2023届高三英语语法表格版讲义.docx

1、图说英语：表解语法名词表 1可数名词(C countable)单数表示“一个”含义时需要在前面加上表示数量关系/所有关系/指示关系的限定词（冠词/数词/名词所有格/物主代词/指示代词/不定代词等。表示泛指某一类事物加上不定冠词：a book, an orange复数表示泛指时不必加任何限定词We must tell friends from enemies. 不可数名词(U uncountable)单独出现表示泛指。不可以直接跟数词、不定冠词连用，但可以在不可数名词前加表示数量的名词词组等来表示其具体数量： a piece of news, a sheet of paper 冠词表 2不定冠词

2、泛指某一具体的人/事物He is an old doctor.She is now a different China from what she was. 固定词组once upon a time(从前)， an hour or twoa long time, a few, a little定冠词说话人和听话人心中都了解的人/事物，表示特指I bought a skirt yesterday. The skirt is very beautiful.最高级/固定词组/习惯用法in the morning/afternoon/evening, in the end., by the way 零

3、冠词表示泛指的不可数名词/复数名词前Failure is the mother of success.Children like cartoons. 泛指时，表示三餐、球/棋类运动、学科、季节、年份、月份、星期、节假日的名词前Do you have a rest after lunch?They are fond of playing basketball/chess.Spring/April/Sunday/Childrens day is the best time.固定词组/习惯搭配on foot, at home, at night, in danger, for exampleface

4、 to face, hand in hand, side/step by side/step 人称代词表 3基本用法单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheytheysheheritit多个人陈代词并列的排序单数的语境下：you放在最前，I放在最后 You, she and I all enjoy music.复数的语境下：we放在最前，they放在最后 We, you and they should preserve the environmentit的特殊用法指代事物/人代替前文提到过的事物This is a new dicti

5、onary. I bought it yesterday.代替指示代词，起this/that作用Is this you car?No, it isnt.指代动植物、不明身份/性别的人/婴儿Look at that bird. It always comes to my window.The Greens have a new baby. It is lovely.指自然现象（天气、气象、天色等）/量度（时间、距离、温度、价值等）It is getting dark.How far is it to the Great Wall?充当形式主语代替不定式It is our duty to take

6、 care of the old.代替动名词It is worthwhile working the whole night.代替主语从句It doesnt matter what you do.充当形式宾语代替不定式I consider it better to be early.代替动名词We thought it no use doing that.代替宾语从句The teacher made it clear that everyone should hand in his homework on time.用于强调句型It is/was+被强调的部分+that/who/whom+原剧

7、中其他部分 强调主语It is my word that counts. (我说了算)强调宾语It is me that/whom you should ask.强调状语强调时间It is at eleven that the train leaves.强调地点It was in the classroom that I left him.强调方式It was just as he ordered that I acted.强调原因It was because he was poor that I helped him强调宾补It was red that we painted the gat

8、e.指示代词表 4分类及用法单数复数空间/时间上离说话人较近/下文将要讲的事物thisthese空间/时间上离说话人较远/上文提及的事物thatthose作替代词的用法指示代词（后面必须有后置定语）that替代单数可数名词Your pen is expensive than that I have. 不可数名词The population of China is larger than that of any other country.those替代复数可数名词His stories are more interesting than those I told. 区别指示代词that与数词o

9、ne/onesthat只能代替事物，相当于the+被代替的单数可数名词/不可数名词（特指同一种/类的事物）可以代替事物，也可以代替人。a/an+被代替的单数可数名词（泛指同一种/类的事物/人）the+被代替的单数可数名词（特指同一种/类的事物/人）必须有后置定语The population of China is larger than that of any other country.修饰语可以前置/后置/单独使用My child doesnt like this book. Show her a more interesting one.Our new book is more expe

10、nsive than the one we had before.不定代词表 5不定代词表 5不定代词表 5all, each,everyall表示“三者/三者以上都” 主语All are equal before the law.all of后接名词(必须带冠词物主代词等限定词)，of 可省略，all变为定语All (of) the milk has been drunk.All (of) my friends like reading.人称代词，of不能省略All of them enjoyed the party.宾语Say all you know and say it without

11、 reserve.(知无不言，言无不尽)The brave defenders gave their all.勇敢的防伪者奋战到底。表语That is all for my speech.我的发言到此结束定语We should argue the case in all seriousness.(极其严肃地)Deal all the cards. 把牌都发了。同位语主语的同位语实义动词之前The people all voted against it.助动词、情态动词、系动词be之后We are all for him.之前（简短回答）Who can speak Japanese?We all

12、 can.宾语的同位语There is justice for us all. (这对我们每个人而言都是公平的)each表示 “两个/两个以上当中的每一个”侧重指每个人/事物的个别情况主语Each has a cup of tea.宾语Give an apple to each.定语There is a line of trees on each side of the road.同位语主语的同位语They each signed the paper.宾语的同位语Give them each an apple.every表示“三者/三者以上当中的每一个”侧重强调全体的情况只作定语 You ha

13、ve every right to say so.(你完全有权利这么说)no one, nothing, noneno one=nobody只指人，谓语动词用单数,不能与介词of连用。No one likes a person with bad manners.nothing只指物，谓语动词用单数,能与介词of连用。Nothing except your fears stands in your way.Think nothing of it. (不用介意这件事)none即指人也指物，能与介词of连用，根据含义谓语动词用单数None of us has got a camera.None of

14、 the money belongs to me. (none在代表不可数的事物时，谓语动词用单数)复数None are so deaf as those that will not hear.None of the books are easy enough for us. both, neither, eitherboth“两者都”（用法类似于all）Both seat are taken.neither“（两者中的每一个）都不”Neither of the twins is here.either“（两者中的）任何一个”There are houses on either side of

15、 the road.manymuch等只修饰可数名词many, many a, a few, few, (not/quite)several,a (great/large) number of, numbers of.只修饰不可数名词much, a little, little, a bit of, a good/great deal of , a large/great amount of, amounts of.既修饰可数名词有修饰不可数名词some, any, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great/large quantity of, quantit

16、ies of. someanysome肯定句I have some questions. “一些”Some Mr. chen is calling you.“某一” any否定句/疑问句/条件句Do you have any questions? “一些”肯定句Come any day you like. “任何一个”复合不定代词some/any/no/every + body/one/thing用法相近于some/any/no/every, 被定语修饰时，定语必须后置。He drinks something fierce.(他喝烈酒)is there anything important i

17、n that box?otherothers anotherother“另外的，其他的”作定语修饰可数名词（单/复数）/不可数名词Any other person would tell the truth. the other后面不接其他名词时表示两者中的另外一个Hold it in this hand, not the other.others是other的复数形式，但不作定语，只作主语、宾语、表语等成分。前面不加定冠词，泛指“其他人/物”（但不指其余的全部）Many students are playing on the playground. Some are playing footb

18、all; others are playing basketball.前面加定冠词，特指“剩下的人/物”（可指其余的全部）Six of the toys are mine; the others are Johns. another泛指三者/三者以上当中的“另外一个”，前面不能加任何冠词主语Then another put up his hand.宾语Lets ask for another.表语Say is one thing and doing (is) another 定语单数可数名词She has got another boyfriend.复数可数名词，视为一个单数的整体We wil

19、l study here for another two years. 物主代词表 6单数复数句中作用第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称形容词性物主代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheir定语my task不能与其他限定词（冠词、指示代词）同时使用,不能说：a my friend名词性物主代词mineyourshishersitsoursyourtheirs主语May I use your pen? Yours works better. 宾语I love my motherland as much as you love yours.表语 The life I

20、 have is yours.反身代词(动作的承受和与动作的发出者是一体）表 7单数复数句中作用宾语I cut myself when shaving this morning. 第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourself表语I am not quite myself these days(我最近身体不太舒服)I will be myself again in no time.(我一会儿就会好的)第三人称himselfherselfitselfthemselves同位语主语的They themselves are to be blame.宾语的We had

21、better ask the doctor himself about it.疑问代词表 8名词性疑问代词who, whom, whose指人主语Who is to take the chair?(谁来当主席)宾语Whom do you wish to speak to?定语（whose作定语所修饰的名词/代词可以被省略）Whose is better, yours or hers？what”什么”指事物/职业/身份What do you mean?Whats your father?(令尊做什么的？)which”哪一个”指人/事物中的,表示一定范围内的选择。若无选择范围用whatWhich

22、film do you want to see?形容词疑问代词指人whoseWhose umbrella is this?指物what whichWhat job do you want to do?Which team won?数词表 9基数词（多少）单数形式复数形式没有限定词（数字、a few等）修饰hundred thousand million dozen score可用复数形式+of+名词，表示不确定的数量thousands and thousands of workers 成千上万的工人固定介词词组They arrived in twos and threes(三三两两)表示人的岁

23、数/年代He is in his thirties.It took place in the 1950s序数词（顺序）序数词前通常要加上定冠词the形容词表 10句中作用定语性质不同：限定词all, half, both等不定代词，分数和倍数美小圆旧黄，法国木书房冠词、指示代词、物主代词数词（序数词在前，基数词在后）主观描绘性形容词表大小/长短/形状/新旧/颜色表地点表材料性质相同：少音节在前，多音节在后It was a rainy, windy, depressing day.表语The show is live(表语). My dog was playing with a live(定语)

24、 mouse.宾补He set free all the prisoners in the village.激起情绪感到情绪客观上“令人的”激起情绪The book is very interesting.主观上“感到的”感到情绪I am interested in the book.副词表 11修饰动词My mother has been working hard all morning.修饰形容词My brother and I are quite different.修饰其他副词He runs very fast.修饰整个句子Obviously, television has both

25、advantages and disadvantages.形容词副词的比较级、最高级、原级比较表 12形容词副词比较级构成方法单音节词尾+er tall taller词尾+erlow lower以e结尾，词尾+r large larger以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母再+er big bigger以辅音字母+y结尾，改y为i再+er icy icier双/多音节词前加more特别是以-ly结尾的副词，词前加morewisely more wisely 表达方式形容词比较级+than(连词than引出的句中与其面重复的部分经常被省略)She is much better

26、than (she was) yesterday.副词比较级+than(连词than引出的句中与其面重复的部分经常被省略)You should have come earlier (than you did)最高级构成方法单音节词尾+est tall tallest词尾+estlow lowest几个特殊的频度副词：seldomseldomerseldomestearly earlier earliestoften oftener oftenest以e结尾，词尾+st large largest以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母再+est big biggest以辅音字母+

27、y结尾，改y为i再+est icy iciest双/多音节词前加most特别是以-ly结尾的副词，词前加mostwisely most wisely例外：几个特殊的频度副词（见上格）表达方式the+形容词最高级+比较范围China has the largest population in the world.形容词最高级有不定冠词/物主代词等其他限定词，不需要加定冠词。Tuesday is our busiest day.副词最高级+比较范围Mr. white works hardest in the company.原级比较表达方式 as+形容词原级（+名词）+asnot as/so+形容

28、词原级（+名词）+asIt is as cold in Nanning as in Beijing.English is not so difficult as Latin.as+副词原级（+名词）+asnot as/so+副词原级（+名词）+asThey work as hard as you do.He does not run as fast as he used to.实义动词的基本用法表 13及物动词动词后跟宾语/双宾语/宾语补足语不及物动词带介词：相当于及物动词不带介词：不需要跟宾语动词短语的基本用法表 14构成形式使用方法经典例句动词+介词相当于及物动词；可用于被动语态The h

29、unter aimed at the lion and fired, but missed.All the new words were looked up.动词+副词及物动词宾语是名词，置于动词短语之中/之后He called the man up./He called up the man.宾语是代词，置于动词短语之中He called her up.不及物动词Dont talk back when Im speaking.动词+（形容词+）名词+介词及物动词He takes good care of his elderly mother.We must make full use of

30、our time.动词+副词+介词及物动词We have long done away with this practice.助动词的基本用法表 15基本用法经典例句表示时态 He is singing. He has got married. I shall study harder at English. He will go to Shanghai表示语态He was sent to England.构成疑问词 Did you study English before you came here? How long have you been learning English?构成否定句

31、 I dont like him. Dont be so absent-minded.加强语气 He did know that. Do come to my birthday party.系动词用法表 16状态系动词表示主语状态的beHe is a teacher.持续系动词表示主语保持某种状态/态度remain, keep, stand, lie, stay, rest, exist, weighHe always kept silent at meeting.变化系动词表示主语的变化 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, runHe becam

32、e mad after that.结果系动词表示主语对应的结果 prove(证实), turn out（变成）The rumor roved false.His plan turned out a success.表像系动词表示“看起来像”seem, appear, lookHe seems (to be) very sad.感官系动词表示感官体验 feel, smell, sound, This kind of clothes feels very soft.情态动词的基本用法表17情态动词的基本用法表17can &could能力（could是can的过去式）He can play the

33、piano quite well now.She could speak English when she was six.允许、告诫(could更可气，委婉)Can/could I borrow your book?推测否定句：把握性大的推测，用could时语气稍弱He cant/couldnt be in Beijing now.疑问句：具有怀疑惊讶语气Can/could it be ture?肯定句：could还可以在肯定句中表示不太确定的推测He could be on his way now.could+have+过去分词 对过去情况的推测与过去事实相反的评价（过去应该做某事而事实上

34、却没做）He paid for a seat, when he could have entered free. (2005年山东) may&might许可，might是may的过去式（用might代替may更可气更委婉）May I/we肯Yes, please./Certainly否Please dont/No, you mustnt不太确定的推测，might更加不确定肯定句could might可换用It may/might/could rain this afternoon.否定句He might not be still waiting at the door now.祝愿May yo

35、u have a pleasant journey!must肯定句中很有把握的推测must have done是对过去发生的情况的推测义务或必要性We must think about it very seriously.否定句中：禁止You mustnt talk during lessons.疑问句中：义务或必要性Must?肯定回答 must否定回答 neednt/dont have toshall 主语为第二、三人称的肯定句中表示决心、许诺、命令Whatever you may say, he shall go.（表决心)Nobody shall leave the classroom.

36、(表命令）主语为第一、三人称的疑问句中表示建议、征求对方意见。Shall we set off at seven tomorrow morning?should&ought to后接动词原型，指“应该”表示命令、劝告、建议等，ought to语气更强烈You ought to send her a note.You should do something to help her.肯定形式后接动词的完成时，表示该做某事却未做You should have asked my permission.You ought to have come to party.否定形式后接动词的完成时，表示不该做某

37、事却做了You should not have hurt her feeling.He ought not to have been driving so fast.ought to否定式You ought not to tell her about it.疑问式Ought he to see a heart specialist at once？will意愿I will never talk about it again. 决心I will marry her although my parents strongly object to this marriage.请求Will you co

38、me into my office for a moment, please?能力The hall will seat 2000 people. would肯定/疑问句中表示意愿、选择，比will更加委婉客气I would like a cup of tea.Would you like to go with me？否定句中用will，因为我wont you本身就是一种委婉语气Wont you sit down？ 过去习惯性的动作，区别于used toused to 强调过去与现在的对比，表示一个已经中断的行为或状态；可以与表示动作或状态的动词连用He used to get up early

39、. 过去他常常早起（但现在已经不早起了）There used to be an apple tree in front of the buiding.Would只表示过去的行为；只能与表示动作的动词连用 Every evening she would teach her daughter to read and write.need&dare否定/疑问句（情态动词）need+have+done（不常见）本来需要做某事而事实上没有做He need have hurried to the station. In that case, he wouldnt have missed the train

40、.neednt+have+done过去不必要做某事而实际已经做了某事I neednt have bought so much wine-only five people came.肯定句（实义动词）need后的不定式必须带toYou do not need to do it.dare后的不定式可带to也可不带toShe did not dare (to) say anything like that.had better 表示“最好”后接动词原型，否定形式为had better not+动词原型She had better not play with the bad boy.would rat

41、her等表示“宁愿”还有had rather, would sooner, had sooner, would (just) as soon ；肯定式后面直接接动词原型，否定形式为would rather not+动词原型 I would rather stay here than go home.If I have a choice, I had rather not continue my studies at this school. 一般现在时表 18具体用法经典例句基本用法表示现存的状态、情况Does he work hard?表示过去、现在、将来都理应存在的客观事实和真理The e

42、arth moves round he sun3 plus 22 is 5.表示现阶段经常性、反复性的活动He gets up very early every morning.He is always ready to help others.特殊用法代替过去时表示过去主句用过去时，宾语从句所述是客观真理/经常性动作，从句谓语动词用一般现在时The teacher told her pupils that the sun rises in the east.叙述往事，使其生动Napoleons army now advances ad the great battle begins表示“书上

43、说”“报纸上说”等The newspaper says that it is going to be cold tomorrow.代替进行时进行图片说明、电影说明、戏剧内容及场景解说时Scene I( Lucy and Miss Green are in the doctors room-a large, pleasant room with many books.) 习惯表达中表示现在正在发生的动作/存在的状态Here comes the bus!How it rains!(雨下得好大哈！)一般现在时表示将来 表示已经安排/计划好，将来必定发生的动作/存在的状态Be, come, go, arrive leave, start, beginMy birthday falls on April 29.Tomorrow we start for Shanghai.The meeting is at 8: