土木工程专业英语unit4(3)课件.ppt
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- 土木工程 专业 英语 unit4 课件
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1、 Unit 4 Soil Improvement 地基处理地基处理Learning Guidance Master:The reasons and purposes of soil improvement;the methods of soil improvement 掌握:地基处理的原因和目的;地基加固的方法 Teaching Important Point:the methods of soil improvement(地基加固的方法)Teaching Diffcult Point:Methods:压实法(Compaction)预压法(Preloading)排水法(Drainage)灌浆法
2、(Grouting)振冲法(Vibroflotation)New Words and Phrases 1.replacement n.置换 paction n.压实 3.preload n.预压 4.drainage n.排水 5.backfill v./n.回填 6.granular adj.颗粒的;粒状的 7.watertight adj.水密的;不漏水的 8.precompression n.预压缩 9.permeability n.渗透性 10.cement n.水泥;接合剂 11.centrifugal adj.离心的 n.离心机v.巩固/加强synonym:consolidate/
3、solidify/enhance/intensify/strengthenPhrases 12.soil improvement 地基处理 13.shear strength 抗剪强度 14.impact vibration 冲击振动 15.water table 地下水位 16.void ratio 孔隙比 17.hydraulic gradient 水力梯度 18.sand drain 砂井;排水砂桩 19.consolidating stratum 固结土层 20.mandrel-driven pipes 套管法 21.driven pipes 打入管法 22.rotary drill
4、回转钻进法 23.continuous-flight hollow auger 空心螺旋钻法 24.wick drain 排水芯板 25.textile filter blanket 织物滤水垫层 26.horizontal trench drain 水平排水沟槽 27.jet grouting 旋喷灌浆法 28.vibroflotation 振冲法 29.soil excavation 土体开挖 30.in advance of 超过;在的前面 31.in combination with 与相结合;与联合Introduction楼倒倒楼倒倒楼歪歪楼歪歪Part I Soil Improve
5、mentIntroduction:Geotechnical considerations will primarily be on strength and deformation and those soilwater phenomena that affect strength and deformation.土体的强度和变形以及土中水对强度和变形的影响是土木工程的基本问题。With the current trend to using sites with marginal soil parameters for major projects,methods to improve the
6、 strength and deformation characteristics through soil improvement will be briefly considered in this chapter.目前的趋势是将大型工程建在土体性质较差的场地之上(因为好的场地已所剩无几),因此本章将会简要介绍通过地基加固来提高土体强度和变形特性的方法。The centuries-old problem of land scarcity in the vicinity(临近、附近临近、附近)of existing urban areas often necessitates the use
7、 of sites with soils of marginal quality.数个世纪以来现有城区附近土地缺乏的老问题经常使得必须利数个世纪以来现有城区附近土地缺乏的老问题经常使得必须利用具有不良土层的场地。用具有不良土层的场地。In many cases these sites can be utilized for the proposed project by using some kind of soil improvement.在许多情况下,这些场地需要地基加固后才能用于拟建工程。在许多情况下,这些场地需要地基加固后才能用于拟建工程。marginal lands:贫瘠的土地 ma
8、rginal seat:边缘席位marginal improvement:略有增长a marginal standard of living:最低限度的 生活水平 The purpose of soil improvement is to improve the performance of the ground by using of the techniques,such as replacement,compaction,preloading and drainage etc.地基处理的目的是通过使用置换、压实、预压和排水等各种方法对地基进行加固,以改良土的特性。Here,we will
9、 focus on several of the more widely used methods of improving soils for bearing capacity.在此,我们着重介绍广泛用于提高地基承载力的几种地基加固方法。concentrate onpay attention toemphasizeAn extremely large number of methods have been used and/or reported in the literaturemany of which have been patentedand at an individual sit
10、e one may use a mix of several methods to achieve the desired result.已有大量的地基加固方法被使用过且(或)在相关文献中报道过,其中的许多方法也已经申请了专利。而对于一个具体的场地,可采用数种方法相结合以达到预期的效果。n.national patent 国家专利 patent law 专利法,专利权法 patent application 专利申请书 patent protection 专利保护 product patent 产品专利权 patent holder 专利持有方adj.显然的(obvious/evident/a
11、pparent)v.授予专利/取得.专利Compaction Compaction(压实法)is usually an economical method of improving the bearing capacity(地基承载力)of site soils.压实法一般是一种提高场地地基承载力成本较低的方法。It may be accomplished by excavating(挖掘)to some depth,then carefully backfilling in controlled lift thicknesses,(each of which)is compacted wit
12、h the appropriate compaction equipment.它的做法是先下挖至一定深度,然后按控制的填筑层厚仔细回填,并对每一填筑层采用适当的压实设备压实。This method is usually the most economical means to achieve particle packing for both cohesionless and cohesive soils and usually uses some kind of rolling equipment.对于无黏性土和黏性土,这种方法是使得土粒排列密实的最为经济的方法,它一般需要采用某种碾压装置。
13、Dynamic compaction(强夯)is a special type of compaction consisting of(由.组成)dropping heavy weights on the soil.“强夯”是将重锤由高空落向地基土体的一种特殊压实方法。14 4.4.soil improvementn Although the dropping of a weight on the soil had probably been in use for centuries,it was reintroduced to the profession and patented by L
14、.Menard in France ca.1970.n尽管使重物落向地面的方法或许已被使用了几个世纪之久,但是约在1970年法国工程师L.Menard才将其从专业角度重新引入并取得专利。nCompaction can be achieved to a substantial depth depending on weight(or mass)of the tamper,height of fall,and the type of soil.n相当大深度内的土体可得到夯实,强夯的加固深度与夯锤的重量(或质量)、落距以及土的类型有关。tamper:n.夯具v.篡改(distort)损害/削弱(ha
15、rm/damage/injure)贿赂(bribe/corrupt)15 Although the dynamic compaction tamper can have a mass up to 150,000 kg(or 150 tons),the usual mass is on the order of 10 to 20 tons and is dropped from heights ranging up to 40 m(usually 10 to 20 m)onto a grid spacing so that the site requiring improvement is ad
16、equately covered.虽然在强夯法中夯锤的质量可达虽然在强夯法中夯锤的质量可达150000kg150000kg(或(或150t150t),但在一般情况下其),但在一般情况下其质量约为质量约为101020t20t,夯锤从最高可达,夯锤从最高可达40m40m(一般为(一般为101020m20m)的高度落下,夯)的高度落下,夯点的布置形式可采用网格状,使之充分覆盖需要加固的场地。点的布置形式可采用网格状,使之充分覆盖需要加固的场地。Craters ranging from 0.5 to 2 m in depth are produced at the points of impact.在
17、夯点处可产生深为0.52m的夯坑。After a selected part of the area to be compacted is covered by a pass(drop in each grid point)it is graded with a bulldozer(推土机)using imported fill as necessary to smooth the surface,the next pass is made,and so on until the desired density is obtained.Density is usually specified
18、based on before and after penetration tests(either SPT or CPT).当需要夯实的区域被夯击一遍后(夯点为网格上的每一个交点),采用推土机来平土方(如有必要还应运入新土以整平场地表面),然后进行下一遍夯击,如此重复直至达到预期的密实度。密实度一般可根据夯击前后的触探试验(SPT或CPT)来确定。Penetration tests:触探试验,它是一种常用的原位测试技术。由于其设备简单、易于操作、使用效率高而应用较为广泛。实验方法包括动力触探动力触探(DPT:Dynamic penetration test)、标准贯入标准贯入(SPT:Sta
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