政府购买非营利组织服务的效率评估模式课件.pptx

1、政府购买非营利组织服务的政府购买非营利组织服务的效率评估模式效率评估模式1Costs:成本成本直接直接/间接投入干预服务间接投入干预服务Direct/Indirect inputs required to produce intervention/servicesBenefits:收益收益直接直接/间接的积极成果间接的积极成果Direct/Indirect positive outcomes效效率率分析分析效率分析效率分析是考虑到实现目标或目的，与是考虑到实现目标或目的，与在分配资源时在分配资源时作作假设分析的最好方式假设分析的最好方式Efficiency is the considered

2、the best way to achieve a goal or an objective,with the assumption that lack of unlimited resources results in the need to allocate resources more carefully2分分析析效益的方法效益的方法COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS成成本本收收益益分分析析l成果以成果以货币货币形形式式量量度度lOutcomes expressed in monetary terms COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS成本成本效效益益分析分析

3、l成成果在果在实质性方实质性方面面表示表示lOutcomes expressed in substantive terms;outcomes not able to be converted into monetary units Consider BOTH costs&benefits in disciplined manner 同时考虑同时考虑收益收益和和效益效益Provide a comparative perspective on utility of interventions 分分析析干预干预的的运用运用31.效效率分率分析析的的模型模型1.Cost-Benefit Analysi

4、s(def.):成本与成果之间的关系成本与成果之间的关系An analytical procedure for determining the economic efficiency of a program,expressed as the relationship between costs and outcomes,usually measured in monetary terms(Rossi&Freeman,1993,p.362)Considerations:评评估估目前价值目前价值 Costs&benefits to be converted to the present valu

5、e计算计算“边际成本等于边际效益边际成本等于边际效益”Efficiency is not necessarily defined as the ratio between benefits to costs;optimum efficiency can be achieved when the marginal cost is equal to the marginal benefit.4效率分析的模型效率分析的模型Cost-benefit Analysis Cost-Effectiveness Analysis(def.):干预成果的方案成本干预成果的方案成本非货币计算的非货币计算的实质实质

6、成果成果 The efficacy of a program in achieving given intervention outcomes in relation to the program costs(Rossi&Freeman,1993,p.364);applicable when benefits cannot be expressed in monetary termsConsiderations:计算成本与结果之间的比例计算成本与结果之间的比例 Ratio between costs and outcomes 达到达到“边际成本等于边际效益边际成本等于边际效益”Efficien

7、cy can be achieved when the marginal cost is equal to the marginal benefit5成本评成本评估估l评估评估各种资源变量各种资源变量的的成本成本 Cost can be assessed by defining variables that characterize various resources consumed in treatment(technique,personnel,materials)l服务服务的的定义和重要定义和重要性性 Perspectives vary in regards to definition

8、 and importance of variables 6成本成本观点观点Operations Perspective 操作观点操作观点Societal Perspective 社会视角社会视角Client Perspective 案主的角度案主的角度7成本成本观点观点Operations Perspective 操作观点操作观点账簿的成账簿的成本本包括包括人人员，设施，设备，材料，作员，设施，设备，材料，作为。为。在非营利组织在非营利组织，操操作不作不是最好的测量方法是最好的测量方法是是由于由于（a）工）工作值和回报作值和回报率率有有差差距，（距，（b）忽略志愿时）忽略志愿时间和捐间和捐赠

9、的设赠的设备。备。8成本成本观点观点Operations Perspective 操作观点操作观点Societal Perspective 社会视角社会视角按按资源多资源多少少，付，付诸最诸最佳佳和和最值得的最值得的服务服务使用价值。使用价值。目的是测量由服务系统所消目的是测量由服务系统所消耗资耗资源的价值源的价值。9成本成本观点观点Operations Perspective 操作观点操作观点Societal Perspective 社会视角社会视角Client Perspective 案主的角度案主的角度相相对于案主对于案主所所支付的时支付的时间间和投资上的和投资上的服服务务价价值值10成

10、本成本观点观点Operations Perspective:Costs of personnel,facilities,equipment,materials,as listed on accounting ledgers.In NPOs,it may have low validity and high measurement errors due to(a)staff not being paid what they are worth and(b)ignoring volunteer time,donated equipment.Societal Perspective:Resource

11、s valued according to how much staff time would have been worth if they had been put to the best use.Goal is to measure the value of resources consumed by service system.Client Perspective:Clients payment for service and time required and invested.11lEffectiveness(def.):评评估估行为频率行为频率与与相对目标的近似值相对目标的近似

12、值Approximation of client behavior to behavior goals or to normal frequencies of behavior.l效力评估大多数比较行为，认知和影响，在治疗前效力评估大多数比较行为，认知和影响，在治疗前/期期间或后的不同。间或后的不同。Most effectiveness assessments compare client behaviors,cognitions or affect at various times before,during and/or after treatment.2.成成本评本评估估2.12和和政府

13、补贴政府补贴,与市民共与市民共付的费的费用用;实现最具成本效益的服实现最具成本效益的服务使用务使用例如：收费公路以控制道路拥堵例如：收费公路以控制道路拥堵政府支付政府支付,因为不能够确因为不能够确定谁来支付服务，定谁来支付服务，例如：垃圾收集在公共场所例如：垃圾收集在公共场所;路灯照明路灯照明;已知疾病的免疫接已知疾病的免疫接种种公民按照市场价格支付公民按照市场价格支付;政政府不应该干预府不应该干预例如：一个人的年度体检例如：一个人的年度体检政府支付，因为公众安全政府支付，因为公众安全的控制的控制例如：治疗传染病例如：治疗传染病消耗消耗 Consumption竞争性竞争性 Rival 非竞争性

14、非竞争性 Non-RivalExclusion 独占独占Exclusive Non-Exclusive(独占独占)排他排他的的 非排他非排他的的13和和Government subsidized with citizens sharing the cost;achieving the most cost-efficient use of the service Example:Toll roads to control road congestionGovernment paying because of not able to pinpoint exclusively anyone to p

15、ay for the serviceExample:Garbage collection in public places;street lighting;immunization of known diseasesCitizens paying according to market price;government should not interveneExample:A persons annual physical examinationGovernment paying because of public safety Example:Treatment to stop a contagious disease消耗消耗 Consumption竞争性竞争性 Rival 非竞争性非竞争性 Non-RivalExclusion 独占独占Exclusive Non-Exclusive(独占独占)排他排他的的 非排他非排他的的14