如:at Christmas在圣诞节。(2)in的用法表示在某段较长的时间内(如:世纪、朝代、年代、月份及泛指上午、下午和傍晚等),如:in the 1980s/1980s,in the Qing dynasty,in October,in the morning/afternoon/evening。(3)on的用法1)用于表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间(如:某日、某节日、星期几等),如:
13、on October the first,on a rainy day,on National Day等。2)用于表示特定的上午、下午或晚上,如:on Christmas Eve(在圣诞节前夕),on the morning of January the third,on the afternoon of his arrival等。3)准时,按时:on time。题组训练翻译下列词组在星期天上午on Sunday morning(s)在三月初at the beginning of March 在儿童节on Childrens Day 在19世纪20年代in the 1820s/1820s 2.
14、in,afterin表示时间时,in表示“在之内”。有时in可以表“在之后”,但表示此意时,必须具备两个条件:1.所在句子是将来时;2.表示的是一段时间after意为“在之后”。通常“after+时间段=时间段+later”与过去时连用。“after+时间点”与将来时连用My father will be back in three days.我父亲将在3天以后回来。My father will be back after three oclock.我父亲将在3点后回来。My father came back after three days/three days later.我父亲是3天后回
15、来的。题组训练用in,after,later填空It will be finishedin an hour.He returnedafter a few days.They finished their lessons at four and a little whilelater they went out to take a walk.3.for,from,sincefor后接时间段,表示行为或状态持续了多久;from后接时间点,表示行为或状态的起始点,而不涉及其持续时间的长短;since后接时间点,不仅表示行为或状态的起始点,而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到说话的时刻,因而常与延
16、续性动词的完成时连用。如:Mr.Brown enjoyed the country life and lived there for almost fifteen years after his retirement.布朗先生喜欢乡村生活,退休后他在那里生活了差不多15年。My younger sister began to learn dance from the age of five.我的妹妹从5岁开始学习舞蹈。Tom has been doing his homework since seven oclock.汤姆从7点开始就一直做他的家庭作业。题组训练用for,from,since填
17、空From then on she knew she would win.I lost my money and I have been worriedsince then.He stood there for a while,and then went away sadly.4.during,through,over(1)during的用法during指某个动作或状态在某个时间段里或整个过程中断断续续地发生过多次,或在整个时间段里的某一点发生过,起止时间比较明显。如:He often falls asleep during the class.课上他常常打瞌睡。He swims every
18、day during the summer.夏季他每天都游泳。(2)through的用法 through:在期间;从开头到结尾(所指时间包括在内,此时与throughout相同)。如:Tom bore up well under the strain of supporting his family through his fa-thers illness.在父亲生病期间,汤姆坚强地顶住了养家的压力。(3)over的用法over意为:while doing,having,eating,etc.(sth.)在(做)期间。如:We had a pleasant chat over a cup of
19、 tea.我们一边喝茶一边愉快地聊天。此外,over还有“throughout(a period)贯穿(一时间段)”的意思,等于dur-ing。如:He will stay in Wales over/during Christmas and the New Year.他将在威尔士度过圣诞和新年。题组训练用during,over填空Lets discuss itover lunch.They only met twice during the whole time they were neighbours.5.before,by,till,until(1)before的用法before:早于;
20、在之前。如:The new road will be completed before the end of the year.这条新道路将在年底以前建成。(2)by的用法1)表示“不迟于,在(某时)前”。如:All of you are to arrive at school by seven oclock.你们所有人必须在7点钟前到校。2)表示“在期间,在时间内”。如:He worked by night and slept by day.他晚上工作,白天睡觉。(3)until和till的用法1)until是比较正式的用法。在肯定句中和延续性动词连用,表示动作一直持续到until后面的时间
21、为止;在否定句中和非延续性动词连用,表示该动作直到until后面的时间才开始。如:I shall wait until ten oclock.我将等到10点钟。I didnt go to sleep until midnight.直到半夜我才睡觉。2)till意义与until相同。如:He works from morning till night,day after day.他日复一日从早工作到晚。题组训练用before,by,until填空Well have finished the workby ten oclock tomorrow.I usually take a bathbefor
22、e having my breakfast.Upuntil last year,they didnt even own a car.三、表工具、手段、方式的介词三、表工具、手段、方式的介词1.by,in,on三个词都可以表示旅行的方式。(1)不涉及交通工具的名词时用by,名词前不带冠词。如:by sea,by water,by land,by air等。(2)涉及交通工具的名词时用by,但名词需用单数,其前面不加冠词和任何修饰语。如:by bike,by taxi,by plane,by ship/boat,by train,by spaceship等。(3)当旅行方式涉及特指的交通工具时,用
23、on或in,名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。如:travel to New York on this plane,go to school on my bike等。注意:步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如:on foot,on horseback/on a horse,on a camel等。题组训练同义句转换He went to Beijing by car.He went to Beijingin his/a car .I prefer to travel by ship.I prefer to travelby water/sea .2.with,in(1)with用于有形的工具
24、或身体某些器官之前,其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。如:They are digging with a pick/spade.他们正在用一把镐/铲挖。We see with our eyes,hear with our ears,and walk with our legs.我们用眼睛看,用耳朵听,用腿走路。(2)in如:Please answer me in English.请用英语回答我。Please write in capital letters.请用大写字母写。The artist wrote in ink/pencil(=with a pen/a pencil).那个艺术家用钢
25、笔/铅笔写字。原料、颜料、语言、钢笔、铅笔等大、小写字母(3)注意以下固定短语:on/over the telephone/radio通过电话/广播用这/那种方式题组训练用by,over,in,on填空This form is writtenin ink.This toy is not machine-made.It is madeby hand.In the morning I usually listen to the newsover/on the radio.四、表原因的介词四、表原因的介词1.with多用于表示情绪的形容词或身体动作或状态的动词之后,表示某种心理或心理状态的原因。in
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