基医专外学-Urinary-System-PPTppt课件.ppt
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- 基医专外学 Urinary System PPT ppt课件
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1、1Urinary System Professional english of medicine2The Urinary System is a group of organs in the body concerned with filtering out excess fluid and other substances from the bloodstream.The principal function of the urinary system is to maintain the volume and composition of body fluids within normal
2、 limits.3One aspect of this function is to rid the body of waste products that accumulate as a result of cellular metabolism.4Other aspects of its function include regulating the concentrations of various electrolytes in the body fluids and maintaining normal pH of the blood.The urinary organs inclu
3、de the kidneys,ureters,bladder,and urethra.561.Functions of the Urinary System One of the major functions of the urinary system is the process of excretion,which is the process of eliminating waste products of metabolism and other materials that are of no use.7The urinary system maintains an appropr
4、iate fluid volume by regulating the amount of water that is excreted in the urine.1.Functions of the Urinary System 8Other aspects of its function include regulating the concentrations of various electrolytes in the body fluids and maintaining normal pH of the blood.9The kidneys are the most importa
5、nt excretory organ.The primary function of the kidneys are to maintain a stable internal environment(homeostasis)for optimal cell and tissue metabolism.10They do this by separating urea,mineral salts,toxins,and other waste products from the blood.They also do the job of conserving water,salts,and el
6、ectrolytes.11At least one kidney must function properly for life to be maintained.Six important roles of the kidneys are:12(1)Regulation of plasma ionic composition.Ions such as sodium,potassium,calcium,magnesium,chloride,bicarbonate,and phosphates are regulated by the amount that the kidney excrete
7、s.13(2)Regulation of plasma osmolarity.The kidneys regulate osmolarity because they have direct control over how many ions and how much water a person excretes.14(3)Regulation of plasma volume.The kidneys control plasma volume by controlling how much water a person excretes.The plasma volume has a d
8、irect effect on the total blood volume,which has a direct effect on your blood pressure.Salt(NaCl)will cause osmosis to happen;the diffusion of water into the blood.15(4)Regulation of plasma hydrogen ion concentration(pH).The kidneys partner up with the lungs and they together control the pH.16The k
9、idneys have a major role because they control the amount of bicarbonate excreted or held onto.The kidneys help maintain the blood pH mainly by excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions as needed.17(5)Removal of metabolic waste products and foreign substances from the plasma.One of the
10、 most important things the kidneys excrete is nitrogenous waste.18 About 50%of nitrogenous waste is urea,a by-product which is produced when protein is broken down by the body.Some of it is from ammonia,which is very toxic.The liver,however,quickly converts it to urea,a less harmful waste.Other nitr
11、ogenous wastes include uric acid and creatinine.19 (6)Secretion of Hormones.Renin is released by the kidneys.Renin leads to the secretion of aldosterone which is released from the adrenal cortex.Aldosterone promotes the kidneys to reabsorb the sodium ions.20 The kidneys also secrete erythropoietin,w
12、hich stimulates red blood cell production.The Vitamin D from the skin is also activated with help from the kidneys.212.Organs in the Urinary System2.1 KidneysThe kidneys are a pair of bean shaped,reddish brown organs about the size of your fist.It measures 10-12 cm long.22They are covered by the ren
13、al capsule,which is a tough capsule of fibrous connective tissue.Adhering to the surface of each kidney is two layers of fat to help cushion them.23There is a concaved side of the kidney that has a depression where a renal artery enters,and a renal vein and a ureter exit the kidney.The kidneys are l
14、ocated at the rear wall of the abdominal cavity just above the waistline,and are protected by the ribcage.They lie behind the peritoneum.24There are three major regions of the kidney,cortex,medulla and the renal pelvis.The outer,granulated layer is the renal cortex.The cortex stretches down in betwe
15、en a radially striated inner layer.25The inner radially striated layer is the renal medulla.This contains pyramid shaped tissue called the renal pyramids,separated by renal columns.FIGURE 2.Longitudinal section through the kidney showing its internal structure,and an enlarged diagram of a nephron.Th
16、ere are more than 1 million nephrons in each kidney.27Urine is formed in three steps:Filtration,Reabsorption,and Secretion.28(1).Filtration.Blood enters the afferent arteriole and flows into the glomerulus.Filterable blood components move toward the inside of the glomerulus while non-filterable bloo
17、d components bypass the filtration process by exiting through the efferent arteriole.29A few of the filterable blood components are water,nitrogenous waste,nutrients and salts.Nonfilterable blood components include formed elements such as blood cells and platelets along with plasma proteins.30The gl
18、omerular filtrate is not the same consistency as urine,as much of it is reabsorbed into the blood as the filtrate passes through the tubules of the nephron.FIGURE 3.A nephron and its blood supply.32(2)ReabsorptionWithin the peritubular capillary network,molecules and ions are reabsorbed back into th
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