翻译理论与实践修改版-Chapter-1精选课件.ppt

1、Translation Theory and PracticevScoringvUsual Performance:20%(class attendance+class participation+homework)vFinal Exam:80%精1 Textbook Approach to Translation Between English and Chinese 精2Course DescriptionvTeaching Contentsv1.Introductionv2.Disparity Between“Corresponding Words”in English and Chin

2、ese v3.Different Ways of Expressing Actions v4.Different Perspectives Behind the Language v5.Texture of the Sentence Structurev6.Pragmatics and Translation v7.Translation as Cross-Cultural Communication精31.Definition of Translation(P1-3)英国The Oxford English Dictionary:to turn from one language into

3、another 美国Websters Third New International Dictionary of the English Language:to turn into ones own or another language 辞海、汉语大词典：把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言、跨文化的交际活动。种语言文化中的跨语言、跨文化的交际活动。精4v Nothing should be added to or taken from the original work.The d

4、uty of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary,not the thought.In translation therefore,there are two essential elements:accuracy and expressiveness.v从以上的翻译定义来看，我们知道从以上的翻译定义来看，我们知道不可有所增不可有所增删。译者的任务只是变换词汇而不是改变其意思。因此删。译者的任务只是变换词汇而不是改变其意思。因此翻译有两个要素：准确性与表达性（忠实与通顺）。翻译有两个要素：准确性与表达性（忠实与通顺）。v综合各家之

5、长综合各家之长:翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。精5Three key words from the definitionsv1.textual(What we usually translate are texts rather than independent words or sentences.)Eg.警幻道：“此茶出在放春山遣香洞，又以仙花灵叶上所带之宿露而烹

6、，此茶名曰千红一窟千红一窟。”(第五回)Thousand Red Flowers in One Cavern Maidens Tears 精6Three key words from the definitionsv2.natural(it is not enough to produce grammatically correct sentencs but idiomatic,natural sentecnces.)Eg.When things happen that you dont like,you have two choices:You get bitter or better.发生

7、你不喜欢的事情时，你有两种选择：要么痛苦不堪，要么痛快达观。精7until absolutely necessary.直到绝对必须之时非到万不得已essential information for travellers 供给旅客重要的信息旅客须知A managing director has a lonely job.He needs a sparring partner.一个总经理有一份孤独的工作。他需要一个拳击练习的对手。当了总经理做起事来就形单影只，也要有个时时和他交手的人。精8I will teach him to deceive others.（I will punish him s

8、o that he will not deceive others.）我要教训他一顿，看他还敢不敢再欺骗人。“Ellen,shut the window.Im starving!”and her teeth chattered as she shrunk closer to the almost extinguished embers.“爱伦，把窗子关上，我快冻死了，”她的牙齿在打颤，一面蜷缩身子，向快要熄灭的火炉靠拢。精9Three key words from the definitionsv3.flavor(style)Eg.“You may run,but you can never

9、hide.”1)你可以逃亡，但你永远无法把自己藏起来。简评：直译；词义翻译。译文有感情色彩，且有一定的力量。适用于Bush的文本和中国受众，也适用于同传和交传。2)你可以四处逃窜/到处逃亡，但你永远无处藏身。简评：直译，词义翻译。译文有感情色彩，用了四字结构、注意修辞（见下划线），显得更有力量、韵味。适用于Bush的文本和中国的受众，也适用于同传和交传。3)不管你怎么逃，（怎么躲，）但是天网恢恢，疏而不漏。简评：意译；交际翻译（有点创造性）。译文有庄严感、正义感，有权威性、严肃性，创造性使用中国俗语（见划线部分），适合在正式场合和非正式场合使用，修辞效果甚佳。虽然原文在字面上并非如此，但译文到

10、位、寓意深刻，如果美国是代表正义的，那就是佳译，甚至在诸方面都“超越”了原文。精10Some types of translation(P3)1.Interpretation：2.Written:general/gloss translation3.Machine translation Consecutive interpretation连续传译/即席翻译Simultaneous interpretation 同声传译精11Criteria of translationv玄奘（玄奘（600-664）开创了中国译经史的新风开创了中国译经史的新风格、新局面，格、新局面，20年间，先后共主持译出经

11、论年间，先后共主持译出经论75部，部，1335卷。印度学者柏乐天认为，玄奘卷。印度学者柏乐天认为，玄奘“是有史以来翻译家中的第一人，他的业绩是有史以来翻译家中的第一人，他的业绩将永远被全世界的人们记忆着。将永远被全世界的人们记忆着。”（伟大伟大的翻译家玄奘的翻译家玄奘）梁启超认为：）梁启超认为：“若玄奘者，若玄奘者，则意译直译，圆满调和，斯道之极轨也。则意译直译，圆满调和，斯道之极轨也。（翻译文学与佛典翻译文学与佛典）精12Criteria of translationTang Xuanzangv“Five Donts”（五不译）（五不译）;i.e.:vDont translate：vwhat

12、 is mysterious;（秘密故）vwhat is multi-semantic;（多义故）vwhat is too alien to be reproduced;（此无故）vwhat is hereditary;（顺古故）vwhat is philanthropic.（生善故）精13Criteria of translationvZhi Qian（支谦）“follow the original intention of the author without any embroidery”(因循本因循本旨，不加文饰旨，不加文饰).vDao An（道安）“translate accordi

13、ng to the original without any addition and deduction”(案本而传，不令有损言游字案本而传，不令有损言游字).vKumurajiva(鸠摩罗什）“elegance based on the original”(依实出华依实出华)精14Criteria of translationv“译译”事三难：事三难：信、达、雅信、达、雅。求其信，已大难矣。求其信，已大难矣。顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。译文译文取明深意，故词句之间，时有所颠倒附益，不斤斤取明深意，故词句之间，时有所颠倒附益，不斤斤于字比句次，而意

14、义则不倍本文。于字比句次，而意义则不倍本文。至原文词理至原文词理本深，难于共喻，则当前思后衬，以显其意。凡此本深，难于共喻，则当前思后衬，以显其意。凡此经营，皆以为达：为达，即以为信也。经营，皆以为达：为达，即以为信也。易易曰：曰：“修辞立诚修辞立诚”。子曰。子曰“辞达而已！辞达而已！”又曰：又曰：“言之言之无文，行之不远无文，行之不远”。三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事。三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模。故信达而外，求其尔雅。楷模。故信达而外，求其尔雅。严复（18541921，天演论译例言）精15Criteria of translationv译者不但要求达意，并且要以传神为目的，译文必须忠实于原文

15、之字神句气与言外之意。林语堂v傅雷：神似（similarity in spirit）以效果而论，翻译应像临画一样，所求的不在形似，而是神似。“So far as the effectiveness is concerned,translation is done just in the same way as the copying of a painting.What really counts is being alike not in appearance but in spirit.”精16v 江雪v 柳宗元v 千山鸟飞绝，万径人踪灭。v 孤舟蓑笠翁，独钓寒江雪。v许渊冲先生译:v F

16、ishing in Snowv From hill to hill no bird in flight,v From path to path no man in sight.v A straw-cloakd man afloat,behold!v Is fishing snow on river cold.（许先生的形式传译可谓传神,在前两句诗的翻译上,他不仅用介词短语取代名词词组,而且还替换了原诗中表动作意义的词,既没有违背目的语的语言规范,又表达出了原诗空旷孤寂的意境。这正好体现了真正意义上的“形式对等”。）精17v 望庐山瀑布v 日照香炉生紫烟，v 遥看瀑布挂前川。v 飞流直下三千尺，

17、v 疑是银河落九天。v Cataract on Mount Lu The sunlit censer peak exhales a wreath of cloud,Like an upended stream the cataract sounds loud,Its torrent dashes down three thousand feet from high,As if the silver river fell from the azure sky.(许渊冲)精18Criteria of translationAlexander F.Tytler：Three principlesv1）

18、译文应完全传达原文的思想。（A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.）v2）译文的风格和笔调应与原文一致。（The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.）v3）译文应像原文一样流畅。（A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.）精19Criteria

19、of translationv(Tri-ness)Faithfulness,expressiveness,and gracefulness were considered the golden rule in the field of translation.Herbert Rotheinsteinv功能相似，语义相符（similarity in function and correspondence in meaning）精20Criteria of translationvThe best of a real translation is that it should not read l

20、ike translation at all.J.B.PhilipsvNo translation,however learned,is of any value that does not give at least some of the joy to the readers that was given by its original.A.J.Arberry vEugene A.Nida：Functional equivalence(P8)vLawrence Venuti:Domestication/Foreignization精21P19Domestication means brin

21、ging the foreign culture closer to the reader in the target culture,making the text recognizable and familiar.Foreignization,on the other hand,means taking the reader over to the foreign culture,making him/her see the cultural and linguistic difference.The two pairs of terms as major translation met

22、hods overlap each other to a considerable extent.They are both practicable and widely applicable.精22Domestication examplesa velvet paw 笑里藏刀to find a quarrel in a straw 吹毛求疵Give a dog an ill name and hang him 欲加之罪，何患无辞 The students must be enjoying the speech,because theyre laughing their heads off.学

23、生们笑得前仰后合，他们一定是很欣赏这个演讲。精23He may always possess merits which make up for everything;if he loses on the swings,he may win on the roundabouts.他也许总是保持着弥补一切的优点，失之东隅的，他可以收之桑榆。Theres a peoples court waiting for him.His God-damned head is going to be separated from his God-damned neck.人民法庭正等着他。狗头就要和狗脖子分家啦。精

24、24Foreignization examplesthe heel of Achilles/Achilles heel 艾吉利斯之踵（致命的弱点/致命伤）eg:I think Franks vanity is his Achilles heel.我认为虚荣心是弗兰克最大的弱点。as gay as a lark 像云雀一样快乐（兴高采烈）精25五四”以后通过异化翻译涌入中国的外来词:如：幽默(humor)沙发(sofa)逻辑(logic)天使(angel)礼拜(religious service)上帝(God)精263.Is Translation Easy?(P10-14)a good/bad

25、 sailor（vs.a good traveller）一个不晕船/晕船的人an old saltan experienced sailor 好水手 the school of the air 广播学校She told me that her 18-year-old son was the baby.她对我说她那18岁的儿子是她子女中最小的。His mother is a sister in a hospital.他母亲是一家医院的护士长。精27dry:1.I want my martini dry.我的马丁尼酒不要甜的。2.There are still some dry states in

26、 the United States.在美国尚有几州禁酒。3.She prefers dry bread.她喜欢无奶油的面包。4.These cows are dry.这些母牛缺奶。5.He gave us a dry lectures yesterday.昨天他给我们做了一个枯燥无味的讲演。6.Im sure what he presented was a dry fact.我确信，他所列举的是铁一般的事实。精28go1.Here is a pretty go.这件事真难办。(difficult affairs)2.He is itching to have a go at it.他跃跃欲试

27、。（try）3.The old man is still full of go.仍然精力充沛(energy,enthusiasm)4.These brightly colored stockings are all the go this summer.这些颜色鲜艳的袜子今年夏天很流行。精29think1.Do as you think best.你觉得怎样最好就怎样做。2.Every businessman must think globally.所有商人都应该有全球观念。3.What other people think of you is none of your business.别人

28、怎么看你，不关你的事。4.Some men think big and some think little.有些人雄心壮志；有些人却胸无大志。5.She tried hard to think away her tears.她尽力让自己想别的事情，免得掉眼泪。6.Others would surely think better of them if they can make it to the finals.如果他们能打入决赛，别人一定会对他们另眼相待。精30It was a splendid population-for all the slow,sleepy,sluggish-brain

29、ed sloths stayed at home.（出来的）这批人个个出类拔萃因为凡是呆板、呆滞、呆头呆脑的呆子都呆在了家里。As a youngster I was effervescent,outgoing,and I talked too much.I had a talent for saying the wrong things at the wrong time.I tortured myself because of the foolish things I had said.我年轻的时候，活力四射，乐于助人，非常健谈，而且还有在错误的场合发表错误言论的才能。言既出口，内心又懊恼

30、不已。精314.Literal and Liberal TranslationLiteral translation:also called word-for-word translation,is ideally the segmentation of the SLT into individual words and TL rendering of those word-segments one at a time.精32v Professor Liu Zhongde(1994:172)defines literal translation as follows:“In the proce

31、ss of translation,literal translation treats sentences as basic units and at the same time takes the whole passage into consideration;a translator who attaches great importance to literal translation does his or her best to reproduce the ideas and writing style of the original work,retaining in the

32、version as many rhetorical devices and sentence structures of the original as possible.”精33Eg:1.He is said to be a rough diamond.人们说他是一块浑金璞玉。2.Marriage,with peace,is this worlds paradise;with strife,this lifes purgatory.和睦的婚姻，是这个世界的乐园；对抗的婚姻，是这个人生的炼狱。精34vYou flatter me.A.你吹捧我/你抬举我/你拍我马屁。B.（你）过奖了。哪里，哪

33、里！/岂敢，岂敢！C.我可没有那么大的能耐。（It is an indirect way of refusal or denial.）精35v大哥比我大21岁，经常开玩笑说他养得出我。A.My brother was 21 years older than I,and he often joked that he could have fathered me.B.could have fathered a child of my age.v面对敌人的刺刀，他面不改色心不跳。A.The color of his face does not change and his heart does no

34、t beat.B.He doesnt show the slightest panic/fear and his heart does not even beat any faster.精36 Free/Liberal translation:also known as sense-for-sense translation,emphasizes transfer of the meaning or“spirit”of a SL(ST)over accurate reproduction of the original wording.精37v Professor Liu Zhongde:Li

35、beral translation is supplementary to literal translation.Liberal translation is employed for the purpose of expressing the original meaning instead of reproducing the original sentence structure or rhetorical device(s).Only when the literal translation approach is not suitable,can the translator re

36、sort to the free translation approach.精381.Do you see any green in my eye?你以为我是幼稚好欺骗的吗？2.If you are unfair to me,I will certainly hang out all your dirty linen.你要是待我不公平，我就把你那些丑事抖露出去。3.It is not just Britains breathing in which makes it so international,but also its breathing out.英国之所以成为如此国际化的国家，不仅仅在

37、于她大量地吸纳国外的人力和物力资源，而且还在于她大量地向国外输出其人力和物力资源。4.Dont cross the bridge till you get to it.不要自寻烦恼。（不要过早担忧。）精39Eg:You can spread your wings with Open Studies.开放型大学让你展翅飞翔。第一流产品，为足下增光。This first-rate shoe polish adds luster to your shoes and honor to you,our friends.精40vExercise 1:P17-18精41Peter Newmark(P16/P

38、19)vsemantic translation:the translation of documents,political articles,etc.vcommunicative translation:the translation of literature woks like stories and novels 精425.Some Translation Theories in the West(P18-22)http:/ vhttp:/ Thousand Beauties in One Cup Lachrymae RerumvExercise 2:P27-28精44 7.Basi

39、c Differences Between English and Chinese(P29-34)vEnglish:complete structure,containing subjects and predicates,which must be verbs,agreement between the S&the P synthetic language a language of“rule of law”vChinese:loose/imcomplete structure no subject,gender,number,case,tense,aspect,voice,mood or

40、morphological changes analytical language “flowing water”,a language of“rule of man”精45 English vs Chinesegrape-vine structure bambooarchitectural style chronicala string of pearls a tray of pearls “英语句子好比一棵参天大树，一串葡萄，一串珍珠，一树荔枝。而汉语句子好比一根杆子，一盘珠子，一江波涛。”陈安定精46英、汉语言的十二大差异1.中国人重直觉与具象西方人重理性与逻辑v 中国人重直觉（intu

41、ition）、重形象思维(figurative thinking);英美人重实证(evidence）、重逻辑思维(logical thinking)精47 v1）中国人的形象思维体现在用具体形象的词语比喻抽象的事物，以物表感、状物言志。如：明枪易躲，暗箭难防（It is easy to dodge a spear thrust in the open,but difficult to guard against an arrow shot from hiding）、脚踩两只船（straddle two boats;have a foot in either camp）、脚踏实地（have a

42、down-to-earth manner）、丢盔弃甲（throw away everything in headlong flight）蒙在鼓里（be kept in the dark）等。精48 2）汉语的量词数量多，文化内涵丰富、生动，也是形象化的体现。如：一面镜子（?）、一朵花（?）、一把椅子（?）、一张桌子（?）、一位客人（?）等。精49 v2.中国人重整体(integrity)，西方人重个体(individuality)1)汉语词义一般较笼统，英语词义一般较具体 2)汉语表意较模糊，英语表意较准确精50 v二十岁的时候，老妈打电话，不等说完三句就恨不能挂了电话。三十岁之后，一听到妈的

43、声音就禁不住哭出声来：“妈呀，您老的所有担心现在都应验了”v 初译）At the age of twenty,when mother phones me,I am anxious to hang up immediately.After the age of thirty,on hearing mothers voice on the phone,I cannot help crying out,“Mom,all that you worry about have come true.”精51 v 改译）At the age of twenty,while talking with my mo

44、ther over the phone,I would hang up before my mother had hardly any utterance.After thirty the voice of Mom invariably triggers my weep and wail,“Mom,your worries about my marriage have all come true.”精523.英语重形合(hypotaxis)汉语重意合(Parataxis)v 汉语属于意合性较强的一种语言，就是说汉语的语法主要是依靠意义，即内在的逻辑关系而组织起来的。和英语相比，句与句之间的界限

45、经常是很模糊的。这主要是因为，汉字是一种表意文字，汉语自古以来就有重“神”、“意”的传统。句子之间常常靠内部的逻辑关系联系在一起，所谓“形散而神不散”。而英语则是一种形合性较强的语言，句子与句子之间往往依靠外在的各种语言形式结合在一起。英语里有表示转折、因果、目的、让步等各种关系连接词，也有引导主语从句、宾语从句、定语从句以及表语从句等的连接词，这就使得句与句之间内在的关系比较明确。因此，在汉英翻译中，我们首先要仔细分析原文内容，找出各个句子间内在的逻辑关系，然后按照英语的表达习惯重新组织语言。精531）上梁不正下梁歪。If the upper beam is not straight,the

46、 lower ones will go aslant.2）跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。The monk may run away,but never his temple.3）留得青山在，不愁没柴烧。As long as the green mountains are there,one should not worry about firewood.精54v4)An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in China.v一个英国人，不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行。精55 v5)蛇吃癞蛤蟆，癞蛤蟆吃虫子，虫子吃绿叶。v

47、The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green leaves.精56v4、英语前重心；汉语后重心 Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.v生活中既然有悲剧，文学作品就可以写悲剧。精57v我看见他戴着黑布小帽，穿着黑布大马褂，深青布棉袍，蹒跚地走到铁道边。vI watched him hobble towards the railway track in his black skullcap,black

48、 cloth mandarin jacket and dark blue cotton-padded cloth long gown.精58v 那么，莎士比亚看似永久的魅力那么，莎士比亚看似永久的魅力究竟何究竟何在在？列举以他的作品为基础而改编的现代作？列举以他的作品为基础而改编的现代作品，品，答案就开始显现了答案就开始显现了。v So,what is the secret of his seemingly timeless appeal?The answer starts to emerge from a roll call of modern works based on his work

49、s.精59v5、英语静态语言；v 汉语动态语言英语静态特征在于句法和词汇两个方面，前者常使用非谓语或非限定动词以及省略动词；后者常使用动词名词化、动词的同源名词、动词的同源形容词、介词以及副词等。而汉语则青睐动词。vI fell madly in love with her,and she with me.v我疯狂地爱上了她，她也疯狂地爱上了我。精60 vStarvation was a remote threat.v人们一时还不会饿死。vHe had entertained hopes of being admitted to a sight of the young ladies,of w

50、hose beauty he had heard much.(J.Austen)v几位年轻小姐的美貌他耳闻已久，一直希望得以一睹芳容。精61 vYou must be a very bad learner,or else you must be going to a very bad teacher.v你一定是很不会学，要不就是找了一个很不会教的人。精62 vWithout knowing how,Captain Dobbin found himself the great promoter,arranger,and manager of the match between George Os